한반도 주변 해역 운용해양시스템 구축 방향

The Korea Operational Oceanographic System (KOOS) was developed at the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) to produce real-time forecasting and simulation of interdisciplinary multi-scale oceanic fields. This offers valuable information to better mitigate coastal disasters, such as oil spills and other marine accidents, and provides the necessary ocean predictions to support the marine activities of government agencies, marine industries, and public users. The KOOS became operational in March 2012, and consists of several operational modules and realtime observations, including satellite remote sensing, coastal remote monitoring stations using high-frequency radar, and ocean observatories. The basic forecasting system includes weather, regional and high-resolution coastal circulation and wave prediction models; the practical application system includes storm surges, oil spills, and search and rescue prediction models. An integrated maritime port prediction system and data information and skill assessment systems are also part of the KOOS. In this work, the performance of the numerical models was evaluated by the skill assessment systems. From the monthly and yearly skill assessments, the models showed reasonable skill in predicting atmospheric and oceanic states except for the regional ocean circulation models. The ongoing development and improvement of the KOOS includes improvement of the model skills through the upgrade of the satellite-based sea surface temperature algorithm, the enhancement of the ocean monitoring ability, the upgrade of the forecasting models for higher spatial resolutions and the application of data assimilation techniques improved with the feedback from the skill assessment report.

Workover operations, with complex equipment, heavy work and numerous personnel, are the core of maintaining daily operation, stabilizing and enhancing production of oil and gas fields. Risk monitoring is particularly important for ensuring operation quality, efficiency, safety and economic benefits. At present, the risks of workover operations are mainly judged by on-site workers, and automatic acquisition of operation data, intelligent risk identification and warning have not been realized. In order to improve the quality, efficiency, safety and economic benefits of workover operations, it is necessary to conduct research on the intelligent risk monitoring technology. With the aim of intelligent risk monitoring of workover operations, the study on key technologies for intelligent risk monitoring is carried out from three aspects of hardware, algorithm and software. First, the data acquisition device of workover operations is designed and developed, the data processing method is proposed, and the database of workover operations is established. Second, the intelligent risk monitoring and warning models of workover operations based on big data analysis are established. Third, the digital supervision system of workover operations is designed and developed, and the on-site testing and evaluation of the system are conducted. The data acquisition device of workover operations includes basic sensors, central control unit, management terminal, etc. The digital supervision system of workover operations includes functional modules of operation monitoring, risk warning, historical data, operation management, comprehensive analysis, and system management. With the use of data acquisition device and digital supervision system of workover operations, the key operation parameters, such as hook height, string depth, string weight, string speed, wellhead pressure, and hazardous gas, can be acquired and analyzed automatically. Meanwhile, the risks of abnormal operation parameters can be identified in time. The operation risks can be reduced, and the quality, efficiency, safety and economic benefits of workover operations can be ensured. The data acquisition device and digital supervision system of workover operations have been tested in 38 wells. Typical risks of abnormal operation parameters occurred 455 times, and the risks were identified 433 times by using this system, with a risk identification accuracy rate of 95.16%. With the use of intelligent risk monitoring technology for workover operations, the closed-loop management of data acquisition, risk monitoring, risk identification, risk warning, risk disposal and result feedback is realized, and the operation quality, efficiency, safety and economic benefits are improved effectively.

It becomes more and more obvious that focusing solely on economic efficiency is not a good strategy for business development. Moreover, a quantitative assessment of the integral operation indicators, including complex indicators of efficiency, environmental performance and safety, can help to protect a business against possible bankruptcy [1]. In the electric power industry, this is reflected in the modified concept of operational efficiency (OE). OE is not only the usual economic efficiency, but also operational reliability and safety. There is a good reason for such modification of the concept. In electric power systems (EPS), the actual service life of about 60% of the main equipment, devices and installations exceeds the rated value. We shall refer to such equipment as “overage facilities” (OF). The failure of such OF is the main cause of unacceptable system emergencies. During the rated service life of EPS, only a quantitative assessment of operational economic efficiency is performed. Operational reliability and safety (for example, the average monthly values) are not calculated, since they are guaranteed by the manufacturer. However, after the warranty period is over, operators still do not evaluate complex indicators of operational reliability and safety, since there is no methodology for their assessment. Moreover, it is necessary to be able to calculate the integral OE indicators which reflect the actual values of economic efficiency, operational reliability and safety. It can significantly reduce the risk of mistakes when choosing the methods for organizing operation, maintenance and repair. Then, decisions will be made based on comparing these integral indicators. The random nature of changes in technical and economic indicators (TEI) is determined by the random nature of changes in the integral OE indicators. The article presents new methods and algorithms for determining the feasibility of classifying the integral OE indicators of OF.

