Температура займання та самозаймання найпоширеніших деревних порід териконів

The accumulation of heavy metals in plants is a function of uptake capacity and intracellular binding sites. The concentrations of heavy metals in plants growing in constructed wetlands vary considerably between species and systems but in general, the concentrations are within the range commonly found in natural stands. The highest concentrations are mostly found in roots, followed by rhizomes, leaves and stems. Unfortunately, concentration values are commonly used to evaluate the 'accumulation' of heavy metals, but this approach is not correct. In order to evaluate heavy metal accumulation, the biomass of particular plant parts must be taken into consideration. In addition, there are two other factors, which need to be taken into consideration when accumulation is evaluated, namely seasonality and distribution within the plant shoot. It has been found that the seasonal distribution of heavy metals in the biomass varies between heavy metals and mostly does not follow the pattern known for nutrients. In addition, the concentration and accumulation of heavy metals vary considerably within the shoot and this fact should be taken into consideration when analyses are carried out.

ISHS International Symposium on Vegetable Production, Quality and Process Standardization in Chain: a Worldwide Perspective THE EFFECTS OF MSW COMPOST APPLICATIONS ON THE YIELD AND HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION IN POTATO PLANT (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.)

Introduction . Environmental pollution with heavy metals is one of the most pressing environmental problems, as these substances can have a negative impact on ecosystems and living organisms. In particular, the accumulation of heavy metals in plants in urban ecosystems is an issue that has been widely studied, but many aspects of the problem remain unintelligible. For example, existing research does not always consider the influence of different environmental factors on metal sorption processes. This creates gaps in understanding the mechanisms of interaction between plants and pollutants. The current study aims to investigate the dependence of heavy metal sorption by the Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) on the level of environmental pollution. The goal is to determine how metal accumulation indicators change depending on the growing conditions, allowing for a more accurate assessment of this plant's role in urban ecology. Materials and Methods . The research was conducted in the city of Chita in the Trans-Baikal Territory. Scots pine is a widespread species of pine in this region, therefore, the bark of the Scots pine, as well as soil samples from sites in Chita that were exposed to high levels of human activity served as the basis for the study. Selection of sites was based, among other factors, on complex air pollution index (API5) in Chita. After collecting samples, they were quartered, dried, and ground into a fine powder. Then, the bark and soil were heated in a muffle furnace at 600°C. The burnt soil and pine bark ash were analyzed using methods commonly used in wood chemistry, including a spectrometric analysis on a Shimadzu AA-6200 atomic absorption spectrometer. The acidity was determined by the potentiometric method in a chloride extract. For this purpose, a 1M KCl solution (pH = 6.0) was used, as well as standard buffer solutions (pH 4.01; 6.86; 9.18) for instrument calibration. Suspensions were prepared by adding 75 ml of extractant to 30 g of soil, stirring for one minute. The pH was then measured after the readings stabilized. In parallel, a control experiment was conducted without a soil sample. Results . Analysis of the data on seasonal changes in the ash and moisture content of Scots pine bark showed that they slightly increased in the summer and autumn months. During the study, we also obtained data on the distribution of heavy metals in the soil and bark of Scots pine depending on the season of the year. It was found that the highest levels of copper in the soil and bark of Scots pine were observed in Batareinaya Sopka, exceeding the maximum permissible concentration by 11 times, followed by Granitnaya Street, where the maximum permissible concentration was exceeded by 5 times. Zinc levels in the soil were high at three locations: Sosnovy Bor, Memory Park, and Batareinaya Sopka, exceeding the maximum permissible concentration by 1.77, 1.74 and 1.5 times, respectively. Lead levels were within the MPC at all seven locations. There were no seasonal changes in the content of heavy metals in the soil and bark. Thus, the study revealed the dependence of the content of heavy metals in the soil and bark of the Scots pine on the degree of anthropogenic load in the districts of Chita in the Trans-Baikal Territory. Discussion . The results of the study demonstrated the correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in soil and bark samples of Scots pine and the degree of anthropogenic load. Therefore, the Scots pine can be considered a valuable object for monitoring heavy metal pollution, as it combines high sensitivity to man-made effects, resistance to adverse conditions and long-term ability to accumulate toxic substances. The data obtained support the idea of including the Scots pine in environmental monitoring systems, particularly in areas with developed industrial and transportation infrastructure. Future research could focus on developing standardized methods for using pine in bioindication, as well as studying its phytoremediation potential in conditions of chronic pollution. Conclusion . The study expands our understanding of the mechanisms behind the migration and accumulation of heavy metals in urban ecosystems, especially in areas with a harsh continental climate. The findings can be used to improve urban planning, reduce the negative impact on public health, and develop sustainable strategies for areas with high levels of anthropogenic load.

