Розвиток експорту агропродовольчої продукції в Україні

The recent interest in the topic of agri-food exports is caused by investment activity in agriculture after 2014 and, as a consequence, the positive dynamics of the main indicators of the industry's development. Russia’s food exports has grown more than 15 times since the early 2000s, and the dozens of countries around the world buy this food. At the same time, there are structural and regional features that indicate the limited results achieved in foreign trade, but Russia’s agri-food exports are growing only at the expense of three categories of goods (grain, vegetable oil and fish) with a lower added value than by top-processed food products. It is noted that despite the large number of importing countries, only a few of them purchase significant volumes of Russia’s food. The aim of the study is to quantify the regional differences in the involvement of the territory in the export of food and agricultural raw materials. The assessment showed that most of the Russia’s regions are poorly involved in foreign trade, therefore more than half of all food exports belong to several regions that have a large seaport and produce one of the three main food products. Based on the assessment results, a typology of Russia’s regions is presented according to the criterion of involvement in Russia’s export of agricultural products, taking into account the characteristics of exported products (upper, middle or lower processing). The results obtained make it possible to assess the real export activity of the agroindustrial sector of the regions and the potential for its increase in the future. To calculate the dynamics and regional distribution of Russia’s food exports we used the database of the Federal Customs Service of Russia (HS codes 01-24). In the article, we also calculated the Balassa index and the export diversification index, modified for analyzing the involvement of Russia’s regions in the export of agricultural products.

Developing country producers face several constraints related to food safety standards imposed by developed countries. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting export flows with respect to food safety standards; and to measure the effects of food safety standards on exports. This study incorporates a food safety variable in a gravity model. The analysis uses aggregate data for bilateral exports of processed food products, and data for factors affecting bilateral export flows for 17 years on 16 OECD and Asia-Pacific countries. The results show that food product exports are negatively affected by aflatoxin standards. A one percent increase in food safety standards decrease exports by approximately one percent. This means that large changes in food standards (which are common these days) will have salutary, deleterious impacts on food exports by developing countries.

The paper attempts to investigate the current state of Ukraine’s food security according to some indicators used in the world practice. It is determined that Ukraine has a level below the average in the global rating of food security. Therefore, this indicator is deteriorating annually, and in the global dimension may be rated rather unsatisfactory. The availability of problems in the food supply of the population of Ukraine in view of the growing threats in the agri-food sector is emphasized. The author analyzed Ukraine’s position in the world rankings by the indicators of quality, adequacy and availability of food and its share of food commodity dependence. It is determined that Ukraine does not lag behind the EU average by the criterion of food sufficiency, although it has the lower position in comparison with the developed countries of Western Europe. However, in terms of adequacy consumption, there is an insufficiency in almost all product groups, as well as an imbalance of nutrition of the population, which does not provide the necessary threshold criteria for a proper daily average diet. It is emphasized that according to the criterion of availability of food Ukraine does not reach the critical value of 60 % of expenditures from the average household budget and belongs to the countries with income below the average level. However, the population of the country cannot afford to consume vital food at a sufficient vital level, which adversely affects the food security of the state. We argued that although Ukraine was a significant exporter of agri-food products to the world market and although exports of these products have been increasing every year, our country belongs to the group of countries with high dependence on commodity imports and low level of commodity exports, which definitely needs to review the priorities of foreign trade policy of agricultural products. It is concluded that in context of the negative structure of domestic agri-food exports, it is necessary to switch to new effective methods of managing the threats to food security of the state and to define a comprehensive mechanism for the implementation of food security of Ukraine through well-considered agricultural, foreign trade, investment, and ecological. Key words: food security; global food security; food sufficiency; food availability; agricultural food exports.

Organic food products are popular across Europe and USA. Asia is not far behind with India being a prominent player. The concept of organic food products is not new to Indian farmers. Before green revolution India cultivated without chemical substances and articial fertilizers. Munshi Premchand's stories revealed such type of cultivation. But the food production was not sufcient for fullling food demand of India. So, we adopt Green revolution. Use of pesticides, chemical fertilizers and maximum use of underground water increased the revolutionary quantity in food production. But it is not eco friendly and sustainable. The after effects of green revolution have increased the farmer to take up organic farming. Adverse effects of modern agricultural practices not only on the farm but also on the health of all living things and thus on the environment have been well documented all over the world. Application of technology, particularly in terms of the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides all around us has persuaded people to think aloud. Their negative effects on the environment are manifested through soil erosion,water shortages, salivation, soil contamination genetic erosion etc. So,recently,farmers and people are going back on organic farming and food. Parampragat Vikas Yojana is a new program started by Modi Government for the growth of organic food market. In this research paper there is a brief description on what are the different trends in export of organic food products in India. “Organic food is grown without the use of synthetic chemicals, such as human-made pesticides and fertilizers, and does not contain genetically modied organisms (GMOs). Organic foods include fresh produce, meats, and dairy products as well as processed foods such as crackers, drinks, and frozen meals. This paper reviewed on trends of export of organic food by India. Some major organic products grown in India are oilseeds, tea, coffee, dried fruits, millets, cereals, spices, etc. These products are highly produced in India and exported by India. Sikkim, Uttarakhand, and Tripura are the major states to cultivate organic products in India It means Sikkim is the rst state which is completely involved in organic farming and other states are Tripura and Uttarakhand. Approx 2.78 million hectare( 2021) area is used for organic cultivation in India. India had some 100 and 50 million farmers who are directly connected with the farming sector” (APEDA).