This paper discuss on how to develop a hard real-time machine control system with Microsoft Windows NT Operating System, where the respond must be within 0.5 milliseconds. The attempt to use a general-purpose operating system (Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Workstation) is because there is abundance of Commercial-Off-the-Shelf Components (COTS), easily available tools (compilers, and 3 party tools) and need not to learn another operating system behavior. The most important factor is there is no single dominant operating system or tools vendor for real-time operating system. Since the no single dominant real-time operating system development under real-time operating system is riskier and more costly. Ideally codes must be portable between different operating system where it is apparent with Windows platforms, Windows 95/98, Windows ME, Windows 2000, Windows XP or even Windows CE. Firstly study was done on how Microsoft Windows NT operating system works internally from materials from Microsoft Software Development Network (MSDN). Secondly study was done how to take advantage of the operating system to create a real time application. Microsoft Windows NT is a general purpose operating system that does not support real time application development, but it has all the vital elements that a real time operating system needs. The vital elements are priority-driven, preemptive scheduler, preemptive interrupt handler (for critical interrupts), deferred procedure calls (DPC) for non-critical (DPC executes after ISR), synchronization and deterministic response time. With these vital elements and some modification to application codes to enable it to execute in higher priority level, would result a real time application. This does not mean changing all the codes to higher priority is the solution, as it would cause system to malfunction as other device driver or low-level interface run at high priority too and this would lock up the system. With the combination of priority level, synchronization a complete real time solution can be implemented and this paper covers the concept. This concept also explains what was done to overcome the need of special hardware (as recommended) to accomplish hard real-time application with the response of 0.5 milliseconds.

Since the ports are the backbone of international trade they need to be managed efficiently. This study addresses to analyze the operational and financial efficiency of the selected privatized ports that have been belonged to TCDD (Republic of Türkiye State Railways). For this purpose, EATWOS (Efficiency Analysis Technique with Output Satisfying) method is employed, and the weights of the inputs and outputs are determined using LOPCOW (Logarithmic Percentage Change-Driven Objective Weighting), MEREC (Method Based on the Removal Effects of Criteria), and CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) methods. After obtaining the weights from these objective methods, the comprehensive weights are calculated using TPOP (Technique of Precise Order Preference) method. Finally, Spearman’s rank-order correlation shows that there is no relationship between the operational and financial efficiency of the ports. The number of studies that address both operational and financial efficiency of ports is limited, and this study distinguishes itself by investigating the relationship between both efficiency types.

A technological push for the adoption of unmanned surface vessels is afoot in the marine industry, keeping abreast with the developments in the land and aviation transportation sector. The adoption of technology has the potential to improve efficiency and safety of operations, to transfer onshore human activity relating to vessel control and to make working conditions for ‘crew’ more appealing. Houlder Ltd, with its entrenched vessel and equipment design competencies serving the marine, offshore and defense sectors, has designed the concept of an unmanned surface vessel for offshore operations and maintenance. The project has been undertaken jointly with automation and control and marine logistics experts in the U.K. This paper presents the Houlder unmanned surface vessel concept design, delivering units of cargo to an offshore windfarm monopile platform. The project has been devised as part of the (Windfarm Autonomous Ship) project supported by Innovate UK and other project partners. Decoupling onboard human intervention from vessel operation has prompted rethinking on the vessel layout and re-examination of the suitability of current regulations. The design considerations have revised the spatial requirements and machinery systems for the unmanned and intended function. Further, the design has incorporated an innovative cargo handling.

