Борогон: этноним и этническая история

As the lead, introductory, contribution to this special issue ‘Exploring Registers of Identity Research’, this paper offers a view of three different ‘registers’ that might be seen to characterize identity research and which feature, to a greater or lesser extent, in the selected papers. First, the paper offers a means to understand the different theoretical traditions used to explain what constitutes identity and how it might be known. Second, it considers the relationship between different levels of identity – individual, group, professional, organizational and societal. Third, it reviews the methodologies used to understand identities and examines key theoretical assumptions which feature in academic debates, and in the selected papers, around identity theorizing. Drawing on the papers included in this special issue we offer a framework as a heuristic device that might guide scholars looking to enter the field of identity research and enable those already familiar with particular theoretical traditions, levels or methods to explore possibilities for extending their research. As an enticement to tackle the challenges extension across‐registers can present, we again turn to the special issue articles to examine – through a series of ‘gets’ – the different tactics authors might use to access the rich potential offered by cross‐fertilization between registers. Our contribution then lies in advancing the potential for dialogue between registers of identity research.

Molecular cDNA cloning and analysis of the organization and expression of the IL-1β gene in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

In this book, Nathan Miczo demonstrates that humor operates at different levels of identity, exploring how within- and between-group dynamics shape the creation and reception of disparagement humor. While positive forms of humor arise in interpersonal settings, negative forms reflect the activation of group-based, communal identities. Building on this dual sociality view, Miczo critiques the superiority theory of disparagement humor, rooted in Hobbes’s definition of laughter, and tied to his notion of a “war of all against all.” Miczo employs the agōn (Greek for contest) to replace the Hobbesian metaphor with a view that groups use disparagement humor to pursue rival goals. This perspective forwards the multifunctional utility of humor in social life, analyzing examples of naturally occurring interaction drawn from studies in Communication, Psychology, and Anthropology. Scholars of humor studies, communication, and anthropology, will find this book of particular interest.

Development and test of an occupational taxonomy based on job characteristics theory

We have cloned nine cDNAs encoding small GTP-binding proteins from leaf cDNA libraries of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). These cDNAs encode distinct proteins (22-25 kD) that display different levels of identity with members of the mammalian Rab family: Nt-Rab6 with Rab6 (83%), Nt-Rab7a-c with Rab7 (63-70%), and Nt-Rab11a-e with Rab11 (53-69%). Functionally important regions of these proteins, including the "effector binding" domain, the C-terminal Cys residues for membrane attachment, and the four regions involved in GTP-binding and hydrolysis, are highly conserved. Northern and western blot analyses show that these genes are expressed, although at slightly different levels, in all plant tissues examined. We demonstrate that the plant Rab5, Rab6, and Rab11 proteins, similar to their mammalian and yeast counterparts, are tightly bound to membranes and that they exhibit different solubilization characteristics. Furthermore, we show that the yeast GTPase-activating protein Gyp6, shown to be specifically required to control the GTP hydrolysis of the yeast Ypt6 protein, could interact with tobacco GTP-binding proteins. It increases in vitro the GTP hydrolysis rate of the wild-type Nt-Rab7 protein. In addition, it also increases, at different levels, the GTP hydrolysis rates of a Nt-Rab7m protein with a Rab6 effector domain and of two other chimaeric Nt-Rab6/Nt-Rab7 proteins. However, it does not interact with the wild-type Nt-Rab6 protein, which is most similar to the yeast Ypt6 protein.

Narratives about personal experience are shaped by the interactional context, and people are required to tell their own stories in a variety of social contexts. For people with ‘learning difficulties’, veracity is a particular and paradoxical problem. New policies and strategies require them to take part in public debates, while they are traditionally judged to be incompetent to be witnesses to the ‘truth’. Presenting data from an inclusive research project, this paper analyses some of the micro strategies by which people with ‘learning difficulties’ create their own research interviews by asking questions, telling stories and evaluating their own narratives about discrimination. The interplay of different levels of identity in the data and the concept of interactional rights were found to be useful analytical tools. By doing research and speaking up for themselves, people with ‘learning difficulties’ can collaborate to take on new situational identities; in this context, this paper shows precisely how they evaluate their own narratives to focus on various aspects of their own more permanent identity. Practical conclusions are drawn, both for people with ‘learning difficulties’ and for their interlocutors, challenging assumptions of blanket incompetence.