Cold chain is the new system management that appears in the logistics of goods. In other words, it is a series of distribution systems that maintain temperature and time compliance from producers to consumers for products whose freshness is important by utilizing cryogenic refrigeration management techniques. Cold chain logistics is an area of rapid growth in the market due to higher income levels, improved technology in refrigeration, and an increased preference for high quality and fresh agricultural products. A new export expansion strategy would be sufficient if cold chain logistics were systematically managed as a means to increase agricultural food exports, to produce, and deliver fresh produce items to consumers. The topic of this research is to discuss ways to link cold chain logistics as a way to increase exports of agricultural products in Korea. I think this will improve the competitiveness of Korean agricultural products to ensure freshness and safety, which is the most important task in the export process of Korean agricultural food in order to maintain high quality to the final consumer. However, there are current limitations that have not been sufficiently researched on ways to link cold chain logistics to the nation’s agricultural food export market. In this study, I intend to find problems in establishing a cold chain logistics link to expand the export of agricultural food in Korea and present countermeasures to resolve them.

This study examines the current state of China’s agricultural exports to ASEAN countries using a segmented export structure analysis via a stochastic frontier gravity model, based on panel data from 2007 to 2020. The results indicate that: (1) China’s primary agricultural exports to ASEAN countries include plant products, food and beverages, and tobacco, with animal products mainly exported to Thailand, plant products mainly exported to Vietnam, and animal and plant fats, food, beverages, and tobacco mainly exported to Malaysia. (2) The economic scale and population size of China and ASEAN countries have differing impacts on various markets, while distance significantly negatively affects the exports of animal products, plant products, food, beverages, and tobacco. Additionally, ASEAN countries’ per capita carbon emissions positively influence the exports of these product categories. (3) The liner shipping connectivity index is significantly negatively correlated with trade inefficiency. The influences of financial freedom, trade freedom, investment freedom, and government expenditure on trade inefficiency vary across ASEAN countries. (4) China’s export efficiency for animal products, plant products, food, beverages, and tobacco has increased rapidly to Thailand and Vietnam, with Malaysia and Singapore showing high export efficiency, while that to Cambodia lags. (5) China exhibits significant export potential to Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam, with substantial expansion opportunities in Indonesia. Moreover, China’s export potential and opportunities in Cambodia are steadily increasing.

The agro-processing sub-sector of the manufacturing industry has high recognition on the South African government’s development agenda. Yet, the contribution of the sector to the economy with respect to the foreign trade earning appears to be low in comparison to its potential and counterparts in the developed world. The objective of this study is to analyze the South African agro-processing sub-sector of the manufacturing industry trade performance in global value chains perspective and identify the potential policy recommendations to improve the sector benefit. The paper also gives an overview of South Africa’s agro-processing sector global value chains participation and the benefits from this in the form of value-added trade earning through backward linkages. The study used secondary data derived from Statistics South Africa (Stats SA); International Trade Center, COMTRADE; and Quantec EasyData (2017) and focused only on the agro-processing sector defined as food, beverage, and tobacco. The study results in general show that in each specific period the growth in real export and import values of agro-processing sub-sector of manufacturing industries has a decreasing trend with few exceptions. The results also indicate that South Africa has relatively low shares of foreign value-added products in its exports of food, beverages, and tobacco products in the agro-processing sub-sector of manufacturing industries goods.

The authors considered the role of Ukraine in the formation of world food security. It was established that the export of agricultural products is a priority component of the national economy. It is studied how the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of sovereign independent Ukraine affects the export of Ukrainian food. The state of Ukrainian food exports based on the results of the 2021/2022 marketing year and 2022/2023 marketing year was considered. The specifics of Ukrainian export of food and agricultural goods are analyzed. The export potential of Ukraine has been proven in the conditions of protracted military aggression and large-scale Russian missile attacks on the entire territory of Ukraine, which have continued continuously for more than one year. The authors considered current operational economic indicators and analyzed the dynamics of their decline compared to pre-war data. The reasons for the decrease in grain supplies have been established. Forecasts of various experts regarding exports for the near future were studied. The authors presented relevant data and graphical models for a more accessible understanding of the problem. The general impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on world food security is substantiated. In the work, the authors emphasized the importance of Ukrainian food supplies at the international level.

