НАУЧНЫЙ СОВЕТ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ КОНСЕРВАТОРИИ УЗБЕКИСТАНА

Introduction.The nomenclature of academic specialities to be awarded academic degrees is a system-forming element of academic degree holders’ certification system in any country of the world. Therefore, there is a need to revise and update the relevant structure of academic specialities in order to meet the prospective demand from research and development sector of high-tech industries. Apparently, the current nomenclature of 2017, as the instrument of realisation of public policy in the sphere of the state certification of academic and teaching staff in Russia, needed updating.Theaimof the present research was to analyse a new version of the nomenclature of academic specialities in Russia to be awarded the degree of Doctor or Candidate of Science, and to make conceptual proposals on the implementation of new nomenclature provisions taking into account possible transformation of scientific and educational environment, including the emergence of new complex areas of academic research.Methodology and research methods.The research object is a system of certification of academic and teaching staff from the position of a three-level structure of the nomenclature of academic specialities, according to which academic degrees are awarded. The methods of comparison and data statistical analysis were applied to assess structural changes in the nomenclature.Results and scientific novelty.The authors considered the prerequisites for update of the nomenclature of academic specialities approved in 2017. The features of a new edition of the nomenclature of academic specialities were highlighted. The analysis of its new structure and content changes was carried out. It is demonstrated that current network of dissertation councils (1696 councils) can be divided into 4 groups according to the degree of compliance of academic specialities and fields of science with the previous and recent versions of nomenclature. It is necessary to create new dissertation councils for 20 new academic specialities.Practical significance.The authors revealed the features of the new nomenclature, requiring the reorganisation of councils network for the defense of doctoral and candidate dissertations. On this basis, to provide promising areas of academic research, the proposals on the implementation of new nomenclature provisions are outlined. The stages of re-opening of dissertation councils network are described.

Flow Analysis with Spectrophotometric and Luminometric Detection

В статье исследованы труды различных ученых в сфере международной торговли и ее историко-теоретических аспектов, а также основные понятия и теории международной торговли. Сформулированы авторские подходы к группировке теорий международной торговли и определениям торговой политики государства. The article examines the works of various scientists in the field of international trade and its historical and theoretical aspects, as well as the basic concepts and theories of international trade.The author's approaches to the grouping of international trade theories and definitions of the state's trade policy are formulated.

The paper considers a phenomenon that is becoming more and more entrenched in Russian society, namely, the desire for suburban life. For this paper, it does not mean the traditional cottage development in its different forms. On the contrary, it considers the creation of eco-parks, eco-villages and eco-tourism centers, which have recently started to appear across Russia. Presented research is at an early stage and has a clear interdisciplinary character. It is at the intersection of sociology, history, culture, architecture, construction technology, engineering trends and environmental design. The article identifies some promising directions of Russian and Western European architectural, technical, and figurative-symbolic trends in addressing practical design issues, based on historical and cultural studies in different countries. The author specifically notes wood as the most rational and at the same time traditional material for the construction of load-bearing and enclosing structures, as well as decorative and symbolic elements. But this practice will likely lead to similar and already existing scenarios. But at the same time, international experience in this area shows various innovative ways of creating volumes of buildings for suburban eco-life temporarily or permanently. The paper questions the architectural forms and technologies to be developed across Russia and its dependence on the specific place in terms of history and the surrounding landscape. It is proposed to study the problem in depth to identify useful historical and theoretical aspects and constructive and technical means, which will help to develop a methodology for creating visually harmonious, aesthetically acceptable and rational options for the realization of countryside buildings and complexes on the territory of ecovillages, natural tourist centers and eco-parks.

The article examines legal custom as the first source of law. For a long time legal custom has occupied a fundamental place in the formation of the entire system of law. At present, in most modern and developed countries, the supremacy of written sources of law (regulatory legal acts) dominates, and the importance of custom has begun to decline sharply. In this regard, casuistic situations arise in the practical application of normative legal acts and established legal customs legalized by the state. On the basis of this, the study of the current position of legal custom in the system of Russian law is recognized as an urgent need for a uniform conduct of business and compliance with the principles of equality and justice. An important point is that the legal custom remains an integral part of the life of society and cannot be ignored by the legal system, since it was he who initially determined the boundaries of permissibility and morality, and therefore it is necessary to base legislative activity in accordance with existing legal customs, eradicating those that contradict the basic constitutional principles or the needs of modern society.