Soils irrigated with wastewater are by and large contaminated with heavy metals, and consumption of vegetables and animal feed grasses grown in contaminated soils have been a major food chain route for human exposure and pose a health hazard. A study was conducted in three sites to assess the accumulation of heavy metals in farms irrigated with wastewater between two and five decades in and around Asmara, Eritrea. The concentrations of metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, V, and Zn) in soils and plants (Medicago sativa L., Avena sativa L., Cynodon dactylon L., Corchorus olitorius L., and Cynara scholymus L.) grown in the farms were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES). Multivariate analysis, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), was performed on the distribution of elements in plant species to identify the source of the heavy metals. The level of the metals in the soil samples was in the order of Mo < Cd < Co < Cu < Pb < V < Cr ≈ Zn < Mn < Fe < Al. The order of the metals in the plants of the different sites has been, in general, Cd < Co < V < Cr < Pb < Cu < Zn < Mn < Al < Fe. The study revealed that the soil samples of the studied sites were unsafe for agricultural purposes with respect to Fe, Mn, and Pb except for Pb in the case of the soil sample from the Kushet area. The levels of most of the studied heavy metals in the vegetation samples from all the sites were found within the FAO/WHO permissible limit. Al and Fe exceeded the FAO/WHO permissible limit with the exception of all plant samples from the Kushet area and M. sativa from Paradizo. The concentration of Al was also below the limit in C. dactylon from Adi-Segdo and Paradizo. Of the five vegetation considered in this study, C. olitorius was found to be a good accumulator and C. dactylon, the lowest accumulator of heavy metals. Based on the results of this study, the grass species C. olitorius should be further investigated for its phytoremediation capability of contaminated soils. The results of the multivariate analysis revealed that Fe, V, Al, Cr, Co, and Pb were controlled by mixed (natural and anthropogenic) sources and Zn, Mo, Cu, Mn, and Cd originated from the anthropogenic source. Very limited and inadequate studies were conducted on the accumulation of heavy metals in plants grown in wastewater irrigated farms around Asmara. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to shed light on the understanding of the community and enable the City Council to monitor the environmental quality and take appropriate actions.

The spontaneous ignition of coal stockpile causes serious safety and economic problems. Such spontaneous ignition occurs in coal stockpile when the rate of heat released by the oxidation of coal is greater than the rate of heat lost to the surroundings. In this study, a two-dimensional unsteady model is adopted for studying spontaneous ignition and the numerical results are compared with experimental results. The numerical results are in a good agreement with the experimental ones. Depending on the porosity, the internal maximum temperature, pressure, and oxygen mass fraction during spontaneous ignition are investigated. On the basis of the numerical results, the transient temperature variations for several shapes of coal stockpiles are analyzed. Further, the physical mechanisms of hot-spot formation and spontaneous ignition are analyzed.

The safety of the environment from the industrial sludge has become a serious concern in India with the rapid increase in industrialization. The indiscriminate disposal of sludge from industries leads to the soil, groundwater and surface water pollutions. To avoid the high costs associated with the disposal of large volumes of sludge, it can be used in some building materials or can be used as fertilizer. As the accumulation of heavy metals in plants causes a threat to living beings, it has to be pretreated to remove heavy metals from the sludge to the required level before its application to soils. The heavy metals from the sludge can be reduced/separated by washing with a suitable fluid. In the present study, column leaching tests were conducted with five leaching solutions, i.e., distilled water, 0.1 N HCl, 0.1 N EDTA, 0.1 N HCl + 0.1 N EDTA and 0.1 N FeCl3 to know their removal efficiencies of heavy metal ions of Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Fe and Cr present in the industrial sludge. It was observed that distilled water was able to remove only few metal ions Cu, Zn and Ni in lesser quantities. 0.1 N HCl has removed Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni ions with a removal efficiency of 50%. With 0.1 N EDTA, the metal ions Cd, Cu and Zn have attained a removal efficiency of 80% and other metals have attained almost 50%. Using 0.1 N HCl + 0.1 N EDTA and 0.1 N FeCl3, all the heavy metals were leached out with removal efficiencies of (different metals) 71–98%. From this study, it was found that 0.1 N HCl + 0.1 N EDTA and 0.1 N FeCl3 were the most suitable solutions to remove heavy metals from the industrial sludge. Using the results of column leaching tests, the migration rates of different metal ions were determined which are used to design the soil washing program at the site to treat the similar sludge.

