Գեներալ Վասիլի (Բարսեղ) Բեհբութովը Ղրիմի (Արևելյան) պատերազմում

Music and choreography interaction in the stage dances of musical theater productions of the 17th – the first half of the 18th century

The compositional features were considered and the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were classified. in Kyiv. Their symbolism, structure and structural construction, stylistics and characteristic architectural and decorative features were studied. The purpose of the study: to investigate and analyze the compositional, stylistic and semantic features of the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. in Kyiv, to develop the principles of classification of portals and conduct their classification. Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of the following methods: empirical, theoretical and empirical-theoretical. The empirical method includes observation, photo-fixation, graphic sketches and constructions, comparisons and generalizations. Theoretical techniques include: going from the abstract to the concrete, abstraction, concretization, identification and separation. Most of the work was carried out using empirical and theoretical methods. The results. Photographs, graphic sketches and classification of building portals of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were carried out. in Kyiv based on the developed compositional-constructive and stylistic principles of classification. It was found that the portals are located mainly on the main compositional axes of the facades of historical buildings, namely on the main vertical divisions, which are highlighted by risalites, bay windows, attics, towers and often changed scale and shape of windows. The role of the portals in the overall composition of the building and the problem of violation of the compositional integrity of the facades due to the replacement or destruction of individual parts and elements of the portals have been revealed. In particular, as a result of unsuccessful repairs and renovations in some buildings of the historical center, the entrance doors were replaced with faceless, rough, unscaled ones, which distorted not only individual facades, but also entire sections of the urban environment. The scientific novelty and practical significance of the research lies in the identification of the compositional and semantic features of the portals of the facades of Kyiv buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as in the detailed analysis of the compositional structure, constructive and stylistic components of the portals. A scientific novelty is the developed classification of the portals of the historical buildings of Kyiv. The research will contribute to the deepening of theoretical and practical knowledge about the peculiarities of Kyiv portals of the specified period, which can be used in the restoration and reconstruction of buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. in Kyiv. The developed classification of portals will be a useful educational reference material for students - future architects and designers who are interested in the peculiarities of Kyiv's historical buildings.

