Энергетическое использования торфа загрязнённого нефтепродуктами

Since 2006, the government of Alberta has tried to increase the volume of raw bitumen upgraded and refined in the province. More specifically, the Alberta Petroleum Marketing Commission (APMC) and Canadian Natural Resources Ltd. (CNRL) have entered into agreements with a facility northeast of Edmonton called the North West Redwater (NWR) Sturgeon Refinery. The NWR Sturgeon Refinery is designed to process 79,000 barrels per day (bpd) of feedstock, consisting of 50,000 bpd of bitumen and 29,000 bpd of diluent (referred to as dilbit). The refinery will produce petroleum products consisting of approximately 40,000 bpd of low sulphur diesel, 28,000 bpd of diluent and 13,000 bpd of other lighter petroleum products. It will also be able to capture 1.2 million tonnes per year of carbon dioxide emitted from the refinery’s operations. This captured carbon dioxide will be compressed, put into a pipeline and then injected into an existing oil field in order to achieve increased production of crude oil (referred to as enhanced oil recovery or EOR). It is the first refinery built in Canada since 1984, and the first one in Canada to refine bitumen into petroleum products such as diesel fuel. It differs from the upgrader built in Lloydminster which only upgrades bitumen into synthetic crude oil that requires further refining at a conventional refinery in order to produce petroleum products. This paper gives a description of the structure of this support by APMC and CNRL using a mechanism whereby those two parties agree to enter into tolling agreements to process the diluted bitumen feedstock into refined petroleum products for sale. Under the tolling agreement, APMC and CNRL retain ownership of the diluted bitumen as it is refined into petroleum products. APMC and CNRL then sell such petroleum products, and pay a tolling fee to the NWR Sturgeon Refinery for the refining service provided. The paper also uses an economic model in Excel to give a projection of the economics of this facility for the first full year of operation. The objective is to put numbers to a project that has been the subject of much qualitative discussion. The Excel economic model contains base case assumptions for a number of variables such as the capital cost of the refinery, the financing costs associated with such capital costs, the operating costs of the refinery, the cost of the diluted bitumen feedstock and the price of the petroleum products produced by and sold from the refinery. Based on these base case assumptions, the Excel economic model shows that in the first full year of operation of the NWR Sturgeon Refinery in 2019, the two toll-paying entities, APMC and CNRL, are projected to lose a cash amount of about $24 million (about $1 per barrel of diluted bitumen supplied). This loss is based on a comparison to the toll payers’ alternative of just selling the diluted bitumen feedstock at market prices. The paper then uses the economic model to do a sensitivity analysis to show the effect of a lower or higher price of diluted bitumen feedstock, as well as the effect of a lower or higher price of the produced petroleum products. If the cost of the diluted bitumen feedstock were lower, or the price of the petroleum products were higher, then APMC and CNRL would earn a profit. If the converse occurred (feedstock costs higher or petroleum product price lower), then the loss to APMC and CNRL would be greater than $24 million. Finally, the paper attempts to create a template for governments to use when they consider whether or not to provide financial assistance to various projects.

The results of mathematical modeling of the waveguide and resonator methods for diagnosis of the parameters of quality of coal and liquid petroleum products (calorific value, ash, moisture). A new approach to defining the waveguide by the method of complex permittivity (CP) of the substance, based on the results of measuring its voltage standing wave ratio in probing the in some frequency range. Considered resonator method for determining the CP of liquid petroleum products by placing in the pipe cavity measuring cells. The possibility of controlling the quality of coal on the conveyor with the use of attenuation of electromagnetic waves passing through the layer under coal is study. The results of the research proposed to use for diagnostic and quality control of these substances to be transported on a conveyor belt or pipeline wire.

The plants, grown in the soils around a Fuel Holding Depot of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria have been investigated in this research in terms of their density and species composition so that the impact of contamination by petroleum products on soil seed banks could be determined. The study has used designated plots (25m by 25m) in a site, contaminated by petroleum products, as well as a non-contaminated site. In each plot, replicate soil samples have been collected randomly at 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, and 10-15 cm, with the soil samples being subjected to emergence of seedling test for three months in order to determine the species composition, species density, and seed viability at different soil depths. Results show that 17 species from 14 families with a total seedling density of 975 seedlings (19,073 seeds/m2) have been encountered in the seed bank of the non-contaminated soil, whereas just one species with 339 seedlings (6,632 seeds/m2) has been recorded in the contaminated soil. Herbaceous species notably, Spermacoce ocymoides, Spermacoce verticillata, and Peperomia pellucida dominate the seed bank of the non-contaminated soil, whereas Eleusine indica is the sole species, encountered in the seed bank of the contaminated soil. There is a general reduction in seed viability as the soil depth is increased. In conclusion, contamination by petroleum products narrow the species composition and density of soil seed bank, though has no effect on seed viability, irrespective of soil depth. Eleusine indica, being the only species encountered in the contaminated soil, may be tolerant to petroleum hydrocarbon, thus portending useful potentials for phytoremediation.