Introduction. The rapid development of industry in recent decades has caused global pollution, including heavy metals. Of particular danger is the accumulation of heavy metals in plantswidely cultivated in crop production practices, such as wheat.Among growth-promoting and remedying drugs, compounds of natural origin -humic substances -deserve special attention.Currently, around the world there is an increased interest in humic substances, the technologies for their production are being improved, and the raw material base is expanding, in which all new types of raw materials are involved.Of particular interest are synthetic humic substances, which are obtained from low molecular weight phenolic precursors.Strict control of the synthesis conditions allows obtaining a product with standardized properties, which is one of the advantages over natural humic substances.In addition, it is assumed that the nature of the low molecular weight phenolic precursor affects the biological activity of the final product.Purpose.The aim of our study was to study the effect of humic substances of various origins (a complex preparation of natural humic substances and synthetic fulvic acids from catechol) on the germination and morphological characteristics of wheat under the influence of heavy metals (Cu 2+ ).Methods.During the study, laboratory, accounting, analytical and mathematical-statistical methods were used.Result.A comparative study of the effect of a complex preparation of natural humic substances and synthetic fulvic acids from catechol on the germination of wheat seeds shows their stimulating effect compared to the control by 11.2% and 8.2%, respectively.The presence in the nutrient solution of Cu 2+ ions at the levels of 0.5, 1 and 5 MPC contributed to the increase of germination energy and germination of seeds in all experiments.The types of humic substances investigated intensify the growth processes in green shoots of wheat.Compared to the control, their

Arid, herb–grass steppes are widespread in the plain zone of Dagestan. Their herbage contains yarrow plants that form vast thickets in the lowland. The accumulation of heavy metals in organs of plants of the genus Achillea L. and in soils under the conditions of Dagestan has been studied for the first time. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Pb, and Cd have been determined in the aboveground and underground mass of plants of the genus Achillea L. from the background and anthropogenically disturbed areas, as well as in the soils on which they grow. It is found that the accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in plant organs is influenced by vehicle pollution. In Achillea nobilis plants selected from the villages of Uchkent and Stalskoe, the cadmium concentration exceeds the maximum permissible level by 1.2–1.7 times. The calculated indices of biogeochemical mobility have shown that plants from the anthropogenically disturbed habitats are characterized by a high accumulation of Fe and Cd but a low accumulation of Mn and Pb.

Prosopis juliflora—A green solution to decontaminate heavy metal (Cu and Cd) contaminated soils

Heavy metals are one of the main causes of plant damage. The main route of entry of metals into plants is their absorption by the root system from the soil. The accumulation of heavy metals in plants disrupts the flow of biochemical processes. Amino acid metabolism is one of the important factors that ensure biochemical adaptation of organisms to environmental changes. Therefore, the aim of the work was to study the content of protein amino acids in the generative tissues of the maize root under the combined action of lead, cadmium and nickel ions at the early stages of ontogenesis. To assess the impact of heavy metals, two-day-old corn seedlings were transplanted to solutions with heavy metal ions of various concentrations, both individually and in a mixture. The content of protein amino acids in the meristem was characterized by significant variation associated with both quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of water-soluble proteins during germination. The level of accumulation of amino acids in the meristem cells of maize roots depended on the concentration of the xenobiotic and the germination period, and the general regularity of the influence of nickel ions was a decrease in the content of arginine, leucine, alanine and an increase in the content of histidine, cysteine, serine, proline, and valine. During the period of germination, the qualitative amino acid composition of plants did not change, while the quantitative content of individual amino acids varied greatly. Various increases in the content of dicarboxylic amino acids (glutamate and aspartate) testify to the intensification of metabolic processes under the influence of the studied substances. However, it cannot be excluded that the increase in the content of glutamic and aspartic acids is associated with a decrease in the speed of their utilization. In addition, heavy metals caused an increase in the content of amino acids of the ornithine cycle (arginine) and the end product of the cycle (proline) to varying degrees. Proline is an amino acid that has a stress-protective effect due to the binding of proline aggregates to surface hydrophobic residues of proteins, which prevents their denaturation. Perhaps a similar protective effect of proline occurs in the case, which is being considered.