Shipping is one of the fastest growing industries, both in Greece and worldwide level. It is well known that this is an industry with massive capital requirements, while the cost of expanding the fleet of a shipping company is large enough. For this reason, the financial sector is in a dominant position within such an enterprise, whose concern is to find the most appropriate financing among the various alternative sources which are available. The object of this dissertation is the analysis of financing in the shipping industry, listing its characteristics, its different methods and especially the influence it has suffered from the global economic crisis, but also the influence it causes both nationally and globally. level. The reference to the influence of the fare on the financing of a company is also noteworthy. The first chapter will analyze in more detail some general terms and concepts related to shipping and the financing sector. This will be followed by a historical review on a global and Greek level, as well as a presentation of some important economic events that have either positively or negatively affected the financing of shipping. At the same time, the contribution of shipping to our national and global economy will be mentioned. The second chapter presents the factors that affect shipping, the size, characteristics and purpose of shipping financing, as well as the types of fares and the factors that affect them. The third chapter will list concepts of financing in the shipping industry and various related issues. An analysis of each different way of financing will be presented simultaneously with its respective positive and negative characteristics, as well as what the shipping cycles are. Finally, the risk and danger arising from shipping financing and the main causes of problem loans will be presented.

The challenge for “multilingual” scientists in Brazil

Cybersecurity vulnerabilities of cardiac implantable electronic devices: Communication strategies for clinicians—Proceedings of the Heart Rhythm Society's Leadership Summit

Purpose – This research paper is a literature review of the existing building retrofitting process. It proposes studying the functional, technical, and organizational issues of the green retrofit process. The purpose of this paper is to expand the domain of design framework for retrofitting existing buildings. Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a review of the model-based design process from enrollment to evaluation stages representing the green retrofitting process in selected publications. The paper opted to review the Green Retrofit Design (GRD) process model for achieving a systematic design model of GRD development in the future. Findings – Functional and maintenance issues are mainly for new buildings, also in the field for renovation and demolishing. Publications also show that environmental, social, and technical issues are often examined separately in the decision process of GRD. Papers in the facility management scale would concentrate more on organization/legal issues. Publications with questionnaire design are devoted to the usage on life-cycle assessment on existing building, but not yet on the stakeholder management and design process and related issues. Social implications – The achievement of the study is to provide a new framework of design approach that is significant to the theoretical research, education, communication, and practical works in terms of GRD development. Originality/value – The paper not only achieves a specific sequence of practical approaches, including awareness of problems, conceptual development, and design embodiment, to meet design objectives, but also conforms to academic practice-based research of creative design taking on GRD practice.

Global warming and the urgency of environmental issues have brought the issue of carbon emissions in the shipping industry to the forefront. Taking the government, port enterprises, shipping companies, and social and environmental organizations as research subjects, this study delves into the key challenges of carbon emission reduction in the shipping industry. By constructing a complex and dynamic evolutionary game model and conducting data simulations with the help of MATLAB 2016b, we analyze in detail the strategic choices of each party on the emission reduction issue and explore the impact of these choices on the evolution of the system. In this study, we find that the government plays a crucial role in emission reduction regulation. Regulatory strategy and intensity have far-reaching impacts on the development of the whole system, and a flexible and intelligent regulatory system will promote active emission reduction by all parties. In addition, the reputation mechanism of social and environmental organizations plays a significant role in motivating all parties to take the initiative to adopt emission reduction strategies. In terms of economic incentives, we find that the government needs to provide differentiated support according to the characteristics of different enterprises, so that all parties can work together to move towards the emission reduction target. Through this study, we present a comprehensive game analysis of carbon emission reduction in the shipping industry and propose practical recommendations that are valuable to the shipping industry and environmental managers. These findings provide strong policy and action support for realizing the decarbonization of the shipping industry.