Imperial Russia’s Civil Society, 1750–1917 Mary Schaeffer Conroy A. S. Tumanova, Obshchestvennye organizatsii Rossii v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914–fevraĺ 1917 g.). ( Public/Civic Organizations in Russia during World War I [1914–February 1917]). 327 pp., illus. Moscow: R osspen, 2014. ISBN-13 978-5824319002. A. S. Tumanova, ed., Samoorganizatsiia rossiiskoi obshchestvennosti v poslednei treti XVIII–nachale XX v. ( Self-Organization of the Russian Public from the Last Third of the 18th Century to the Beginning of the 20th Century). 883 pp. Moscow: Rosspen, 2011. ISBN-13 978-5824315288. The two works under review—a compilation describing self-organization of society in imperial Russia from the 18th century through the beginning of the 20th century, which Anastasiia Tumanova has edited and to which she contributes four chapters, and Tumanova’s monograph on Russian society during World War I—determine the strength and liveliness of civil society in imperial Russia. These works leave no doubt that the still influential view of pre-Soviet Russia as an agrarian backwater, whose populace was devoid of initiative and cowed by a capricious, authoritarian government, and the correlative theory that political repression precipitated the revolutions of 1917 must both be relegated to the dustbin. The publications under review document that the Russian government was paternalistic, intrusive, and often moved at a glacial pace. Still, sometimes the government moved with lightning speed, implementing the Great Reforms in the 1860s and 1870s and establishing the State Duma, the reformed State Council, and a modicum of civil rights in 1905–6. Moreover, and this is important, the imperial Russian government did allow Russian citizens space in which to manage their own affairs. Tumanova’s two works, under review here, emphasize that Russian citizens had plenty of capacity for self-organization. The 1991 American compilation [End Page 193] Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russiaprovided introductory information on diverse voluntary and civic groups. 1Tumanova’s edited volume and her monograph are more detailed and, additionally, focus on the laws and legal aspects of establishing civic societies and maintaining them in imperial Russia. The compilation is an encyclopedic tome, synthesizing secondary sources and newly available archival evidence. Its 14 packed chapters analyze a myriad of voluntary societies and contain more than 20 pages listing voluntary societies. V. Ia. Grosul’s chapter 1, Tumanova’s chapter 2, and I. S. Rozental´’s chapter 6 recount that educated wealthy nobles, following familiarity with organizations in Western Europe, began to organize themselves into clubs in the 18th and early 19th centuries. These chapters and Tumanova’s chapters 3 and 4 (proffering precise statistics), as well as her chapter 7, co-authored with Rozental´, affirm that even though in Russia, as in Germany and Austria, societies had to be approved by the government, from the mid-19th-century clubs and societies of all kinds—philanthropic, literary and artistic, educational, leisure, nature, sports-related, devoted to gambling and to politics—proliferated astronomically among merchants and broad swaths of the rest of the population, including religious organizations and members of the imperial family. Tumanova’s forte is legal analysis, and she reviews in detail how legislation affected the organization of societies and clubs (193–216). In particular, she emphasizes that the Temporary Regulation on Societies, issued by the tsar in March 1906, speeded up this process (209–16). The volume also vividly illustrates peasant involvement in voluntary societies. The Russian Empire was predominantly agrarian, and more than 80 percent of the population was listed under the rubric of “peasant.” However, the peasantry was very diverse and not inert. Although, until 1861, half the peasants were serfs, nonpersons who had no right to own property or sue in a court of law, peasants did so anyway. As early as the 1960s, Jerome Blum detailed that both serfs and so-called state peasants established businesses—some small but others large—which indicated initiative and gave considerable autonomy. 2Ben Eklof documented that some peasant communes hired teachers in the 19th century. 3Charles A. Ruud illustrated peasant social [End Page 194]mobility in his biography of Ivan Sytin, illiterate peasant turned publishing magnate. 4...

Introduction. The article considers the trends in the development of Soviet historiography of Russian anti-war thought in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Analysis. The interrelation of the evolution of the views of Soviet researchers on pre-revolutionary pacifism with socio-political changes in the USSR is revealed. The negative assessments of “bourgeois pacifism” expressed by V.I. Lenin had a significant impact on the study of peacekeeping in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Methods and materials. In the existing historiography, only certain aspects of the problem are considered. Among the most important methods and approaches used in writing this work are the historical-systemic and historical-comparative methods. The source base of the study was primarily scientific works, reference and encyclopedic publications, and journalistic materials. Results. The authors propose to single out three stages in the history of the study of Russian anti-war thought in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries in Soviet times. The most distinct features of the first stage (lack of significant research on the topic, harshness, and categorical assessments) emerged in the mid-1920s and were traced until the mid-1950s. Against the background of political changes in the USSR and the growth of public interest in the problem of maintaining peace, there was a serious increase in research interest in the history of Russian anti-war thought. Peacekeeping ideas were considered during this period primarily within the framework of legal, historical, and philosophical studies. The third stage became noticeable at the end of the 1980s, which manifested itself in a significant increase in works on the history of domestic pacifism and its terminological “rehabilitation.” Authors’ contribution. N.Yu. Nikolaev revealed the trends in the development of Soviet historiography of Russian anti-war thought in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. S.P. Ramazanov analyzed methodological approaches and carried out general scientific editing of the article.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the mechanism of ethnocultural projection of European mentality, ethics, morality, trade technologies, sociocultural image of merchants, industrialists, officials, military officers, cultural workers, who influenced in the second half of 19th – early 20th centuries on the development of the Russian Far East in industrial, trade, transport, scientific, educational discourses and on the life system in general. The most significant influence on the process of development and transformation of the Far Eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire was exerted by the German settlers. The research methodology based on Max Weber's concept of entrepreneurial ethics, is based on the belief that the history and culture of the Russian Far East in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, on the one hand, are linked to the all-Russian sociocultural processes and, on the other hand, to the Far Eastern specificity that emerged as a resulting of the influence of the European mentality. The article reveals the essence, structure and functions of trade, transport, industrial companies in the Amur region, Primorye and Sakhalin. The analysis of the phenomenon of the emerged regional culture is relevant. The immigrants, The article is devoted to the analysis of the mechanism of ethnocultural projection of European mentality, ethics, morality, trade technologies, sociocultural image of merchants, industrialists, officials, military officers, cultural workers, who influenced in the second half of 19th – early 20th centuries on the development of the Russian Far East in industrial, trade, transport, scientific, educational discourses and on the life system in general. The most significant influence on the process of development and transformation of the Far Eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire was exerted by the German settlers. The research methodology based on Max Weber's concept of entrepreneurial ethics, is based on the belief that the history and culture of the Russian Far East in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, on the one hand, are linked to the all-Russian sociocultural processes and, on the other hand, to the Far Eastern specificity that emerged as a resulting of the influence of the European mentality. The article reveals the essence, structure and functions of trade, transport, industrial companies in the Amur region, Primorye and Sakhalin. The analysis of the phenomenon of the emerged regional culture is relevant. The immigrants, carriers of different ethno-cultural mental models and ethnic stereotypes of behaviour, not only transformed this territory, the surrounding world in an industrial way, but also planned its development in the long term, for what purpose they used their own financial resources and efforts to create scientific and cultural institutions: Society studying the Amur region, the East Institute, the future Far East State Technical University, they financed ethnographic expeditions. The result of the work is the author's conviction that mental attitudes have sufficient stability, a reliable basis for the development of the Far Eastern region, for a positive dialogue of cultures, for optimal adaptation of immigrants to a foreign cultural environment, to different natural and climatic conditions and regional specifics.

