Актуальные вопросы изучения реверса движителей

The problems arising during the integration of optimization algorithms of block and station levels into the application software of program and technical complexes (PTC) within the framework of the intelligent automated control system of thermal power plants are considered. The description of the results of the analysis of information and functional capabilities of modern PTC is given. The list of technical, information and software requirements for the automated control system of the thermal power plant and for the PTC for solving station-wide optimization tasks and their provision within the framework of the intelligent control system of the station as a whole is given. The possibility of using intelligent technologies, in particular, the machine learning method in the implementation of station-level optimization algorithms is described. Particular attention was paid to the methodology and practical approaches to the technical implementation of the calculation and control systems of the power plant's thermal power plant and optimal load distribution, as the most relevant and requested by the operating personnel. A brief description of the proposed technology of technical and information support of the automated control system of the station level within the framework of the intelligent automated control system of the station is given.

THE PURPOSE. Consider the issue of automation of modern sea vessels with a high degree of electrification. The purpose of the study is to analyze the electrical power system of the AION tanker to determine the possible occurrence of abnormal phenomena during parallel operation of generator sets and methods for eliminating them. METHODS. The article analyzes the electrical power system and automatic control devices of the AION tanker. Particular attention is paid to the study of systems that ensure the production and distribution of electrical energy between consumers. The widespread use of modern computer-based automatic control systems in ship power plants has been noted. The extensive possibilities for controlling a ship's electrical power plant in various daily or emergency situations are shown. The software and hardware of the ship's Power Management System allows you to reduce the consumption of fuel, oil and other important resources by automatically regulating the load on diesel generators, timing the supply of fuel to the cylinders, and controlling exhaust and starting valves. RESULTS. Experimental oscillograms of studies of the parallel operation of diesel generator sets were obtained, in which power exchange oscillations were recorded. The amplitude of power exchange oscillations reaches 40 % of the steady-state value, and their period is 600 - 800 ms, depending on the operating mode of the ship's electrical power system. During thecollection of these oscillograms, the ship's load is turned on and no starts or stops of any powerful consumers are made, that is, a quasi-steady process takes place. CONCLUSION. It is proposed to introduce a function for eliminating power exchange oscillations into the ship power plant control system. To implement it, it is necessary to add a block that receives information from all parallel operating diesel generator sets and adaptively adjusts the settings of the frequency regulators.

This is the first quarterly report of DOE/PETC Contract No. DE-AC22-87PC79864, entitled, ``Modeling of Integrated Environmental Control Systems for Coal-Fired Power Plants.`` Refining, creating, and documenting of computer models concerning coal/flue gas cleaning and desulfurization are discussed. (VC)

This article proposes a cyber-security improvement plan for the DCS control system of nuclear power plants. Firstly, a brief introduction was given to the traditional architecture of DCS control systems of nuclear power plants. Secondly, the current cyber-security risks faced by DCS control systems in nuclear power plants were summarized, including identity authentication issues, access control issues, communication protocol issues, and data storage issues. Based on the cyber-security risks faced by the DCS control system in nuclear power plants, an improvement plan has been proposed for the DCS platform without increasing external cyber-security equipment. Firstly, regarding identity authentication, it is proposed that nuclear power plants have a very good physical protection that can effectively protect the operator station. However, for the engineer station, a dual factor identity authentication method needs to be added. Secondly, regarding access control, the shortcomings of role-based access control models were pointed out, and a location-based and task-based access control model was proposed. Then, in terms of security communication networks, the sensitive data range of nuclear power plants was analyzed, and communication was divided into internal communication and external communication. For internal communication, pre-stored keys can be used for encrypted communication. For external communication, certificates should be used for identity authentication, and then encrypted communication should be carried out. Finally, for data integrity, control system configurations can be saved through encryption. For passwords, they can be transmitted and saved through hash values.

Stability and steady state analysis of control and safety systems of Nuclear Power Plants

This article considers development of modern chemical monitoring systems using modern hardware and software. Application of these means gives a lot of possibilities for improving reliability of the chemical monitoring systems, main power plant equipment and water chemistry maintenance. An information system is described, the system contains a decision support module, that allows to identify faulty chemical measuring instruments, inform the plant staff about the scheduled maintenance operations and identify the reason of a water chemistry upset. A model of such a system is developed using Tehnopribor and Owen hardware and CODESYS 2 and Trace Mode 6 software.