Petroleum products resources are limited and their consumption rate is increasing very fast with technological development since the last two decades. The emissions from the usage of these petroleum products pollute the environment considerably. Jatropha oil is one of the renewable energy resources which are easily available in India. This study investigates the percentage substitution of jatropha methyl ester blends to diesel as fuel for automobiles and other industrial purposes. The study details the analysis of the performance and emission characteristics of the jatropha methyl esters and its comparison with petroleum diesel. The tests were carried out on a 3.7 KW single cylinder, direct injection and a water-cooled diesel engine. The fuels used were neat jatropha methyl ester, diesel and different blends of the methyl ester with diesel. The experimental result shows that 20% of the blend shows better performance with reduced pollution. The analysis shows that jatropha methyl ester blended biodiesel is a good substitute for pure diesel. Key words: Jatropha methyl ester, water-cooled diesel engine, performance, emission characteristics

Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. On the other hand, waste oils pose a very serious environment challenge because of their disposal problems all over the world. In this context, waste oils are currently receiving renewed interest. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics, cooking and engines oils were analyzed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. This paper gives a brief review about using waste oil of these three types of oil as a fuel for diesel engines. The conversion process of each type of waste oil is presented. The results obtained from the experimental studies on a diesel engine are discussed. Key words: Waste oil, cooking, plastic, conversion, fuel, engine

A biomass fuelled CCHP system with fossil fuel supplement can be more reliable and flexible. In this work, the influence of different mixture ratios of biogas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) on the waste heat output of internal combustion engine (ICE) is studied. Based on the waste heat output, three different thermally activated chillers such as single effect absorption chiller, mixed effect absorption chiller and adsorption chiller are investigated. An experiment is conducted to study the generation of biogas through biomass gasification and to test the composition of biogas. By modeling ICE, the quantity of waste heat in both exhaust gas and jacket water is calculated while mixture ratios of biogas and LPG are varying. By modeling different thermally activated chillers, the cooling capacities are obtained under different quantity of waste heat. Performance of power generation unit (PGU), thermally activated chillers as well as the whole system is analyzed accordingly.

After the extraction of oil, its processing and the production of various liquid petroleum products (gasoline, diesel fuel, lubricants and various solvents), there is a significant need for their temporary storage with subsequent sale to consumers. For this purpose, special complex facilities are being created, which ensure not only the temporary preservation of oil and oil products, but also their reception from producers and sale to consumers. A large amount of flammable substances stored in tanks creates a high fire hazard in tank farms. Fires that occur cause significant material damage and often lead to the death of people/ Currently, a lot of attention is paid to fire prevention and emergency prevention. The oil and gas industry is one of the areas where events occur with a high frequency and where almost all facilities are classified as dangerous production facilities. One of the causes of fires and accidents in the oil and gas industry: self-ignition of pyrophoric deposits, which accounts for 12.8% of the total number of ignition sources. Most of the fires due to spontaneous ignition of pyrophoric deposits occur in spring and autumn, when cleaning is carried out in the vertical steel tanks for the storage of oil and petroleum products. The increased danger of maintaining tank and other equipment in the presence of pyrophoric deposits on their walls requires the use of a set of measures that ensure, on the one hand, the prevention of their spontaneous ignition, and on the other hand, the prevention of situations where an explosion and fire could occur when pyrophoric deposits igniteю. At paper quantitative evaluation of the risk of fires on vertical stainless tanks for contain oil and petroleum products from auto-ignition of pyrophoric deposits is given. The statistics on fires in tanks for contain oil and petroleum products from auto-ignition of pyrophoric deposits and distribution of fires by months from 2012 to 2022 are presented. Data are given about the period of the most frequent occurrence of fires in oil tank from the spontaneous combustion of pyrophoric deposits after the elimination of the previous fire in the oil tank for the same reason. The obtained risk values ​​indicate the need for preventive measures in months such as February, April, May, June, and September. Special attention should be paid to fire prevention in May, as the value of fire risk on tanks due to spontaneous ignition of pyrophoric deposits is 0.9966, which indicates a high frequency of fires in this month according to the obtained values.

Biofuels play an important role in many developing countries as a clean liquid fuel which helps to address the energy, costs and global warming as compared to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel can be blended to any level to any petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. Blending of biodiesel with small amount of petroleum product gives control to air pollution. Additives plays and important role in minimizing the NOx Emission which result in sigh of relief who are opting biodiesel as an alternative fuel. In the future the biodiesel play an important role in reduce the greenhouse gases In this review article the reports on regulated and non-regulated emission, durability, economy and performance on biodiesel by various researchers have seen cited since 2000.