Testing the feasibility of soil phytoremediation requires the development of models applicable on a large scale. Phytoremediation mechanisms include advanced rhizosphere biodegradation, phytoaccumulation, phytodegradation, and phytostabilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of the Sinapis alba. Identification of the factors influencing the extraction process of metals from contaminated soils in a laboratory system suitable for evaluating the phytoavailability of these metals in three solutions (M1-CaCl2, M2-DTPA, and M3-EDTA) included the following: distribution of metals in solution (Kd), soil properties and mobile fractions (SOC, CEC, pH), response surface methodology (RSM), and principal component analysis (PCA). The evaluation of the phytoremediation potential of the Sinapis alba plant was assessed using bioaccumulation coefficients (BACs). The accumulation of heavy metals in plants corresponds to the concentrations and soluble fractions of metals in the soil. Understanding the extractable metal fractions and the availability of metals in the soil is important for soil management. Extractable soluble fractions may be more advantageous in total metal content as a predictor of bioconcentrations of metals in plants. In this study, the amount of metal available in the most suitable extractors was used to predict the absorption of metals in the Sinapis alba plant. Multiple regression prediction models have been developed for estimating the amounts of As and Cd in plant organs. The performance of the predictive models generated based on the experimental data was evaluated by the adjusted coefficient of determination (aR2), model efficiency (RMSE), Durbin-Watson (DW) test, and Shapiro-Wilk (SW) test. The accumulation of the analyzed metals followed the pattern Root > Pods > Leaves > Seeds, stems > Flowers for As and Leaves > Root > Stem > Pods > Seeds > Flowers for Cd in soil contaminated with different metal concentrations. The obtained results showed a phytoremediation potential of the Sinapis alba plant.

Different effects and mechanisms of polystyrene micro- and nano-plastics on the uptake of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Various elements along with heavy metals, present in different medicinal plants, play important roles in human’s life. Assuming this, the concentrations of nine different elements including heavy metals were analyzed in selected medicinal plants i.e. Astragalus anisacanthus and Ebenus stellata. Wet digestion method was performed for the mineralization of plant samples employing three strong acids such as sulphuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3) and per chloric acid (HClO4) in ratio of 1:5:0.5mL respectively followed by filtration and analysis by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. For Na and K, flame photometer was used and samples were diluted up to hundred folds for obtaining results within the range of the instrument. The increasing order of concentration of elements in A. anisacanthus is as: Cd<Pb<Co<Ni<Cu<Mn<Fe<K<Na, whereas in E. stellata was found as: Cd<Co<Ni<Cu<Mn<Pb<Fe<K<Na. The accumulation of heavy metals in plants was different in concentration according to the study. Furthermore, the concentrations were also within the range established by international organization. In future, the usefulness of this research work is that it will result in the synthesis of many new drugs as well as it will also be used for providing public protection regarding the adverse effects of heavy metals. Keywords: Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy; Flame photometer; Flame emission spectroscopy; Heavy metals; Wet digestion http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80147

Effects of combined amendments on heavy metal accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted on contaminated paddy soil

Identifying key genes that regulate plant responses to heavy metals (HMs) is crucial for developing effective strategies to limit HM accumulation. While abscisic acid (ABA) is known to mediate stress responses, the molecular mechanisms linking ABA signaling to HM tolerance are poorly understood. This study revealed CEPR2 as the critical receptor-like kinase that integrates ABA-mediated signaling with HM uptake regulation, a novel role not previously reported. Loss-of-function cepr2 mutants exhibited significantly enhanced biomass (30.3% and 32.2% in shoots, 84.1% and 89.7% in roots) under HM/ABA stress compared to WT and CEPR2 overexpressing lines, alongside higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity. Crucially, ABA-induced suppression of HM accumulation in cepr2 was displayed through downregulation of HM absorption-related genes─FIT, IRT1, FRO2, HMA4, NRAMP6, and BTS genes. Structural equation modeling further established CEPR2 as a central node negatively correlating with ABA content but positively with the HM transporter expression that regulates HM accumulation. The present study provides insights into the molecular mechanism mediated by LRR-RLK in response to HM stress and theoretical support for developing strategies to limit HMs in plants.