Relevance. Russian export of agricultural products by the end of 2020 showed a high potential for growth. Record harvests in some segments of the agricultural industry allowed Russia not only to increase the volume of supplies of agricultural products to the world food markets, but also to actually open new promising markets in Africa, Asia and Europe. State programs to support Russian farmers will maximize the stimulation of production and development of this industry, not only in terms of increasing production volumes, but also in terms of creating rural infrastructure.The purpose of this article is to assess the prospects for the development of individual sectors of the Russian agro-industrial complex and the possibilities of increasing the volume of export supplies to world food markets.Objectives. The article set and consistently solved the following tasks: to assess the results of the work of the Russian agro-industrial complex in the context of a pandemic economic development, to assess the volume of agricultural exports to international food markets, to analyze the state program "Export of agro-industrial products".Methodology. In the process of writing the work, methods of statistical analysis, graphical analysis of data, horizontal and vertical analysis, logical techniques, methods of analogy and generalization were used.Results. The review of the state and dynamics of the development of Russian agricultural exports made it possible to make a forecast and draw conclusions about the high potential of some branches of the agro-industrial complex for growth and expansion of supplies to the world food markets of Africa, Asia, and Europe.Conclusions. The program to stimulate the export of agricultural products until 2024 allowed Russia to advance in the ranking of world exports to 20th place at the end of 2020. Further advancement of the position in the rating will depend on the structure of export itself and the increase in the production of the processing industry in it. Forecasts for the growth of export of Russian agro-industrial complex products are quite optimistic and will depend on a number of objective factors.

I. INTRODUCTION Like many other topics concerning the Middle East, intraregional trade will be greatly affected by the massive inflows of capital into the oil-producing states during the coming years. The history of such trade has been examined in detail before.' The region has even embarked on ventures designed to promote the move- ment of goods within the area, such as the erstwhile Syrian-Lebanese Customs Union and the Economic Unity Agreement of I964, which envisaged the develop- ment of an Arab Common Market. We believe, however, that the momentous changes occurring at this time throughout the region require that questions regard- ing the likely future of any Middle Eastern economic union be reconsidered. Spe- cifically, we propose to examine the prospects of economic integration in the region from Libya to the Persian (or Arab) Gulf. We begin by presenting a profile of the region's trade-dollar volume, principal commodities, and changes during recent years up to the increase in oil prices; then we project the data forward to consider the possible benefits and drawbacks of integration for individual nations. The formation and functioning of a successful customs union or common market is clearly dependent on each member country reaping some benefit. The likelihood of the survival and development of the union would also increase if such benefits or gains were more or less equally shared by all the member nations.2 As a result, it is important to explore the possible benefits of an Arab customs union and evaluate the chances and problems of its success in relation to the present and future eco- nomic situations of each of the likely members. In the normal textbook analysis of a customs union, several effects are con- sidered. First, following the elimination of trade barriers between the members, there will be an increase in trade. This increase in consumer surplus and the pro-

This paper analyzes the implication of economic structural change and dietary transformation on changing patterns of agri-food trade among 17 Asian development countries. Sub-regional trade in Central, South, and Southeast Asia is the focus of the paper, along with trade with other partners outside the sub-regions. The paper finds that Asian markets for total agri-food exports and exports of nutritious foods are generally more important than the markets outside of Asia and for many of them, the importance of Asian markets increases over time. While net exporters and importers co-exist in each sub-region, with a few exceptions, sub-regional trade is often less important. Many small countries trade only with one or two large neighbors and less so with each other. The dietary transformation impacts trade in nutritious foods in diverse ways. With income growth, increased domestic demand for nutritious foods seem to lead to more imports of these foods. While many South and Southeast Asian countries have a comparative advantage in exports of some nutritious food products, growth in these exports can be negatively affected by rising domestic demand. Although nutritious food exports continue to play important roles in total agri-food exports, export growth of nutritious food is often slower than overall growth of agri-food exports. The dietary transformation also seems to lead to increases in demand for processed foods which many Asian countries meet through imports, often, accounting for a large component of total agri-food imports. On the other hand, processed foods generally account for a small portion of agri-food exports. However, there are a few countries where processed food export growth is rapid. In these cases, the sub-regional market is expanding, but with few exceptions, it is still less important than trade with countries outside the sub-regions. The paper also finds that agri-food exports and imports are highly concentrated, and a small group of commodities dominate most countries export and import portfolios and remain unchanged over time. The main markets for these important commodities are generally not in the sub-regions and this mismatch between demand and supply of agri-food commodities within sub-region is a natural barrier for promoting regional trade. The modified trade complementary index developed in this paper is based on Michaely (1996) and shows that trade complementarity measures are positively correlated with actual bilateral trade. Small countries tend to enjoy higher levels of complementarity with one or two large trading partners than with other small countries in the same sub-region. This implies that small countries could be better off from bilateral trade arrangements with large partners compared to a regional trade agreement within the sub-region. Because the sub-regional market is oftentimes not large enough to meet large countries’ import demand or consume their export supply, regional trade agreements within sub-regions may be less likely to serve their needs for trade expansion than negotiating with large trading partners outside the sub-regions. While many Asian developing countries’ governments have been pushing for trade diversification and want to reduce export dependencies concentrated on one or two large trading partners, this paper shows the challenges to achieve this policy goal. For small countries, focusing on bilateral trade arrangements with their dominant trading partners seems to be a more practical and effective strategy than regional trade agreements within sub-regions. Long-term trade arrangements, consistent trade policies, and various preferential trade arrangements should be pursued by small countries with their larger trading partners to promote agri-food exports.

