САРА УОТЕРС И ВИКТОРИАНСКИЙ КАНОН

This article argues that Sarah Waters’ representation of London in her historical fictions Tipping the Velvet and The Night Watch is used to delineate the gendered bodies and sexual identities of her characters. A historical summary demonstrates that female masculinity was slowly mapped onto sexual identity between the 1880s and 1940s in Britain. The article argues that Waters’ “inventive” use of this history allows her to question the construction of both historical and contemporary identifications. The way that Waters’ characters are constricted and liberated by London's urban landscape demonstrates the spatial and temporal contingency of both gender and sexuality.

Richard Brome’s The Sparagus Garden (1635) unfolds against the backdrop of the rapidly transforming urban and social landscapes of Caroline London. This paper argues that this play is deeply implicated in the discursive processes of appropriating and understanding London’s shifting urban and social topographies. Abounding with topical and topographical allusions, the play has long drawn critical interest mainly for its documentary qualities and its exploitation of the short-lived theatrical vogue for ‘place-realism’. Spatial mobility, changes in the city’s urban landscape and the play’s insistent questioning of fundamental categories of social status, belonging and identity have taken centre stage, as critics have acknowledged that the play addresses and negotiates pressing anxieties of a society in flux.

Recognise me from outside to inside: Learning the influence chain of urban destination personalities

The Biriguizinho Stream, like so many other urban rivers, has undergone changes over the years, with the correction of its banks, channeling and suppression of its source. These measures were seen as the most adequate to enable the urban growth of Birigui-SP. However, with the passage of time and expansion without predetermined guidelines, episodes of flooding occur in the region of the aforementioned stream, overloaded with the runoff of rainwater from a large part of the city. The purpose of this article is to analyze the factors that contribute to flooding on the banks of the Biriguizinho stream, in the city of Birigui/SP, with the aim of proposing green infrastructure solutions that mitigate or definitively affect floods, avoiding risky situations. The methodological procedures adopted include readings on the themes of urban rivers, landscape, perception, risks, and green infrastructure, in addition to observation of the study area.

In virtual worlds, users interact with each other by creating virtual identities through avatars. As the avatar creation process is constrained by the assumptions of designers who develop the avatar creation tools, some potential participants in virtual worlds are forced into narrow social roles that may not accurately represent them. Drawing on structuration theory and trust literature, we develop a research agenda that addresses how avatar-based technologies and user social identities may be mutually constructed and how identity misrepresentation may impact trust in virtual worlds. This paper demonstrates the importance of a discussion of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) issues in virtual worlds. These issues require additional research that should closely examine the ongoing changes both in the technology facilitating the virtual worlds, as well as the social landscape that governs issues of diversity in general, and gender issues in particular.

This chapter examines how young right-wing extremists in Berlin articulate their relations to immigrants and ethnic alterity and how they negotiate layers of otherness in order to trace, in their own voices, their rendering of dominant imaginations of the social and political landscape. It explains how the rise of ethnicity and of a corresponding notion of culture as standard markers of difference has gone hand in hand with the public celebration of diversity, its active interpellation, and new modes of visualization that it has acquired in Berlin. It also shows how the resonances between ethnic otherness, urban landscape, and political contrasts come into sharp focus around food, noting that political subjectivity unfolds between the Wurst (sausage) as proper German nutrition and the Döner (kebab) as the seductive sensuality of otherness.

This paper comments on the particular way film makes use of an urban imagery as a signifying system of meaning to represent specific features related to the notion of urban space (space) and modernity (time). Attention is given here to how a particular urban landscape, the Northeast Brazilian city, Recife-PE, is constructed and thematised as a living structure of meaning and aesthetic effect acting as the space from which social and cinematic landscape emerge. Thus, this article comments on a diversity of concepts drawn from different authors to set a discussion around the matter of city and film or, rather, the way in which the city of Recife, is represented in the film Neighbouring Sounds (O Som ao Redor, Kleber Mendonca Filho, 2012).

