Бұланды (Баланды) фортификациясын зерттеу нәтижелері

The Enigma of the Hyksos, Volume 1: ASOR Conference Boston 2017—ICAANE Conference Munich 2018—Collected Papers

The overall objective of this paper is to describe the late Holocene (1640–100 BC) sedimentary and biological evolution of the Rhône–delta–plain, to interpret the sedimentary facies and palynofacies as the result of the effects of fluvial dynamic fluctuations and relative sea level change and to evaluate the paleohydrological constraints in the development of the land use and settlements of the Camargue. Focus is made on the upper part of VIII core drilled on NE of the Vaccares lagoon. By combining sedimentology, palynology, magnetic susceptibility and archeological data, this study allowed to identify the superposition of three types of paleo-environments (marsh, fluvial floodplain, levee/crevasse splay). This sequence indicates a gradual extension of fluvial environments between the end of the second millennium BC and the 1st century BC. The variability of fluvial dynamic is evident during this period with important flood events which contrast with periods of low flow. Pollen record can be a good marker of the fluvial dynamic variability. The expression of the riparian tree pollen grains in the coarser floodplain deposits could correspond to increased fluvial influence and probably to erosion of riverbank during flood events. The local plants are associated to the low energy sedimentary environments. Focuses are made on the relations between the evolution of the environment and land use. The development of the cereal culture in the floodplain of the Rhone delta has been demonstrated between 1640–1410 and 100 BC. The last alluviation of the Rhone perturbs the research of the archaeological sites in the central part of the delta but the existence of the rural villages from the first part of the first millennium BC is highly possible. © 2000 Editions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS

This paper aims to survey the onomastics of Babylonian women in the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid periods (from the end of the 8th century BC to the end of the 4th century BC). After the introduction, we discuss Akkadian personal names on the basis of abundant Neo-Babylonian socio-economic texts. Our database shows that there were several popular categories of names for newborn girls. While most names could be given to women belonging to different social groups, we also observe the social homogeneity of those bearing certain names or categories of names. In the third section, we will discuss the recurrence of some particular theophoric elements, which allows us to assess the roles and statues of several goddesses, such as Ba’u, Mullissu, Ištar and Nanaya. Finally, the fourth section deals with non-Babylonian names: on the one hand, a sample of names that occur in the Āl- Yāḫūdu archives and showing cases of assimilation of Judean community to the Babylonian people, and on the other hand other foreign names, like Iranian names, borne by Babylonian individuals in the first millennium BC.

The Urartian Kingdom, as is well known, played a major power role on the stage of history in eastern Anatolia in the second half of the ninth century BC and remained powerful until the second half of the seventh century BC. With their highly advanced architectural traditions and organised state structure, the Urartians take their place among the most exciting civilisations of the first half of the first millennium BC in the Near East.Extensive detailed research and publication has been carried out on Urartian civilisation for over a hundred years, but the origin and dynamics of the development of this civilisation are still obscure. The Assyrian annals, which start from the 13th century BC, are at present the only source for understanding the early periods. These records were intended as propaganda and their accuracy is in many instances thus questionable.

ABSTRACTSeveral recent high-profile aDNA studies have claimed to have identified major migrations during the third millennium BC in Europe. This contribution offers a brief review of these studies, and especially their role in understanding the genetic make-up of modern European populations. Although the technical sophistication of aDNA studies is beyond doubt, the underlying archaeological assumptions prove relatively naive and the findings at odd with more ‘traditional’ archaeological data. Although the existence of past migrations needs to be acknowledged and fully considered by archaeologists, it does not offer either a robust explanatory factor or an enduring platform for interdisciplinary dialogue between archaeology and genetics. Alternative hypotheses are briefly explored.

Summary: Archaeological and documentary evidence for contact between north western France and central southern Britain in the first millennium BC is presented and discussed. the tin trade may well have been the principal motivation for contact until the late second century BC when, following the foundation of Provincia Gallia Transalpina, the Roman‐dominated wine trade appears to have itensified cross‐channel intercourse. the position of Armorican middlemen is considered and port sites such as Alet and Hengistbury are discussed. A Wessex Contact Zone is defined within which overseas trade and local industrial production were focused. the economic and social effects of these systems on other parts of Britain are briefly outlined.