<p>To support Mozambique and Zimbabwe in the mitigation and management of droughts, the World Food Programme (WFP) is seeking to implement innovative approaches to protect people’s livelihood who face drought risk. The approach that has potential of closing the humanitarian funding gap is Forecast-based Financing (FbF). FbF enables anticipatory actions against droughts using seasonal forecasts, which are implemented to reduce impacts in the critical window between a forecast and an event. An important step for leveraging seasonal forecasting information to implement FbF is the development of an operational trigger system for drought anticipatory action.</p><p>During the past year, WFP has been developing, and is currently testing, a FbF system for droughts in eight pilot districts across Mozambique and Zimbabwe using the ECMWF 7-month rainfall ensemble forecast. This system aims to reduce the impact of droughts by releasing anticipatory action based on the forecast of a drought of mild, moderate, and severe categories. In its current set up, droughts are defined in the system through the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and therefore focuses on detecting rainfall anomalies within key months of the growing season in the pilot areas. Based on an extensive skill assessment, we find that there are several opportunities for implementing FbF against droughts in the four pilot districts using the ECMWF long-range forecasting information, which opens opportunities for scaling up.</p><p>In addition to reliable seasonal forecast information, a drought FbF system requires substantial articulation between national actors on the selection of which forecast trigger to be used for the identified anticipatory action. For this, WFP has been working with several governmental agencies and stakeholders for a joint development of a nationally agreed drought contingency plan and system. However, given the inherent complexity of this climate phenomenon, reaching a common agreement on the definition of drought and a trigger menu is a difficult, and yet, a prime task. In addition, forecasting information should be coupled with a systematic decision of when to act to effectively enable the reduction of impacts as well as with a clear and standardized procedures of how to mobilize resources, to target beneficiaries and to act.</p><p>With this abstract we seek to share lessons learnt and technical challenges experienced with the process of developing an operational drought forecast-based financing system embedded into national systems. Besides its complex and interlinked configuration, we believe that implementing FbF against droughts based on forecast information can help humanitarian organizations to prepare more articulated response plans that can better leverage and preserve the gain of development programming, reduce losses to livelihoods and cost of humanitarian operations while supporting communities in a more dignified manner.</p><p> </p>

Operating systems (OS) play a major role in the functionality and performance of unmanned aerial vehicles, serving as their central nervous system to manage various components and functions. This article provides a comprehensive overview of embedded operating systems (EOS), real-time operating systems (RTOS), and cloud operating systems (Cloud OS) intended for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In particular, from the perspective of practical use, both the strengths and weaknesses of the following operating systems were analyzed: PX4 Autopilot, ArduPilot, NuttX, Robot Operating System (ROS), FreeRTOS, MicroPython, and ChibiOS/RT. A general overview of the potential practical applications of Cloud OS is also presented. Therefore, one can gain insights into the criteria for selecting operating systems, as well as their strengths and limitations. It is important to understand that the role of an operating system in UAV development is crucial for optimizing performance, safety, and efficiency across various applications, from agricultural monitoring to security surveillance.

Software applications for manufacturing systems developed using software from different vendors typically cannot work together. Develop¬ment of custom integrations of manufacturing software incurs costs and delays that hurt industry productivity and competitiveness. Software applications need to be tested in live operational systems. It is impractical to use real industrial systems to support dynamic interoperability test¬ing and research due to: 1) access issues - manu¬facturing facilities are not open to outsiders, as proprietary data and processes may be compro¬mised; 2) technical issues - operational systems are not instrumented to support testing; and 3) cost issues - productivity suffers when actual production systems are taken offline to allow testing. Publicly available simulations do not exist to demonstrate simulation integration issues, validate potential standards solu¬tions, or dynamically test the interoperability of simulation systems and other software applica¬tions. A new, dynamic, simulation-based interoperability testing facility for manufacturing software applications is being developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Recent progress in artificial intelligence has reshaped the design philosophy of modern operating systems, with Large Language Models (LLMs) emerging as a key enabling technology. Existing operating systems primarily rely on predefined graphical and command-line interactions, which limits their ability to adapt to user preferences, understand context, and respond to complex intent. Early natural language–based interfaces attempted to address these limitations; however, they lacked robust contextual reasoning and system-level intelligence required for dynamic computing environments. As workloads and user expectations continue to grow in complexity, there is an increasing need for operating systems capable of understanding and acting upon natural language instructions in a reliable and transparent manner. This paper examines operating system architectures that embed LLMs within core system components to facilitate intent-driven interaction and intelligent automation. The study surveys representative frameworks such as AIOS, PEROS, Compressor–Retriever architectures, and Herding LLaMaS, emphasizing how these designs translate linguistic input into executable operating system functions. Key capabilities explored include continuous context retention, dynamic allocation of computational resources, and semantic coordination between software services and underlying hardware. These design choices aim to enhance usability while reducing the cognitive burden placed on end users. The discussion further addresses essential system considerations, including interpretability of model-driven decisions, user-specific adaptation, protection of sensitive data, and scalability across diverse computing platforms. Emphasis is placed on explainable reasoning mechanisms that help users and developers understand system behavior, particularly in safety- and security-critical scenarios. By integrating adaptable intelligence with transparent control logic, LLMenhanced operating systems can improve trust and operational efficiency.