Petroleum and liquid petroleum products - Calibration of horizontal cylindrical tanks

A multi-resolution and multivariate analysis of the dynamic relationships between crude oil and petroleum-product prices

The development of transport is leads to an environmental pollution’s growth, especially in Metropolitan areas. Annually more than 1 million tons of pollutants in the exhaust gases, the products of gasoline evaporation and other harmful impurities emits. This problem becomes very actually in recent years. Environmental properties of motor fuels is becoming increasingly important, and the importance of finding new ways of reducing the level of harmful emissions will continue to increase. As oil resources limited, the significant interest for synthetic motor fuels, which can be obtained from natural gas: dimethyl ether (DME) and derived therefrom a gasoline of high environmental quality appeare. The replacement of liquid petroleum motor fuel (gasoline and diesel) to an alternative types of motor fuel becomes more urgent, which is dictated by both economic and environmental problems in urban areas due to the sharp increasing in the number of vehicles. The article examines the existing technologies of dimethylether’s production from natural and associated gas, and DME usage as a promising motor fuel. It was concluded about possibility of associated petroleum gas and natural gas refining to dimethyl ether, which is a multipurpose semi-product on the basis of which it may be obtained various important chemical products, as well as ecologically clean liquid fuels. It was also analysed the DME properties, studied the advantages of DME compared to traditional fuels, and studied the transport and storage’questions of methanol on offshore conditions.

In nature, it acts, simultaneously or successively, synergistically or antagonistically, on small or larger spaces, for a long or very short time, numerous natural or artificial processes that pollute, leading to the alteration of the quality of the environment. The basic activity carried out within the oil scaffolding consists in the extraction of crude oil and gases from the deposits in their exploitation, their collection, separation of phases (crude oil, reservoir water, gas), crude oil treatment, storage and sending to users. Contamination of the field related to drilling-extraction wells with crude oil, heavy petroleum products, salt water, various chemicals, etc. has a random character, but with undesirable implications on soil, surface water and / or groundwater, depending on the nature of the pollutant, its quantity and area of spread Pollution sources in the oil industry, both systematic and accidental, have a greater or lesser spread, depending on the size of the field, the type and composition of the extracted fluids, the extraction technology used, the age of oil exploitation in the area, relief and hydrographic network. Having available the data provided by the pollution diagnosis, it is possible to assess the risk that the investigated pollution represents for the people on the site and for the natural environment. If it turns out that the risk is significant, then the decision is made to switch to depollution works. The choice of an appropriate depollution path is made on the basis of relevant technical and economic criteria, which is a feasibility study. The proposed depollution technology must be the most appropriate for the case at hand and, at the same time, be available on the technology market. The most important part of the paper is dedicated to presenting the results of an experimental study on the depollution of soils contaminated with liquid petroleum products by sparging technologies, in order to ensure a sustainable remedy. The results of the soil analysis used in the experimental determination are presented, as well as the physic - chemical characteristics of the main soil pollutants. In the experimental part, laboratory decontamination of systems consisting of polluted soils was performed at the laboratory level, using air as a depollution agent. The processing of the data obtained from the experimental determinations allowed obtaining qualitative and quantitative information related to the decontamination speed depending on the nature of the soil, the nature and concentration of the pollutant and the temperature of the decontamination air. Estimating the cost places this technology at a low level compared to thermal technologies and slightly higher than microbiological technologies.

Application of Loss Rates for Petroleum Products Due to Natural Wastage in Customs Procedures

Classical Karl Fischer method has been modified so as to make it suitable for determining free and dissolved water present in aviation fuels in excess of 10 ppm which is considered as limiting concentration value for safe fueling of aircrafts particularly in the arduous climatic conditions as encountered in military operations. The modified method employed a special ethylene glyccl solvent mixture and another water saturated fuel sample as blank.

A wide range of oil sludges requires efficient, feasible, and cost effective treatment technology. Based on the research conducted by the Petroleum Engineering Department, NIP Technologiya LLC organized the collection, transportation, and treatment of oil sludges and oil-contaminated soils. Oily waste is treated at a small-sized treatment unit UPPN-1.6-2.5-U1, with a capacity of 2.4 tons per day; through the process of low-temperature pyrolysis, the three units annually produce 355 tons of gasoline fraction, 544 tons of diesel fraction, and 415 tons of fuel oil. Plant capacity is 800 kg per load, while gasoline yield amounts 13.7%, and diesel yield amounts 21.0%. Plant power is 13 kW that allows you to use solar and wind electrical substations as a source. Physic-chemical methods of slop products disposal unlike thermal methods allows you to improve resource recovery, reduce atmospheric emission of pollutants, fuel and equipment costs. When developing new methods of oily wastes disposal one should take into account not only the environmental and economic requirements, but also the level of efficiency and productivity of disposal plants. Method of low-temperature pyrolysis of hydrocarbon wastes allows you to obtain the basic components of fuel for furnaces and internal combustion engines. Fractions containing a large amount of asphalt and resinous substances are used for paving bitumen. Due to the fact that amount of processed slop products is much smaller than the amounts of secondary oil products recycling it is advisable to include disposal plants in the layout of oil refineries.