Finance and Technology Transfer

Мета роботи: дослідити особливості побутування жанру многоліття в музичній культурі Галичини другої пол. XIX ‒ першої пол. XX ст. Методи дослідження полягають у застосуванні методів історизму, аналізу, узагальнення та систематизації численного теоретичного та музичного матеріалу. Наукова новизна роботи полягає у визначенні місця та особливостей побутування давньої традиції многолітствування в музичній культурі Галичини другої пол. XIX ‒ першої пол. XX ст. Висновки. Традиція многолітствування активно побутувала в культурному житті Галичини другої пол. XIX ‒ першої пол. XX ст. Співом многоліть завершувались богослужіння та святкові імпрези, популярні зразки жанру були включені до музично-дидактичної літератури. Це мало особливе життєстверджуюче значення в контексті активного формування української національної ідеї та професійної композиторської школи.

The research aims to explore the missionaries’ perception of the specifics of missionary work among women in the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in China. The article examines the features of missionary work among women, as noted by the missionaries of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing during the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The author analyzes the specifics of the Chinese population’s mentality regarding the status of women and identifies areas of missionary labor where this mentality influenced the practical aspects of missionary service (such as preaching, catechization, conducting worship, and administering sacraments). The missionaries expressed opinions on the varying degrees of women’s involvement in Christian evangelization, indirectly touching upon the term “deaconess”, which denoted a specific form of ministry, as well as the potential prospect of its revival. The scholarly novelty of the research lies in the fact that, for the first time in historiography, the work provides a detailed analysis of the specifics of preaching and catechization among women within the activities of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing during the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The study concludes that the primary obstacle to missionary work among women was their secluded position in society and the unspoken cultural prohibition on interactions with men outside their families. The article reflects the experience of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, which serves as an example of the broader need within the missions of the Russian Orthodox Church for the direct involvement of women in the work of preaching the Orthodox faith.