The urgency of improving mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing agricultural complex across the territories of our country depends on the gravity of the issue of interregional differentiation of the scale of development of agricultural production, which plays a crucial role in the implementation of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation.The introductory part of the article presents an overview of the literature on food security issues, an analysis of the current state of domestic agriculture, and directions for its development. The body of the article explains the research methodology, which allows to classify, first andforemost, agricultural regions (indicating their territorial location, socio-economic characteristics, and predictive characteristics). As an indicator of the intensity of agricultural development in the regions, the authors used the volume of agricultural production per capita, which became a criterion for selecting 25% of the regions with the maximum values of this indicator. That said, by an agro-region (or agricultural region) is meant a region that produces more agricultural production than needed and exports its surplus outside the region or country (food exports). In the multidimensional classification of agro-regions, three clusters are determined (according to the level of socio-economic development, the development efficiency of the economic activity «Agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing», and the volume of crop and livestock production). The paper analyses the dynamics and predictive characteristics of the development of the cluster-average volume of agricultural production per capita (including crop production and animal husbandry). An analysis of the dynamics of exports of food products and agricultural raw materials per capita by clusters revealed that the regions of the first cluster are the most actively developing, and the regions of the third cluster (with the most developed animal husbandry) are oriented towards domestic consumers.According to the authors, during the analyzed period in Russia, there was a positive trend in the development of agriculture, with the development of agro-regions outpacing all-Russian trends. The highest development rates are typical for agro-regions with a balanced development of crop and livestock production (regions of the first cluster).

The aim of the article is to assess the competitiveness of the Polish agri-food products in exports to the world market in 2018-2022. The study analysed the value, rate of change, structure and main directions of exports and imports of agri-food products (excluding beverages). Three quantitative indicators characterising export competitiveness were also used: market share, import export coverage and intra-industry trade. The source of the data was the United Nations database UN COMTRADE. The Standard International Trade Classification (SITC Rev 3) at the two-digit level was used. The time scope of the research covered the years 2018-2022. The research shows that in the analysed period, there was a clear increase in the value of food exports from Poland, which resulted in an improved market share and promotion in the ranking of global food exporters. Germany was the largest trading partner. A decrease in the importance of the UK and Russia in exports and an increase in the importance of Ukraine in food imports were observed. The meat and meat products department was characterised by the highest export competitiveness on the world market.

The crucial role of non-oil exports in promoting job creations, investments, productions and even infrastructure improvements is well established in the literature, in Iraq, despite the abundant of non-oil resources, non-oil exports accounts for less than 10 percent of total export receipts. This paper aims to examine the impact of non-oil exports on economic growth in Iraq by employing the ARDL model to investigate the long and short-run effects of non-oil exports on Iraq’s GDP. To do so, the annual data of GDP, non-oil exports of manufacture, food and agricultural products, and exchange rates have been collected from World Trade Organization and World Bank from (2003- 2020). The results reveal a significant impact of non-oil exports on economic growth in both the long and short run. It’s recommended for governments and policymakers that promoting non-oil exports and diversifying Iraq’s economy is paramount for faster economic growth, greater job creation, and less economic volatility.

The purpose of the study was to analyze and assess the state of food security in Russia, identify threats to its violation and conditions of provision, as well as the role of an agrarian-oriented region in self-sufficiency with food and in ensuring the country’s food security at present and in the future. In the course of the study, the differences between the new version of the Russian Food Security Doctrine and the previous one were revealed, an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses, as well as Russia’s opportunities for improving food security and developing exports of agricultural products and food was carried out. The contribution of the Altai Krai, as an agrarian-oriented region, to ensuring food security in Russia is considered. As a result, the directions of improving the food security of the region and the country as a whole were substantiated.