현행 체육과 교육과정의 효과적 운영 방안

Background: In the physical education (PE) domain, teachers are given the freedom to make important educational decisions. Because of the common assumption that the decisions teachers make are based on a set of educational perspectives, a considerable number of studies have addressed the importance of studying the thinking and beliefs of PE teachers on teaching. However, it is revealed that only a limited amount of works on the perspective or teaching beliefs of pre-service PE teachers has been conducted.Chinese context: In 2002, comprehensive PE curriculum reform was conducted in China. The reform focused on the evolution of PE from sport skill-related objectives to fitness, health, cognitive, and affective outcomes. Many local Chinese studies suggest that the teaching perspectives of PE teachers should be aligned with these new objectives to implement the new PE curriculum effectively. However, evidence-based studies on the teaching perspectives of Chinese PE teachers are lacking.Purpose: This study focuses on PE teacher education (PETE) students in Shanghai, China and has the following aims: (i) to examine the teaching perspectives of PETE students, (ii) to explore the differences in teaching perspectives based on demographic differences (i.e. gender, year in school, participation in a teaching practicum), and (iii) to examine the correlations among five teaching perspectives of PETE students.Method: A survey-based study design was employed. The participants were 349 PETE students (185 males, 164 females) from two universities in Shanghai China. The Teaching Perspective Inventory was adopted to assess five teaching perspectives of PETE students. Surveys were distributed by PE faculty in each of their classes in the two universities. Descriptive statistics were used to describe five teaching perspectives and teaching beliefs of PETE students (what they believe about instructing or teaching), intentions (what they try to accomplish), and their action (what they do within their classrooms). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed to examine the main effects of PETE student demographics on their teaching perspectives. A bivariate correlational procedure was used to test the relationships among five teaching perspectives.Findings: PETE students clearly exhibited a common pattern of a single dominant teaching perspective. They highlighted the importance of the subject matter, but focused less on changes in society and learner's thinking. These findings are incongruent with recent trends and innovation in the Chinese PE curriculum. Furthermore, the findings indicate significant differences in some perspectives by gender and years in school. However, no significant effects on field-based practicum experience were observed. Finally, significant positive correlations were observed among most of the five teaching perspectives, which indicate that a comprehensive consideration of the five perspectives in the teacher education program is necessary.

The physical education curriculum reform has been fruitful since the founding of New China, however, the physical education curriculum reform has long neglected the combination with the latest technology and has not broken through the education approach based on physical education and health curriculum. Since the birth of artificial intelligence education, it has provided a solution to break through the limitation of distance and teachers’ resources, and the combination of artificial intelligence education and the physical education curriculum is an important direction to deepen the physical education curriculum reform. The simplified application of "human-computer learning symbiosis" breaks through the current dilemma of insufficient technological power and AI education theory, and helps the application of AI education in the physical education curriculum. It has the application advantages of human-oriented and personalized teaching; promoting the formation of lifelong sports concepts; cultivating higher-order thinking ability; and promoting the development of the sports industry.