Introduction. Currently, scientific interest in the representatives of the Crimean Tatar noble class has increased, and more and more attention is being paid to the topic of the daily life of the Muslim elite of Crimea in different periods of time. The range of issues studied in the article is an unexplored aspect in the history of the Taurida province in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The article examines the Murz estate of Crimea in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the eyes of its contemporary, Ismail Bey Gasprinsky, a reformist teacher and publisher who had a significant impact on the development of culture, education and public life of the majority of the Turkic-Muslim peoples of the Russian Empire. The goal of the research is to explore those aspects of social and private life of this class that most comprehensively inform about their hobbies, interests and lifestyle in general. It is these components that are vivid expressions of the spirit of the era and help to better understand the peculiarities of the daily life of representatives of noble Crimean Tatar families.The Materials and Methods. General scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative historical and problem-chronological methods have been used in the research. The research is based on unpublished sources, such as articles from the newspaper Terjiman, as well as books stored in the Bakhchisarai Museum-Reserve.The Results. In accordance with the principles of historicism and objectivity, the author was the first to introduce previously unpublished sources on the history of the Crimean Tatar nobility into scientific circulation.Discussion and Conclusion. The social life of the Crimean Murz have been examined: attending official events, participating in agricultural exhibitions, charity events. The leisure time of the Crimean Tatar elite, wedding celebrations and entertainment have been considered. It’s been concluded that the intellectual heritage of the enlightener I. Gasprinsky is not only a valuable source on the history of the formation and development of national periodicals and the education system of the Turkic-Muslim population of the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but also provides insight into the virtually unexplored world of daily life in the Crimean Murz.

This study examines the social profile of bais in Kazakh society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, con-sidering their property, social characteristics, and legal status. The authors identify the forms and features of entrepreneurial activity and provide a detailed analysis of the economic and socio-political activities of the bais, and reveal their role in the development of culture and charity through patronage and assistance to the needy. The authors demonstrate the diverse forms of entrepreneurship in animal husbandry, agriculture, vari-ous trades, and industries related to the processing of agricultural products, and they summarize the signifi-cance of major economic changes associated with the sharply increased activity of private capital. Thus, stud-ying the social status of Kazakh bais in the late 19th and early 20th centuries is essential for understanding the class structure of Kazakh society of that period, the processes of social stratification, and the influence of the bais on the political and economic life of the region. This helps analyze how the colonial policy of the Russian Empire contributed to heightened social tension and how the old ruling class managed to preserve its position amid growing changes.

In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, Serbia gradually imposed itself as the most powerful factor in the Balkans, suppressing the hegemonic preponderance of Byzantium and Bulgaria. The breakthrough of medieval Serbia in Macedonia which lasted for several decades, gradually conquering the cities and important fortresses.The main military campaign was directed along the currents of the Vardar and Struma rivers, towards the city of Thessaloniki, for which Byzantium organized a systematic defense, forming a limes that ran along the line of the Byzantino-Serbian border from Ohrid - Prilep - Proseк - Strumica - Melnik.Strumica played a significant role in the events that marked the first half of the 14th century in the Balkans, due to the good fortification, as well as the control of the important corridors that passed along it. Strumica connected the southern and middle-Balkan regions, and was the key of the communication between the middle currents of the Vardar and Struma rivers.

The article is devoted to one of the oldest rites - the plowing of villages (ritual plowing) in order to prevent the death of livestock or to get rid of diseases in case of epizootics that have already begun. The purpose of the work is to identify the local features of the rite and to confirm the presence in the Tula province of an invariant core of ritual actions common to all Great Russian provinces. The main source base of the article is the ethnographic materials of the Russian Geographical Society (RGS) archive, collected in the middle of the 19th century, and the publications of parish priests in the church publication “Tula Diocesan Gazette”. The article also considers the publications of researchers in the journal “Ethnographic Review” in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The analysis of the sources allowed to examine the rite of plowing in the Tula province from the 1840s to the 1910s, and to identify the characteristics: participants, ritual actions, and ceremonial paraphernalia. The author comes to the conclusion that the “general scenario” of the plowing in the Tula province in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was similar to the practice in other Great Russian provinces of the Russian Empire. It was revealed that the ritual plowing was widespread in the mid-19th century and retaining significant archaic features in the Tula province. By the beginning of the 20th century fragmentary information about the plowing suggests that wasn’t a standard or habitual practice, but rather a relapses. The author also notes that local accounts of plowing often mention the use of strengthening ritual paraphernalia and actions, such as “locking” the village, using a protective thread, and making noise in the Tula province.