Toponyms, especially oikonyms, are closely related to the ethnic composition of the population of a particular territory. Because, they are the product of the thinking of the people who created them. In most cases, you can determine the geography of the distribution of different peoples by place names. Azerbaijan and its inseparable part Nakhchivan is one of the ancient settlements of the Turkic tribes. Therefore, the toponymic layer of these territories retains the characteristics of the lexical, semantic system of the Turkic language. As part of the Nakhchivan toponyms, one can find elements that belong to the ancient Turkic language. At the same time, a large number of oikonyms contain the names of ancient Turkic tribes, which played a big role in the formation of the ethnogenesis of the Azerbaijani people. The task of this article is to study the Nakhchivan toponyms in Russian written monuments of the XIX - early XX centuries associated with the Turkic tribes by means of semantic methods - comparison and analysis of the component. Note that Russian local lore sources provide rich material for studying the toponyms of a given territory. Due to historical conditions some of Nakhchivan villages have disappeared, some of them are in Armenia now and some of their names have been changed. Thanks to Russian sources, we can have a complete picture of these villages. An analysis of the toponymic material shows that some of the Nakhchivan toponyms are associated with such large Turkic tribes as kangarli, oguz, bulgars and other different offshoots of the Turkic tribes.

The article draws attention to the role and scope of proverbs and sayings in Kazakh and Turkish languages, proverbs and sayings in two languages are analyzed for their correspondence to the meaning on the basis of actual linguistic data. The most frequently used Kazakh proverbs were selected and their equivalents in Turkish language were found and presented. They were compared according to their translation methods. Turkish and Kazakh languages are originated from the same language family: Turkic. It is also important to note that Kazakh and Turkish culture are quite similar and proverbs can be also alike. The article outlines the history of the study of Kazakh and Turkish proverbs and sayings, defines their function in representing folk culture and traditions, customs in proverbs and sayings. We have considered the proverbs of the Kazakh and Turkish languages and ways of their application. The peculiarities and differences in the cultures of the two peoples are discussed, and the factors influencing their semantics and structure are presented. We have distinguished that most Kazakh and Turkish proverbs retain their original, basic meaning. The main purpose of the study is to analyse Kazakh and Turkish proverbs, identify their similarities, specifics and identify the national and cultural characteristics of both languages. The scientific significance of the article lies in the fact that it makes a certain contribution to the comparative study of the proverbs of the Turkic peoples. Practical significance of the study: the results of the work can be used in the research work of students in the humanities.

The works of Alisher Navoi take a special place in the literature of the Turkic peoples. The poet, who wrote a lot in his time, is distinguished by the fact that he first introduced the tradition of «Khamsa» among the Turkic peoples. His literary, historical, linguistic and memoir works had a great influence on the work of later poets. One of these works is «Muhakamatul-lugatain» («Opinion on two languages»). Having studied the grammatical features and poetic power of both languages, Navoi scientifically substantiated in this work that the Turkic literary language is in no way inferior to Persian. Using specific examples, he revealed the rich vocabulary of the Turkic literary language. In particular, he mentioned one hundred verbs that are not found in Persian and gave some examples in verses. Most of the ancient terms found in this work are widely used in the modern Kazakh language. In this article, the author reveals the significance of Navoi’s work «Mukhakamatul-lughatayn» in the field of Turkology. He also spoke briefly about the extant manuscripts of this work and focused on the specifics of these versions. The author also shared his thoughts on the first publications and subsequent studies of this work. The subject of the study is the Fatih manuscript, the specifics of the use of some Turkic words are given on specific examples. Some of the questions raised in this work of Navoi, written in the Middle Ages in parallel in two languages (zul-lisain), have not lost their relevance today. In the Middle Ages, Arabic, Persian and Turkic languages competed with each other, and in the era of globalization, the scope of application of English, Russian and Kazakh languages in Kazakh society is growing again. This indicates the relevance of studying the work of Navoi.