ABSTRACTBackground: For years researchers have been engaged in revealing the impact of the hidden curriculum in physical education (PE) on students’ participation and non-participation. The hidden PE curriculum encompasses the knowledge, the relations, the assumptions, the norms and the beliefs that students unconsciously and unintentionally learn through the process of education. As the hidden curriculum reinforces particular values and attitudes among students in a very subtle and often unnoticed fashion, it limits students’ possibilities for becoming aware of, and thus reporting, how the tacit messages communicated through the hidden curriculum impact on their position of participation and non-participation. Thus, in this article, we argue that examining students’ silences, that is the things students do not voice, is significant for the understanding of the impact of the hidden curriculum on students’ participation and non-participation in PE.Purposes: In this article, we aim to develop insight into students’ silences in order to elucidate how aspects of the hidden curriculum serve to reinforce some students’ non-participation in PE. Much attention has been devoted to particular values and attitudes unintentionally transmitted by teachers in PE. However, in this article, we examine how the everyday exchanges between the students themselves may also convey a hidden set of meanings, that impact on students’ actual experiences of the PE curriculum, and thus mitigate the intended effects of students’ participation.Research design: The backdrop for this article is a single-case study carried out in a multi-ethnic and co-educational secondary school in Denmark from January to December 2014. The article draws on material collected through focus group interviews with 7th grade students (including participant-diagrams filled out by students) along with observations of their PE classes. The observations took place once a week throughout the whole calendar year.Findings: In the article, we point to students’ intentional silences that are highly reflective of the normative expectations negotiated within the peer group. In addition, we show that the pressures toward social conformity have a direct impact on the positions of non-participation intentionally taken up by some of the less socially respected students in PE. These students were highly aware that how they behaved in PE and what they voiced in the interviews might have consequences for their peer group connections within PE and for their social reputation among peers outside of PE. In addition, we add to the current literature on student silence by pointing to a category of non-privileged silences. These silences revealed that a minor group of students were not aware of or had not recognized their position as non-participants in PE. Moreover, they appeared unable to imagine that things could be different and to voice a desire for change.Conclusions: We argue that our findings reveal critical aspects of students’ non-participation that would be difficult to access if we did not listen to, hear and attempt to understand students’ silences. In order to extend the knowledge base on students’ participation and non-participation in PE, we hope that this article may also encourage other researchers to let students’ silences breathe and speak.

The purpose of this study was to survey the current evidence of teachers’ asthma awareness, PE provision for children with asthma and policy application in PE and additional support in Devon schools. One hundred and twenty‐eight teachers of physical education (PE) from three local education authorities (LEAs) in Devon responded to a survey focused on PE teacher asthma awareness, PE provision for children with asthma, and PE application of school policy and additional support The findings revealed that PE teachers were aware of the children with asthma in their classes, but awareness of information and resources about asthma was low. PE provision for children with asthma effectively included the use of warm‐up, warm‐down, reminders to take medication before exercise and indirect preventative activities within the PE curriculum. Additionally, the monitoring of occurrences of Exercise Induced Asthma (EIA) by PE teachers was poor. The results for application of school policy revealed that PE teachers reported low levels of liaison with the school nurse, some inappropriate practices towards inhaler usage in PE and heavy reliance on pupil responsibility for self‐administration of inhalers. Significant differences for preventative activities helpful to asthmatics, frequency of communication between school‐nurses and PE teachers, and differences in responsibility for asthma medication were reported between PE teachers in a school‐nurse consortium and those in non‐consortium LEAs. These results are discussed in relation to existing literature, future PE provision, school policy and awareness through in‐service training opportunities.

The purpose of this study is to find out the views of teachers of physical education about how they define character education, whether they think national education curriculum and the curriculum of private schools are suitable for character education and whether they think character education can be applied in physical education lessons. Case report design was used in this study which was prepared with qualitative research method. The sample group of the study consists of 6 physical education teachers working in 3 secondary schools and 2 high schools of Kutahya city center which were determined with easily accessible case sampling method, which is one of the purposive sampling methods. Individual interviews which lasted for an average of 15-20 minutes were conducted with physical education teachers within the context of semi-structured interview technique. The participants were informed that the interviews would be voice recorded and later their expressions would be written down to avoid data loss and after necessary permissions were taken, the interviews were recorded. Descriptive and content analysis methods were used to analyze the expressions which were converted into text. The results of the analyses showed that physical education teachers defined character education as changes that occurred in individuals’ behaviors first in the family, then at school and the education conducted to teach individuals socially accepted and correct behaviors. In addition, it was found that the teachers stated that the current curriculum of the country and also physical education curriculum were not suitable for character education; however, since it is a social lesson and since participants are continuously active and in communication, physical education lessons can be more effective than other lessons in terms of character development.