The article considers the features of design of industrial power supply system of metallurgical enterprises with on-site electrical power generation. The problems of increasing the efficiency of the main electrical equipment of on-site power plants are formulated. The analysis of development trends in the energy sector of Russian metallurgy is carried out, on the basis of which the importance of industrial on-site power plants is shown. The problem of choosing a generator automatic excitation control system of on-site power plants is con-sidered and possible ways of its solution are given. The task of regime optimization of industrial on-site power plants is considered and original optimization algorithms are presented. Methods of increasing the reliability of power supply of critical equipment and mechanisms involved in the technological process of thermal power plants are proposed. The urgency of the tasks of complex automation and digitalization in the industrial power supply systems is shown, while the special meaning of "digital twins" is noted. Possible prospects for the development of on-site power plants in the context of the decarbonization policy and the transition to alternative energy are considered.

Wireless communications in industrial environments are seriously affected by reliability and performance issues, due to the multipath nature of obstacles within such environments. In order to utilize wireless systems for M2M applications in industrial environments, it is necessary to investigate and model their channel characteristics for optimal design and reliability assessment. However, the wireless channel characterization in such environments has not been sufficiently addressed in the literature within the scope of our knowledge. In this paper, to shed light on the channel modeling for plant applications, we measure and analyze the indoor channel characteristics in a typical thermal power plant. Our results indicate that the channel characterization of the plant environment is specific when compared with the general environments such as home and office. The findings in this paper provide a useful guidance to the design of wireless system for the realization of reliable control systems in power plants.

Real-time programming has always been one of the most challenging programming disciplines. Real-time programming requires comprehensive command of sequential programming, concurrency, and, of course, time. Real-time programming has many application domains. In this chapter, however, we structure our discussion around digital control systems for the following two reasons. Firstly, digital control systems represent a large portion of real-time software in a diverse set of industries. Examples include automotive power train control systems, aircraft flight control systems, electrical drive systems in paper mills, or process control systems in power plants and refineries. Many of these systems distribute their components over networks with significant communication delays. Therefore, we also discuss networked real-time programming (Section 7). The second reason is pedagogical. Digital control is defined by a set of abstractions that are real-time programmable and mathematically tractable in the context of the dynamics of physio-chemical processes. The abstractions clearly define what application engineers (control engineers) expect of real-time programming. These abstractions therefore constitute a precise definition of the real-time programming problem (Section 2). Control engineers design in difference equations and often use modeling tools such as Simulink to simulate and validate their control models. The part of Simulink most commonly used to specify digital control, i.e., discrete-time with the discrete fixed-step solver and mode:auto, is well-explained by the so-called synchronous semantics [7, 38]. The key abstraction, we call the synchronous abstraction, is that any computation and component interaction happens instantaneously in zero time or with a delay that is exactly the same at each invocation. For example, if a controller computes every 20 msec, either the controller is assumed to read its inputs, compute its control, and write the corresponding outputs instantaneously at the beginning of each period in zero time, or to read its inputs instantaneously at the beginning of the period, compute during the period, and write the corresponding output exactly 20 msec (one period) later. In control parlance, these are the causal and strictly causal cases, respectively. Systems of difference equations can directly be expressed and structured in this model. The inclusion of strictly causal components (components with delays of a period or more) is typically required to break feedback loops and to account for the unavoidable computation or communication delays that will be present in the real control system. Real-time programmers design in interrupt handlers, device drivers, and schedulers, which are concepts on levels of abstraction that are obviously unrelated to difference equations. The result is a conceptual and technical disconnect between control model and real-time code that bedevils many control building projects. The control engineer specifies a Simulink design the real-time programmer finds unimplementable. The realtime programmer then fills in gaps to produce an implementation the control engineer finds uncontrollable. The process of interaction as the two iterate to produce a correct design is prolonged by the different backgrounds of control engineers and real-time programmers. This gap explains many of today’s problems in real-time software design for digital control such as high validation and maintainance overhead as well as limited potential for reusability and scalability.