Ubriatova, Elizaveta Ivanovna (1907–1990)

This article explores the historical development and contemporary transformation of writing systems used by Turkic communities, with a particular focus on the growing debate over a Common Turkic Latin Alphabet. It begins by defining writing systems as conventional visual representations of spoken language and emphasizes that no alphabet is inherently “advanced” or “backward”; rather, scripts are tools that provide orthographic unity and support the development of a standard written language. The study then traces the succession of scripts employed by Turkic peoples—from Runic (Göktürk), Manichaean, Uyghur, Brāhmī, Sogdian, Tibetan, Hebrew, and Arabic to Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic—and highlights their functional and sociopolitical contexts. Special attention is given to the Soviet period, during which the Unified New Turkic Alphabet (a 34-letter Latin-based system) was briefly used across all Turkic communities before being replaced by a set of mutually divergent Cyrillic alphabets designed to hinder inter-Turkic literacy. In the post-Soviet era, independent Turkic republics and other Turkic communities have increasingly turned to Latin-based scripts, producing a complex landscape in which multiple, often incompatible Latin alphabets coexist. The article analyzes current reforms and controversies in Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Tatarstan, including the technical and linguistic problems posed by apostrophe-heavy orthographies and unnecessary deviations from shared Turkic conventions. It argues that the ultimate goal should not be merely “Latinization,” but alphabetic and orthographic convergence through a scientifically grounded, 32–34 letter Common Turkic Latin Alphabet. Such a shared system, the article contends, is crucial for enhancing cultural, social, economic, and political cooperation, and for strengthening mutual intelligibility among the many Turkic languages.

The article reveals some aspects of the Russian colonization of the Siberian Khanate, which was formed in the second half of the 15th century in Western Siberia. Historical place names prove that before Yermak's detachment, the Russians did not cross the Ural Mountains, where Siberians and Turkic tribes lived for a long time. At the same time, the author considers the campaign of Yermak's detachment to be aggression and considers its use unworthy of such a force as Russia. The article notes that Kushim Khan, who fought for the independence of the Siberian Khanate until the end of his life, could not get a proper assessment of history. It was only natural that his army, armed with bows, swords and spears, would not be able to withstand guns and rifles. At the same time, Kushim Khan fought until the end of his life, and then his sons continued and stopped the process of colonization for decades. The article provides an etymological analysis of the macrotoponyms of the Siberian Khanate. The author also offers his own conclusions, referring to long-standing scientific opinions about the meaning of certain historical toponyms. Since the etymology of toponyms is revealed only in the Ugric or Turkic languages, it is known that this region has long been inhabited by the Ostyaks, Voguls and Turkic peoples. Everyone knows that Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far East were later colonized by Russia. This article can be considered a response to the inappropriate, unreasonably expressed opinions of some Russian politicians that “the northern regions of Kazakhstan (not to mention Western Siberia – the author) belonged to Russia, these lands were a “gift” to Kazakhstan”. The outstanding Russian scientist G. Potanin also, on the contrary, claims that “Siberia was a gift to Russia”.

The reflection in proverbs and sayings of the names of natural phenomena in the Turkish and Kazakh languages is an urgent topic that requires a special study. The difference between the early and modern versions of the names of natural phenomena and their use in everyday life increases the importance of the topic of the article. In this regard, it seems appropriate to study the features of the use of paremia in oral speech in a comparative aspect. The semantic features of the names of natural phenomena, especially in a figurative sense, reflect the accumulated stock of knowledge in the centuries-old history of the people since the native speaker began to study and know himself in close relationship with the environment. The authors of the article aim to identify the linguistic mechanisms that indicate differences in their background knowledge by comparing and comparing proverbs and sayings of the Turkic peoples living in different regions with different climatic conditions. To achieve this goal, two tasks are set: to find and conduct a comparative analysis of the Kazakh equivalent of proverbs and sayings with the names of natural phenomena in the Turkish language, as well as to determine the final pragmatic intention of the speaker using the names of natural phenomena in direct and figurative meanings. In the course of the study, there were used methods of systematization, comparison, differentiation, and analysis of language data.