Given the credo and contributions of Franklin H Martin, whom we honor with this lecture, coupled with the privilege that I have had to serve as editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American College of Surgeons for the past 6 years, it seemed appropriate to select as a theme the dissemination of medical information. The timing for consideration of the subject is fortuitous because last year, 2001, scholars convened in Iraq to celebrate a unique anniversary: the 5,000th anniversary of the first written word. The origins of writing have been traced to the Sumerian civilization, which was based in and around modern Iraq in the third millennium BC. The oldest extant writing comes from tablets found in the ancient city of Uruk, 155 miles southeast of Baghdad. The oldest “document” was neither prose nor poetry, but rather an accounting record of a business transaction, evidence that time has not changed the priorities of societal interests. The first word picture included more than 700 signs. The next step in the evolution of written communication was the introduction of the cuneiform script using sounds to represent objects and ideas. The cuneiform script was in effect up to the first century BC, when it was replaced by the much simpler Aramaic alphabet to structure words as used today. The current status of the written word brings us to this lecture’s somewhat cryptic title, “From Mainz to Modem with Martin in the Middle,” a panoramic consideration of the verbal dissemination of scientific information—past, present, and future. It is certainly fitting that the subject be discussed in a surgical forum because the oldest of all scientific documents is the Edwin Smith Papyrus. That extraordinary dissertation, dating from the 17th century BC, is actually a copy of a manuscript that was originally written during the pyramid age; ie, 3000 to 2500 BC. The document is a surgical treatise that reports 48 cases in logical progression from head to thorax to spine, and in each region, from relatively trivial wounds to more serious ones. Each case is considered in the consistent sequence of examination, diagnosis, and treatment. In the document, the word brain is introduced and “comminuted and compound fractures” are specifically defined. For the first time cauterization is referred to, in this instance as treatment for cancer of the breast, in a man. In the early years, the spread of information came from the pens of monastic scribes, using ink laid down on parchment made from sheep or lamb hide (the word parchment derives from the Latinized adjective for Pergamon, the ancient city in Asia Minor), or on papyrus, the off-shore reeds from the Mediterranean region of Byblos (a Phoenician settlement on the Mediterranean Bay of Jounie, just north of Beirut). The words Bible and bibliography derive from the name of that settlement where the papyrus was gathered. Vellum, the other early material used by scribes, has the same derivation as the word veal because it is made from calf skin. To begin our focus on the dissemination of medical information, it is reasonable to start with the Roman era, and direct attention to Aulus Cornelius Celsus, the most prolific medical writer during the first century AD, who chronicled the previous achievements of the Alexandrian school of Egypt. Celsus was referred to as the “medical Cicero,” and he wrote mainly for the public. There is argument about whether he was a physician, and he was actually more analogous to the current television network medical correspondents. Because Celsus wrote for the public, no subsequent medical writer referred to his work for 1,000 years. In the second century, Galen, who was born in Pergamon, moved to Rome, where he authored more than 500 treatises on diverse subjects that included the treatment of war wounds, and rib and sternal resection. After the Western Roman Empire collapsed, the center of surgical writing shifted to Alexandria in what is known as the Byzantine Period. Subsequently, with the Mohammedan capture of Alexandria and the burning of the famous library of that city, the Arabians rose to a position of dominance in surgical literature. The most notable of these writers were Avicenna and Albucasis. Avicenna’s Canon (Qanan), written early in the 11th Presented at the American College of Surgeons 88 Annual Clinical Congress, San Francisco, CA, October 2002. From the Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Correspondence address: Seymour I Schwartz, MD, FACS, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642-8410.

The regions of Central Anatolia have always been the meeting place of different languages and cultures. The coexistence of the Hatti and the Hittites in the second millennium BC is the best example. After the fall of the Hittite empire and the migration wave from the Balkans, different nations came into close contact, competing with each other, but also sharing elements of culture. The Phrygians who occupied the former Hittite territories are a notable example. Complicated history of invasions and fallen empires (Lydians, Medes, Persians, Greeks, Galatians) can also be traced in the language material that we inherited. The following observations concern the problem of linguistic-cultural interchanges in the area of onomastics. The study focuses on the ancient provinces of Phrygia and Galatia in the period after the Celtic migration into Anatolia and the famous “Battle of the Elephants” in the middle of 3 cent. BC. The paper scrutinizes three examples taken from different onomastic systems. Investigated lexemes can play an important role in the discussion of possible language contacts and cultural transfer in the mentioned regions. At the same time, these examples, next to historical and archaeological data, may be considered as an additional source of our knowledge about the sociolinguistic and cultural situation in Anatolia in the (late) Hellenistic period.