This book recovers a missing chapter in the history of Afro-Iberian diasporas. From the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, black women and men—enslaved, free(d), and half-manumitted—resided in the Iberian peninsula, particularly as a result of the transatlantic slave trade. This renovated the period’s human, urban, and social landscapes. In exploring Spain’s role in the Atlantic slave trade, and the cultural forms of the period, the book pictures the black African diaspora’s broad yet unexplored literary impact. It transforms our understanding of blackness in early modern Spanish literary activities by providing new readings of the era’s literary texts, unearthing new documents about black communities, and creating a space for black poets in the literary cannon of early modernity. This book stands at the crossroads between the history of Spanish literature in Spain and that of black African diasporas, two disciplines that have not fully entered into dialogue before. While the study of Spanish literature in Spain has disregarded the black African presence or seen it as merely echoing the voices of white poets of early modernity, the studies of black African diasporas have focused on more recent times and on different geographical areas such as English- and French-speaking countries, and the Caribbean where the Hispanic world is concerned. Black Voices builds a bridge between these two fields and promote a lively scholarly debate in an area that clearly merits academic study. The archaeological explorations of all manners of archives that form the research behind this book bring to the fore a meaningful Black archive long forgotten.

Abstract. Gender studies represent an intensively developing field of knowledge. Gender means a set of concepts and norms of behavior, usually associated with persons of male and female gender. Gender issues are at the center of a new interdisciplinary field of human sciences, called “gender studies”. The main concept of the categorical apparatus of this direction is “gender” (sociocultural sex), which involves the study of male and female behavior, thinking, and communication. Gender has an all-pervasive ability, which determines its arrangement in the collective and individual consciousness. Phraseological units are a vivid example of the embodiment in the language of characterological features of the worldview of representatives of a particular linguistic community and the means of historical translation of the cultural attitudes of the native speaker of a language. Being stereotypes of the people's consciousness, they serve as a valuable source of information about the people's perceptions, behavior and attitude to this or that phenomenon of culture and represent a fragment of the language picture of the world. This article, firstly, seeks to outline the main steps that gender studies have taken in the field of Tatar and English phraseology. Secondly, it shows the general criteria of selecting gender-specific phraseological units from lexicographic sources. Thirdly, it analyses gender-specific phraseological units nominating a male person in the Tatar and English languages in the comparative aspect. Keywords: gender marked phraseology, phraseological unit, male gender, Tatar, English, comparative study.

Professionalism in Psychiatryby GabbardGlen O., M.D., RobertsLaura Weiss, M.D., Crisp-HanHolly, M.D., BallValdesha, M.D., HobdayGabrielle, M.D., and RachalFunmilayo, M.D. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Publishing, 2012, 218 pp., $60.00 (paper).

We live in an urbanizing world. Since 2008, more than half of humanity lives in cities, both large and small, and old and new.[...]

Although the notion of rural crime has an idyllic aura to it, crime occurs in a changing social landscape and is affected by demographic changes, changing crime trends and by the introduction of new policing practices. Similarly, exactly what constitutes rural crime is also open to debate and changes over time. Likewise, we only have a fuzzy notion of the stereotypical rural criminal and find it difficult to acknowledge the existence of a rural criminal underclass. As a result, crime in a rural context is more difficult to police than crime in an urban landscape because it requires a different set of skills and practices from policing the urban landscape. The closure of rural police stations and the reallocation of scarce policing resources to urban hotspots have inevitably led to a deskilling of the archetypal ‘country bobby’. Consequently, this quasi-longitudinal case study examines changes in policing practices in a (fictionalised) subdivision in rural Scotland over a 40-year period. This enables consideration of the changing rural landscape of crime and from this mapping process implications and conclusions in relation to good practice on rural policing can emerge.