Introduction. The toponym Gothia in written sources from the 8th century was used to designate the territory of the Mountain Crimea inhabited by the Alans and the Goths between Inkerman and the north-eastern suburb of Alushta. The same region was called the Klimata of Cherson and the Klimata of Gothia. Methods. Fragmentary information about Gothia is contained in the “Synopsis of St. Eugenios” compiled by John Lazaropoulos until 1364 and in the “Alanian Epistle” by the bishop Theodore. These works describe the same period in the history of the Gothic Klimata, 1223–1227 and 1223, respectively. Analysis. The considered evidence confirms the entry of Cherson and its subordinate Klimata of Gothia into the empire of Trebizond, at least in the first half of the 13th century. It is methodically incorrect to judge the situation in the Klimata in the first half of the 13th century from the descriptions contained in later sources of what happened in the 14th–15th centuries. The “Epistle” says about the flight of bishop Theodore to an Alanian village neighboring to Cherson. Supporters of identifying the village with the Qırq-Yer fortress remote from the city on the Chufut-Kale plateau ignore geographical and historical realities. Results. There is no evidence of the existence of single-ethnic Gothic and Alanian regions in the mountains and on the southern coast in written sources. In Sudak, Guillaume de Rubrouck was talked about speakers of Teutonic and other languages in the mountains of Crimea. Historian’s allegations about the division of Gothia into two principalities are disproved by the results of archaeological excavations in the territory of Klimata of Gothia. The toponym Klimata is not mentioned in the descriptions of events that occurred after the middle 13th century. However, archaeological excavations of cities on the Inner Ridge revealed the preservation of active and diverse life activities of the population of the region until the end of the 13th century. Probably, the history of the administrative formation of the Klimata of Gothia was interrupted in 1298/99, when Nogai’s troops destroyed Cherson, cities on the Eski-Kermen plateau, Bakla and others.

В статье дан обзор основных направлений исследований и преподавания тюркских языков сибирской группы в Университете Анкары, начиная с организации первых коллективов с 1930-х гг., вошедших в состав вуза (открыт в 1946 г.). Это первое учебное и научно-исследовательское заведением Турции, где начали преподавать современные тюркские языки в качестве самостоятельных учебных предметов и заниматься их изучением. Процесс в целом делится на два периода.Первый период — со времени основания университета и до создания в 1992 г. кафедры современных тюркских языков и литератур. Исследования по тюркологии начались с 1936 г. С 1940 г. в учебной программе появились предметы по ответвлениям тюркского языка. Отмечены вклад профессора Абдулкадира Инана (1889–1976), профессора Саадет Чагатай (1907–1989), профессора Хасана Эрена (1919–2007). Рассказано о создании профессором Мустафой Джанполатом и Ф. Семой Барутчу Озондер отдельной кафедры, которая стала называться кафедрой современных тюркских языков и литератур.Второй период — с 1992 года и продолжается по сей день. В первые годы преподавательский состав кафедры современных тюркских языков и литератур полностью состоял из иностранных специалистов: Ю. И. Васильева, Ч. М. Доржу, М. В. Оюн, М. Б. Кунгаа, Т. Н. Боргояковой, А. Т. Тыбыковой и др. Названы наиболее интересные публикации этих специалистов, важные как для самой науки, так и для учебного процесса. Перечислены защищенные в 1990–2000-е годы диссертации, в т. ч. К.-М. Симчита, Г. Килли и др. Названы важные работы — монографии, статьи преподавателей, работающих на кафедре сегодня. Перечислены учебные программы. Отмечена важная роль журнала «Modern Türklük Araştırmaları» (Современные тюркологические исследования), выходящего на базе университета с 2004 г. С 2002 г. ежегодно проводится симпозиум «Современные тюркологические исследования» с участием ученых из разных научных центров Турции.Отмечен в целом растущий интерес академических кругов Турции к тюркским языкам, к истории, культуре, системе верований тюркских народов Сибири.