The object of this series of experiments is to make a comparison of the pathologic picture of heat burns and that of mustard gas burns, with a view to determining whether the same methods of treatment are applicable to the two types of burns. HISTORICAL AND THEORETIC ASPECTS Since the introduction of mustard gas into modern warfare during the first World War there has been much speculation as to the exact nature of mustard gas burns. There has been a general feeling that mustard gas burns are more persistent than heat burns of the same degree of intensity and that the healing process is slower. Little evidence has been adduced to prove this point. It is true that Warthin and Weller, 1 who published a rather extensive monograph on mustard gas poisoning in 1919, did produce some evidence to support the general view. The following direct quotation is a summary

This volume presents a state-of-the-art collection of essays on the socio-cultural aspects of the conversion to Christianity in Viking-Age Scandinavia and the Scandinavian colonies of the North Atlantic. The nine scholars, drawn from the disciplines of history, archaeology, and literary studies, have been brought together to address the overarching topic of how conversion affected peoples’ identities - both as individuals, and as members of broader religious, political, and social groups - on either side of the ‘divide’ between paganism and Christianity. Central to this exploration is the question of how existing and changing identities shaped the progress of conversion as a process of societal, and more specifically cultural, change. Each of the papers in this volume provides examples of the complicated patterns of interaction, influence, and identity-modification that were characteristic of the transition from paganism to Christianity in the Viking world. The authors look for new ways of understanding and describing this gradual intermingling between the two fuzzy-edged religious communities, and they provide a challenging redefinition of the nature of conversion in the Viking Age that will be of interest both to a wide variety of medievalists and to all those who work on conversion in its theoretical and historical aspects.

The article introduces a comprehensive analysis of professional judicial corporation in Russia in the XVIII–XXI centuries in its theoretical and historical aspects. The research objective was to clarify the concept and categories of judicial power, as well as to model the process of its development in Russia. The issue of professions and professional corporations as social phenomena is a matter of sociology. For lawyers, sociological studies are important in connection with the issue of judicial corporation development, i.e., its theoretical and historical development. The author relied on the structural and functional approach to the professionalization model developed by sociologist G. Vilensky, who interpreted the categories of judicial profession, judiciary, and judicial corporation. The authors revealed the directions in the development of the professional judicial corporation in Russia in the XVIII–XXI centuries and periodized this process. A separate and permanent judicial function determined the emergence of professional judiciary, organizationally represented by a professional judicial corporation. The profession of a judge is all these elements combined. The judicial corporation developed in Russia in three directions, i.e., normative, organizational, and symbolic, with a prominent regulatory influence of the state. The judicial profession and professional corporation started to develop in Russia during the judicial reforms in the XVIII century. This slow, nonlinear, and discrete process was completed as late as in the XXI century with all the necessary stages of professionalization: the professional corporation finally became the organization form of the Russian judiciary. The authors revealed five stages in the history of the professional judicial corporation in Russia: 1) XVIII century; 2) the first half of the XIX century; 3) 1864–1917; 4) 1917–1989; 5) 1989 – early XXI century.

Behavioral psychotherapy has become one of the definitive treatments available for the relief of psychiatric suffering. Although hardly a panacea for all ills, the behavioral approach is the treatment of choice for certain selected problems. Behavioral methods make their contribution in the context of general psychiatric management and often must be used in conjunction with other treatment. The theoretical and practical aspects of behavioral psychotherapy have changed a great deal over the past few years and continue to evolve rapidly. Although useful molecular theories are emerging to guide the discipline, no global theory is likely to be satisfactory in the foreseeable future.

The German-born music educator and composer, Carl Orff began to develop his own music education system in the 1920s and 1930s. This paper gives a concise review of the Orff concept from historical, educational theoretical, and methodological aspects based on available literature. Topics include the Orff instrumentation as the defining methodological element of the Orff concept, the internationalization of the Orff concept in America, as well as the training of current Orff educators. Keywords: Orff Schulwerk, music education, alternative music pedagogy

The article analyzes new interdisciplinary approaches to understanding the relationship and mutual influence of media and conflict in the context of preserving historical memory in the modern media environment. The article examines theoretical, historical, socio-cultural and communicative aspects of the interaction and mutual influence of media and conflict in the context of the current transformation of media space and society. The authors draw conclusions about the role of media in preserving cultural and historical heritage and historical memory in the context of digitalization. They analyze the prospects for further research into the risks, challenges and conflicts arising from the volatility and uncertainty of the contemporary media environment and outline possible outcomes of work in this area. The article identifies significant changes in the way conflict is reflected in different media, and the impact of these changes on individuals and communities affected by them. It identifies the need to consider the new purposes of media texts, using the traditional functions of journalism and involving a representative segment of media consumers in the process of learning about conflict. The authors emphasize the need to analyze the multi-subject digital media environment in order to correlate two types of conflict situations (those generated by the media and those arising for other reasons), to design technologies and ways of managing the processes of media representation of conflict, and to create the necessary tools for this purpose. It is reasonable to predict that interdisciplinary analyses of the mutual influence of the phenomena of conflict and the media will broaden the current understanding of what conflict is in the situation of a new media reality that emerges as a result of the interaction of different media and their target audiences. As a possible prospect for research in this direction, the authors point out the search for ways to improve the effectiveness of media communications in order to reduce the risks of conflict and the formation of measures that are designed to harmonize the techniques of public communication. They draw attention to the importance of such developments to fill the gap in the theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of media representation in the context of current problems of contemporary Russian society, including the risks of conflicts of different nature.