Class as Performance in Sarah Orne Jewett’s Deephaven Jessica Hausmann (bio) It has been noted that Sarah Orne Jewett’s texts resist easy classification in form and structure. Are her book-length works Deephaven and The Country of the Pointed Firs novels? Collections of short stories? Sketches? Jewett’s slipperiness extends beyond the issue of structure, however. Majorie Pryse, in her influential article “Sex, Class, and ‘Category Crisis’: Reading Jewett’s Transitivity,” argues that Jewett’s resistance to easy categorization and classification causes some critics to misread Jewett’s treatment of issues of gender, race, and class as well. Indeed, Jewett, known for writing women-centered texts that focus on the representation of communities in her native Maine, has alternately been praised for her celebration of women and questioning of gendered categories and criticized for her alleged promotion of racist and classist ideas that reinforce the privileges of being of the white and middle- or upper-class. This latter reading of Jewett undercuts the idea of her being truly inclusive in her work. I am particularly interested in looking at how Jewett’s depiction of class resists easy classification, recognizing, of course, that class cannot be considered without an awareness of how this issue intersects with gender and race. The issue of class itself is complicated. Clearly, it has associations with economic power, but it is also culturally defined; being well-educated and having certain manners, for example, are associated with class, and, indeed, Jewett seems often to play with the idea of manners as a class marker. In this paper, I am interested in all these aspects of class. Specifically, I am interested in how Jewett plays with the issue of class in Deephaven in ways that sometimes seem contradictory. At times, she clearly defines the class differences between the novel’s two main protagonists, middle- and upper-class young Boston women, and most of the residents of the Maine country town they are visiting for the summer. At other times, however, there is a blurring of this class divide, which occurs when the young women are able to react to other characters with compassion, sympathy, or genuine emotional engagement. Additionally, I would argue, the issues of class are problematized when the protagonists “perform,” or act out, different social class roles. The young protagonists become more than mere observers, or “tourists,” even if they do not fully transcend class boundaries. It was Jewett’s focus, in works like Deephaven, on relationships between women, her women-centric communities, and her creation of characters who often did not fit gender stereotypes that resulted in renewed attention [End Page 289] to her work in the 1970s by feminist critics. However, while Jewett continues to have her champions, some later critics point to what they see as problematic patterns in her depiction of race and class. Critic June Howard notes the divide and has described the separate critical impulses as being divisible into those that are “historicizing” and those that are “feminist,” with feminist work tending to be more “celebratory” of Jewett’s work and historicizing work more often a source of critique (qtd. in Pryse 38). One of the criticisms leveled against Jewett, which would be more consistent with what Howard would term the “historicizing” category, is that her characters sometimes behave as “tourists,” outsiders who temporarily enjoy a simplified and sentimentalized version of quaint village life without truly experiencing the hardships the villagers, most of whom occupy a lower socioeconomic position, must endure. Amy Kaplan is one who levels this criticism, pointing to the narrator in The Country of Pointed Firs as one who engages in “literary tourism.” Kaplan notes the narrator is an urban woman of a higher social class than the townspeople she engages with, and because of her position, she is able to visit the rural countryside and then withdraw whenever she chooses—she is merely an observer absorbing the interesting local culture (qtd. in Pryse 31). Other critics make similar charges. Although Kaplan is referring to The Country of Pointed Firs, the protagonists in Deephaven, one of whom is also the narrator, share a background similar to that of the narrator of The Country of Pointed...

This article examines the views of early developmental psychologist Florence Goodenough, summarizing her contributions to the field, her complex viewpoints on science and gender issues, and her arguments for maternal record-keeping as a valuable scientific strategy, as drawn from her writings in textbooks, popular magazine articles, and private correspondence. During the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, when Goodenough enjoyed a high professional profile as a research scientist, the field of child psychology shifted from focus on producing applied knowledge to benefit parents and educators to a preference for laboratory-controlled basic science approaches to understanding development. Goodenough championed observation and other descriptive methods, including use of mothers as data collectors in the home, even while these approaches were increasingly discredited by prominent peers in the United States. I argue that Goodenough's allegiance to maternal record-keeping highlights a forgotten strand of context-sensitive, descriptive work that survived despite its general disparagement among proponents of a narrower version of strictly experimental developmental science emerging in the 1920s.

Transport systems and infrastructure are rather male centred and unequal from the gender perspective. One of the major barriers in the improvement of gender equality in transportation is a significant lack of available sex-disaggregated data and gender statistics in the area of transportation. Due to the lack of data, it is difficult to properly define and describe the level of gender inequality in a specific environment. This article presents a method of designing a gender-sensitive questionnaire on transport behaviour that will consider all major aspects of gender issues in mobility and transport from a user perspective. The development of this tool is based on an extensive review of theoretical concepts and relevant research from different countries.