In this paper, we present the findings from our critical analysis of the health discourses evident with physical education (PE) curricula in each UK home nation—England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. We carried out a critical discourse analysis of those curriculum documents that talk directly to PE teachers about how to organise, enact and assess PE curricula in schools. The results from our analysis uncovered that, with the exception of the curriculum in England, all PE curricula conceptualise health and wellbeing holistically. However, our analysis also uncovered complex health landscapes within curricula, where discourses move from notions of supporting and enabling pupil health and wellbeing towards a more concrete (and measurable) concept of health‐related learning, often associated with public health goals of promoting physical activity. Furthermore, although the public health discourses are presented in a way that suggests that young people will develop knowledge and skills to support their health, closer scrutiny reveals that they may be more associated with discourses of risk, promoting ‘healthy’ behaviours to avoid ‘ill health’. We conclude by suggesting that PE teachers need to develop a critical understanding of the health discourses within their PE curriculum. This will help them to navigate, interpret and enact curricula in an informed way, enabling them to challenge discourses that are deficit in nature, where pupils are taught how to be healthy, rather than having the freedom to learn about themselves and their health.

Following recent education policy and curriculum changes in England, the notion of inclusion of children with special educational needs in physical education has increasingly become a topic of research interest and concern. It was the aim of this study to explore personal experiences and perspectives of inclusion in physical education. To this end this study used a series of interviews and observations with a visually impaired (blind) pupil, a physical education teacher and a learning support assistant at a school for children with moderate learning difficulties. The findings highlighted four significant areas of impact: the role of teacher training and development; the role of learning support assistants; resources; and the limitations of the National Curriculum in Physical Education as a framework for inclusion. Recommendations on how to address these issues in order to improve the standards of inclusion for visually impaired pupils in physical education are made.

Physical education curriculum policies, like other government policies, are influenced by historical and societal contexts. This study reviews the literature on a range of approaches to physical education from traditional models to critical physical literacy, creates a policy analysis framework and uses it to examine Canadian Physical Education (PE) curriculum policies. The policy analysis framework and discourse analysis are combined to determine the dominant messages in Canadian PE policies and to determine relative areas of emphasis. The findings indicate that most policies include critical approaches in the policy rationale but the learning outcomes reflect primarily traditional models of physical education. This research is intended to encourage a national dialogue about PE policies in order to encourage a broader range of approaches, including more empowering approaches in PE curriculum policies.

An inverse approach to validate the importance of motor ability and sport on purposeful play and lifelong vigorous physical activity

Previous research shows that enacting a new curriculum is a complex process. Teachers can be enthusiastic and committed to new curricular objectives, but they can also experience frustration and disappointment. Scholars have suggested that teachers who perceive lack of support, or tensions between their personal philosophies and the educational principles underpinning a new curriculum, struggle to enact new curricula in line with their intent. Our purpose in this article is to illustrate how two Physical Education (PE) teachers experienced the enactment of a new official curriculum. An action research approach was used as design of the study. Researchers cooperated with two PE teachers for 18 months. The empirical material consisted of 50 sets of field notes from the two teachers’ teaching lessons, transcripts from one semi-structured qualitative interview with both teachers following the completion of the school year. The material also consisted of reflection logs produced by the teachers containing written notes about their experiences of the curriculum enactment. We used literature on educational change (Fullan, M., & Hargreaves, A. (1991). What's worth fighting fore? Working together for your school. Ontario Public School Teachers’ Federation) as our theoretical framework. Our findings show that the teachers experienced the curriculum enactment in contradictory ways. Shifting from previous PE practices that focused on sports activities and emphasized teacher instruction, to pedagogical practices informed by the new PE curriculum (including sociocultural perspectives of learning and assessment), led to uncertainty, surprise, satisfaction, as well as distrust. Our findings also showed that the teachers’ experiences of the enactment were influenced by perceived gender biases. We argue that teachers’ beliefs and the teaching culture were particularly influential dimensions regarding the two PE teachers’ experiences of the curriculum enactment. Practitioners and researchers attempting curriculum enactment in the future should pay careful attention to such dimensions, especially given that tensions and uncertainty often occur during any educational change.