This scientific article, the monograph of A.V. Seregin “The Evolution of Old Slavic Law (Middle Ages: from communal-veche sources to serfdom)”, analyzes normative and sociological approaches to the concept of the legal system of society. It is emphasized that the regulatory approach developed during the Soviet period of development of domestic jurisprudence, supported by the author of the monograph, which identifies such concepts as legal system and legal system, is not able to characterize the phenomenon of the legal system, because national law , which largely determines its essence, is only one of the components of the latter, its normative basis. Using such an empirical method of knowledge of legal reality, as an interpretation, and believing that the sociological approach to understanding the legal system seems more justified, the diversity of views of scientists on this general theoretical problem is emphasized. This draws attention to the fact that the problem of its broad interpretation in domestic jurisprudence has not yet been fully resolved. It is stated that if the normative, functional and cultural-psychological (ideological, intellectual) aspects of understanding the legal system for the most part do not cause serious controversy in the legal literature, then axiological, on the contrary, becomes a topic for numerous discussions. In this case, I mean, first of all, the ongoing dispute between lawyers about the role and significance of negative legal phenomena (legal nihilism, law's gaps and its contradictions) in the construction of the legal system as such. The author argues that consideration of both positive and negative legal phenomena should be considered as the content of not the legal system, but the legal life in all its diversity. Various arguments of a general theoretical and historical-legal nature are given in substantiating the conclusion that the emergence of a general Russian legal system is conditioned only with the approval of the sovereignty of the Russian state.

Amitosis: A Historical Misinterpretation?

The purpose of the work. The article describes and analyses the achievements of such figures as S. Desnitsky, M. Bałudjanski, V. Karazin in the process of formation and development of Ukrainian economic thought in the period of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is analysed that the most significant influence on the system of economic views of these Ukrainian researchers was made by the concepts of representatives of classical political economy. Methodology. To achieve this goal, both general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition were used, in particular scientific abstraction, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis – to study the sources, provisions and hypotheses expressed by S. Desnіtsky, M. Bałudjanski, V. Karazin, formed under the influence of the views of the classic of political economy A. Smith. Results. The article analyses the views and ideas of S. Desnіtsky, M. Bałudjanski, and V. Karazin in historical, evolutionary, theoretical and practical aspects. It is determined that the economic views of these Ukrainian scholars are mainly based on the theoretical foundations of classical political economy, in particular, on the concepts of A. Smith. Scientific novelty. It is substantiated that S. Desnіtsky's research was focused on the category of "property" and the analysis of property relations; M. Bałudjanski in his manuscripts approved the conceptual apparatus of political economy, studying the market mechanism, situation and competition in the field of agricultural production; V. Karazin, being a supporter of the labour theory of value, developed an agricultural programme, implemented his projects and inventions in agriculture, developing also Ukrainian technical thought. Practical Significance. The study found that theoretical scholars served the interests of resource owners, associated wealth with virtue, justified the existence of landowners and their exploitation of hired labour, and saw laziness, disinterest in labour results, and the inability to organise their work responsibly and reasonably as the main cause of poverty. For example, M. Bałudjanski and V. Karazin saw the cause of poverty of the common people of Ukraine in drunkenness and laziness, which led to moral and material impoverishment; they considered their main task to be to help wealthier peasants who had some starting capital; they received certain subventions from governments.

This paper, which has been produced from the experience that we have developed since 1995 with multi-family groups, intends to highlight the multifamily therapy in the field of psychotherapy, group therapy and family therapy. Family therapists have been faced with several families who live in contexts of extreme vulnerability. These families are marked by intense suffering and helplessness engendered more by socio-cultural issues than by psychiatric “deviations”. This fact has made rethink the psychotherapy practice, based on the tradition of individualistic psi practices with the necessity of recovering the historical and social dimension of subjectivity production and psychological distress, to rescue the collective strength, both in the disease production and in the invention of health. Believing in healthy resources of families and communities, the redemption of subjectivity and citizenship of these suffering individuals as protagonists of their stories can be through the sharing of their pains and hopes. Thus, the aim is to present the creative and “subversive” alternative of multi-family groups – subversive of some ideological postures that operate in favor of the dichotomy between public and private, alleging that mental suffering, often perceived as a private matter, is actually produced in collective, therefore, social and political, rather than intrapsychic or familiar. Initially, we describe the emergence of group therapy in its historical, theoretical and epistemiological aspects, as well as the incorporation of multifamily and networks paradigm in the family therapy field. Some concepts about group therapy and multifamily group therapy, as well as some advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are presented. Key words: multifamily groups, group therapy, psychotherapy.