In this article, which is based largely on archaeological data, I argue that colonial intervention between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries in South and Southeast Asia not only altered the nature of linkages that had existed across Asia from at least the middle of the first millennium BC, but also, and more significantly, redefined our understanding of monuments, especially religious structures, from abodes of spiritual power to objects of artistic and aesthetic appre-ciation. This had far-reaching implications for the study and understanding of the nature of Indic religions, and here, I focus on Buddhism. The article highlights the changes intro-duced as a result of colonial intervention in three major monuments of South and Southeast Asia, viz., Bodh Gaya in eastern India, Borobudur in central Java, and the Angkor complex in Cambodia.

Reconstructing the Temple: The Royal Rhetoric of Temple Renovation in the Ancient Near East and Israel

This paper deals with questions of paleogeography of the Black sea’s coast in the late Holocene on the basis of new data that include the lithology, palynology and geochronology of coastal marine, lagoon and deltaic sediments. The palynological results have shown that the warmest and dry conditions prevailed in the intervals 4100-3950, 3500-3300/3200, 2800-2400, 1650-1300 and 1000-900/800 yrs BP. The maxima of humidity for the studied period correspond with the chronological intervals 4500-4300 and 3950-3500 yrs BP, coinciding with the spread of forest communities. During an interval from 2500 up to 1500 BP (V centuries BC – V centuries AD) the dominance of the steppes formation was interrupted by phases of wetter climate which caused at first expansion of the wood-steppe vegetation, and then wide circulation of broad-leaved woods in the landscape. The palynological data have revealed a peculiarity that is connected to the economic activity of the local population.The study of the coastal morphology and sediment structure have revealed traces of two transgressive phases in relative sea level change for the time under consideration the first relates to the interval 4.2-3.7 ka BP, the second - covers last 1.5 ka. Complex litho-facial, archaeological and geochronological data testify to the existence of a period of downturn in sea level, which covers an interval from the end of the 2nd millenium BP up to the middle of the 1st millenium AD.Key wordsenvironmentSea levelpalynologyarchaeologychronologyhumidityaridity

This paper presents archaeological and analytical data on metal artefacts from Hüseyindede (Çorum, Turkey), dated to the Old Hittite period (ca 16th century BC). Hüseyindede, which is set in a rural landscape, demonstrates continuity in alloying traditions from the Early Bronze Age III (ca 26th/25th–22nd/21st century BC) and the Assyrian Trading Colonies period (20th–18th century BC) to the emergence of the Hittites. In addition to known alloying practices of the period, the site presents, for the first time, evidence of the existence of copper-nickel alloys, namely cupronickels, which so far have been documented only at the Late Bronze Age capital of the Hittites, Boğazköy/Hattuša. The Hüseyindede cupronickel objects now pinpoint the presence of this technology to regions spreading out from the Halys basin from the Old Kingdom Hittite period.

This study characterises the mortar materials used in the construction of walls and floors at the Arroyo de la Dehesa de Velasco site, located near the Roman city of Uxama Argaela (the modern Burgo de Osma—Ciudad de Osma, Soria, Spain). Multilayer mortars have been characterised by petrographic, mineralogical (X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analyses and geochemical analysis (X-ray fluorescence). Additionally, radiocarbon dating of the mortar binder fraction was performed in order to establish the chronology of the building in the absence of other archaeological chronological records. The results showed that similar siliceous aggregates and lime binders were used in the fabrication of multilayer system mortars. Some multilayer wall mortars show ceramic fragments or brick powder to produce hydraulic mortars and improve the resistance to moisture. The raw materials used for the construction of the site were of local origin and the construction was built during the first century BC, according to radiocarbon dating.

Arkæologiske undersøgelser i fire arabiske stater

In the article the author gives a description of typology and fortification of early medieval monuments of Zhetyasar culture in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya, and offers his point of view on the typological classification of these monuments. Zhetyasar cities are the remains of Kangyu culture monuments that existed in the basin of the ancient Syr Darya-Kuandaria river bed. Monuments are located in the tract Zhetyasar of Karmakshinsky district, Kyzylorda region and date back to the 2nd century. BC. – VІІІ century. n. e. The first mention of kangyuyas in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya is found in Chinese sources, particularly in the work of Sima Qian’s «The Journey to the Western Countries,» which dates back to the 2nd century BC. Modern studies of Zhetyasar fortifications began with the arrival of the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition in the Syr Darya region in 1946. The archaeological research (excavations) that continued until the 1990s covered dozens of fortifications and more than a thousand funerary structures. Carrying out a comparative analysis of the results of the above studies, the applicant proposes that changes in the methods of building settlements and their planning in the last period of the existence of the Zhetyasar monuments are closely related to the penetration of the Turkic tribes from the east into the Southeast Priaralie.