The term hidden curriculum is not new to education or physical education. It is difficult to explain, sometimes hard to identify, but undoubtedly influential to student learning. This paper differentiates the hidden curriculum from an official curriculum. Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) students (n = 35) in an undergraduate Curriculum Design course were asked to recall their experiences with the hidden curriculum in their formal primary and secondary school physical education experiences, identifying negative and positive outcomes veiled at the time. Eight themes emerged from participant responses and are described with specific examples. Five practices are noted for educators to manage the hidden curriculum.

The article examines the professional training of a physical education teacher to work in a new Ukrainian school, taking into account modern curricula. It is shown that the new curriculum for physical education, adopted in 2022, does not allow for the full solution of one of the tasks of this subject, in particular, to teach the technique of physical exercises in a particular sport. At the same time, on the one hand, the curriculum makes it possible to form students’ interest in physical exercises in physical education lessons, and, on the other hand, does not contribute to the formation of their sustainable motivation for physical activity throughout their lives. When developing an educational program for the specialty A4 Secondary Education (Physical Education), in the normative part of the professional training cycle, it is necessary to include educational components of a sports profile, without which it is difficult for a physical education teacher to do during his professional activities, in particular, gymnastics, athletics, sports and outdoor games and swimming. Further research will focus on studying the rational content of practical training for future specialists in the field of A4 Secondary Education (Physical Education) in the context of adopting a new physical education curriculum in the new Ukrainian school system.

An on-line questionnaire was completed by 115 physical education teachers to establish the barriers to their implementation of physical education in Victorian state secondary schools. In addition, the barriers perceived by teachers to impact on students' participation in school-based physical education and physical activity were examined. The barriers to the provision of physical education were found to be largely institutional, although two-thirds of respondents recognised their own difficulties in engaging students when teaching as potential obstacles to student participation. Students were also perceived to be influenced by their own (45 per cent) and their peers (62 per cent) low levels of interest when choosing to participate. An awareness of these barriers has implications for physical education teaching, curriculum design, teacher training and adolescent participation in the school environment.

Students' perceptions and value orientation could assist curriculum developers to design and implement a Physical Education (PE) curriculum that would address the needs of post-independent South African schools. PE and School Sport (SS) in South Africa demonstrate extremes and inequities. Contrast is visible in all aspects of South African life, but most significant in education. White and urban schools are relatively problem free, whereas black and rural schools have been adversely affected by the past governments' apartheid and separate development policies. Some schools have well developed facilities, while the majority has next to nothing. PE teachers are qualified in some cases and grossly unqualified in many others. PE programmes in white schools and urban cities offer a wide and balanced variety of activities while in others opportunities are limited to a few movement activities. PE as a school subject has been neglected, misunderstood, seen as being of little importance and regarded as inferior when compared to other subjects in the school curriculum. In order to find out the perceptions of PE and school sport among school children aged 7-15 years, we administered the modified Sport in Education (SpinEd) project questionnaire to 923 school children in two provinces and contrasting geographical locations in South Africa. The questionnaire focused on five main domains referring specifically to aspects of children's perceptions and understanding of PE and SS. The results showed some disparity in the perceptions and understanding of PE and SS among the respondents by gender, age group and geographical location, specifically with regard to feeling about PE and SS, outcomes of PE and SS, comparison of PE and SS with other school subjects and perceived competence in PE and SS. Results are discussed in the light of their implications for provision of quality PE and SS in South African schools.

In recent years, upon deepening the reform on physical education (PE) curriculum in collegesi¼Œcolleges in many areas have established sports clubs. It makes PE class teaching and the after-PE class extension be fully combined, promotes the reform of PE curriculum, enhances the teaching efficiency and the sports level of college students, cultivates college students’ life habits of consciously doing sports exercises, and finally provides a solid foundation for students’ life-long sports. Taking the extracurricular sports club teaching of China West Normal University as the starting point, this paper tries hardly to explore the innovative models of physical education (PE) curriculum reform of schools and to provide references for other colleges.