One of the main components of the football industry today is its infrastructure. Training facilities, stadiums with stands for spectators, sports bases, retail outlets, museums of various teams and clubs all play key roles in the sport. In Britain, such amenities began to appear in the first half of the 19th century, in continental Western Europe — around the mid-1800s, and in the central and eastern parts of the Old World — even later, at the turn of the 20th century. The development of football infrastructure in Sofia is an illustrative example not only in the context of one city or country, but also for the region as a whole. Since in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the capital of Bulgaria saw the formation of traditions which determined the subsequent development of the city’s sports infrastructure, through this case study we can trace from where the complex of ideas related to establishing suitable sports facilities spread to Bulgaria and Southeastern Europe, how the process of formation and accumulation of knowledge in this specialized sphere unfolded, and how such facilities were actually built. The initiative to set up sports grounds belonged to Bulgarian educational institutions and societies, and such projects were financed by club members. The social groups that played the decisive role in the transfer of knowledge to the sports industry, namely to the construction of football playing grounds, were local youth with the experience of studies abroad and foreign teachers who worked in Bulgaria. The main routes of diffusion of this type of information originated in Switzerland and the Ottoman Empire. It was from these countries that the capital of the Balkan state received knowledge about the existing norms and rules for the construction of football fields. However, unlike in other European cities during this period, the sports infrastructure in Sofia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries did not yet become a component of business projects aiming to make a profit from renting out such facilities or from selling tickets to football fans.

Introduction. This article presents the results of a study of the collections of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region on the history of the Buddhist tradition of the Kalmyk people in the 19th – early 20th centuries. It also lists the most significant files related to the history of the Buddhist clergy of the Kalmyk steppe and analyzes their contents. Materials and Methods. The study utilizes historical-typological, historical-systematic, and statistical research methods. The object of study was a set of archival documents from the 19th – early 20th centuries, including documents related to the history of the Buddhist monastic community of the Kalmyk steppe and its interaction with the Russian state. Results. A significant set of archival documents from the collections of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region, related to the history of the Buddhist clergy of the Kalmyk people in the 19th – early 20th centuries, was examined and grouped. The identified files will serve as the source material for the monograph “Lamas of the Kalmyk Steppe in the 19th – early 20th Centuries in the Sociopolitical Life of Southern Russia.” Conclusions. The State Archives of the Astrakhan Region contain a significant volume of records on the history of the Buddhist tradition of the Kalmyk people in the 19th and early 20th centuries, which were identified, attributed, and systematized during the author’s research. The introduction of the State Archives of the Astrakhan Region archival materials related to the history of the Buddhist monastic community of the Kalmyk steppe into scholarly circulation will allow for the intensification of Kalmyk studies research based on previously unpublished historical materials.

The aim of this study is to elaborate comparative portraits of Korean and Japanese beauty in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Six portraits of beauty in the Korean Joseon Dynasty (early 19th century) and 5 in Japanese Edo Dynasty (late 18th century) were analyzed. Twenty anthropometric items were applied to the measure of the features on each portrait and 18 proportional indices of the face were calculated. Among the 18 indices, Korean and Japanese beauty did not show any significant differences in 13, but in 5: 1) the ratio of eye fissure to intercanthal distance was greater in Japanese beauty; 2) eye inclination was greater in Japanese beauty; 3) the ratio of nasal width to intercanthal distance was greater in Japanese beauty; 4) the ratio of nasal and facial width was greater in Korean beauty; and 5) the ratio of vermilion size to mouth width was greater in Japanese beauty. It is assumed that Korean had narrower eye fissure, lower eye inclination, wider nasal ala, and thinner lip than what Japanese craved during that era.