SUMMARYWireless communications in industrial environments are seriously affected by reliability and performance issues, due to the multipath nature of obstacles within such environments. In order to utilize wireless systems for machine‐to‐machine applications in industrial environments, it is necessary to investigate and model their channel characteristics for optimal design and reliability assessment. However, the wireless channel characterization in such environments has not been sufficiently addressed in the literature within the scope of our knowledge. In this paper, to shed light on the channel modeling for plant applications, we measure and analyze the indoor channel characteristics in a typical thermal power plant. Our results indicate that the channel characterization of the plant environment is specific when compared with the general environments such as houses and offices. The findings in this paper provide a useful guidance to the design of wireless system for the realization of reliable control systems in power plants.

Deregulation in the electricity market has resulted in a number of challenges in the nuclear power industry. Nuclear power plants must find innovative ways to remain competitive by reducing operating costs without jeopardizing safety. Instrumentation and Control (I&C) systems not only play important roles in plant operation, but also in reducing the cost of power generation while maintaining and/or enhancing safety. Therefore, it is extremely important that I&C systems are managed efficiently and economically. With the increasing use of digital technologies, new methods are needed to solve problems associated with various aspects of digital I&C systems. Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) has proved to be an effective method for safety analysis and risk-based decisions, even though challenges are still present. This paper provides an overview of PSA applications in three areas of digital I&C systems in nuclear power plants. These areas are Graded Quality Assurance, Surveillance Testing, and Instrumentation and Control System Design. In addition, PSA application in the regulation of nuclear power plants that adopt digital I&C systems is also investigated.

In order to study the mechanism of the condensation and feedwater system of nuclear power plant, some simplified mathematic models are presented. The controlling principle of condensation and feedwater control system is explained, and their controllers are designed. Matlab/Simulink module is used for the simulation, result shows that the water level control system of steam generator could make the feedwater flow rate well track the change of the steam flow rate, reduce the false action of the feedwater valve and make the water level keep invariant. The control system of the vacuum and condensate subcooling degree of the condenser could timely regulate the flow rate of cooling water. Thereby, the vacuum and condensate subcooling degree could be limited in certain range. The validity of the control system is proved which could provide reference for the design of the condensation and feedwater control system of nuclear power plant.

Abstract. Problem. Until now, a number of features of IBS power plants of electric and hybrid cars remain unexplored. The applied IIUS analysis and synthesis methods do not pay enough attention to the multi-criteria nature of the arising optimization tasks. Management adaptation methods to changingexternal operating conditions are insufficiently effective. These circumstances do not allow to fully reveal the potential possibilities of IISD power plants of electric and hybrid cars. This determines the relevance of improvement and development of new methods of modeling and optimization of IIUS control of power plants of electric and hybrid cars based on modern theory of automatic control, vector optimization, neural network and neuro-fuzzy adaptive methodology. A methodology for the construction of IIUS invariant to various power plants of electric and hybrid cars has been developed for operational management of modes according to quality, energy and other criteria. Results. The mathematicalsupport of the "Recovery" mode differs from classical problems of optimal control in that it allows changing the parameters of the control power plant, its model type, limit values for control influences, and phase coordinates. Originality. The core of the IICS GSU software is a knowledge base, in which procedural knowledge is presented in the form of frames that implement the algorithmic support of IICS GSU. The knowledge base has a stratified, hierarchical structure that reflects an integrated graph of the synthesis technology of the ZOU solution. The content of the frames of the knowledge base ensures the search for a solution to the ZOU problem in the state space. Frames contain slots that hold not only specific data but also the names of procedures that process them according to a given algorithm. Some frames contain slots filled with product rules. During the creation of the knowledge base of the research prototype, work was carried out on the unification of frame names, which makes it possible to quickly build the knowledge bases of working prototypes. Knowledge frames are a set of classes developed in a visual programming environment. Practical value. The resulting optimal program is worked out using simulation modeling modules, which include direct modeling of systems in multiple states of operation, and if it satisfies the specified requirements, the resulting data is converted into a file containing optimal control influences, which is stored in the database.

CONTINUAL OPTIMISATION OF CONTROL SYSTEMS IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS

Verification of safety critical and control systems of Nuclear Power Plants using Petri nets