Ｌｏ‐Ｓｏｌｉｄｓ｀ＴＭ´蒸解によるＬ材パルプの歩留向上効果 （中間報告）

Oxidative carbonylation of methane to acetic acid over micro-mesoporous rhodium-modified zeolites

When mouse embryo fibroblasts cultivated in medium containing 2 per cent pregnant mouse serum were infected with mouse cytomegalovirus they gave 3-4 fold greater plaque counts and virus yield than when the medium contained 2 per cent normal mouse serum. Plaque size was increased up to two fold. There were similar differences between 2 per cent foetal calf serum and 2 per cent calf serum. When medium containing 2 per cent dialysed fetal calf serum was supplemented with physiological concentrations of oestrogen, progesterone and corticosteroid there was a 2-3 fold increase in plaque count and virus yield. The increase was only seen when the hormones were present both during virus adsorption and throughout virus replication. Any one of the hormones added by itself gave a smaller and more variable increase in yield and/or plaque count. Growth hormone by itself gave a 2 fold increase in virus yield; when added to the three other hormones it gave a 7-13 fold increase in virus yield but little change in plaque count. The three hormones also increased the rate of infection of resident peritoneal macrophages as scored by fluorescent antibody staining after a single cycle of virus growth in vitro. These experiments suggest that mouse cytomegalovirus infecting a pregnant mouse, or reactivating in a pregnant mouse would replicate more extensively.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], one of the commercial crops grown under rainfed conditions in Himachal Pradesh produced low yields due to uneven weather conditions. This study presents outcome of a simulation study to evaluate the impact of projected climate change on yields of soybean and simulated adaptations in the face of climate change. During past three decades the region has experienced increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall. The validated InfoCrop model runs for 20 years (1989-2008) to assess impacts of the projected climate change on soybean production. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values were 8.8 days and 190.4 kg/ha for days to maturity and crop yield between simulated and observed yields of five years (2004-08) under two sowing environments. The elevated levels of 50 and 100 parts per million (ppm) carbon dioxide (CO2) increased soybean yield by 5.0 to 10.2%. The projected yield losses due to elevated levels of temperature by 1 and 2oC alone ranged between 1.3 to 3.5 and 4.5 to 6.0 percent respectively, for all planting windows. The elevated temperature of 1oC coupled with 50 ppm elevated level of carbon dioxide (420ppm) showed increase in yield up to 4.9 percent with shortened average growing period up to 2 days. The further rise of temperature to 2oC with 50 ppm elevated level of carbon dioxide caused increase in simulated yield up to 2.3 percent in simulations of 1989-2008 compared to control conditions. Similarly, 100 ppm elevated level of carbon dioxide with 1oC rise in temperature caused increase in yield between 8.8 to 10.2 percent in all planting windows whereas it was 3.1 to 3.9 percent lesser in 2oC rise in temperature with 100 ppm elevated level of carbon dioxide with compared to 1oC rise in temperature. The climatic grid of 10 percent reduction in rainfall from recent decade 1998-2008 showed small decrease in yield but yield increase of 5.2 to 8.5 percent was observed when coupled with 50 ppm elevated carbon dioxide and 1oC rise in temperature. Hence rise of temperature with elevated carbon dioxide in general increase the yield in region.

The aim of the research was to determine the productivity of the Ingulsky corn hybrid of the medium-ripening group of maturity depending on seed and plant treatment during the growing season when applying Regoplant and Vermystym biostimulants, as well as the effect of a plant density in different moisture conditions. Methods. The field laboratory and mathematical and statistical methods were used in the course of the research. Results. Irrigation provided an increase in the yield of silage mass by 1,4-2,2 times. Thus, on average, over three years, the highest productivity of corn for silage was observed when having a plant density of 90 thousand/ha without applying biostimulants – 48,6 t/ha and with applying biostimulants – 59,3-64,7 t/ha. The highest dry matter yield of 17,3-18,5 t/ha, feed unit yield of 16,1-17,4 t/ha and digestible protein content of 0,75-0,82 t/ha was obtained when biostimulants were applied when having a plant density of 90 thousand/ha. It was found that in non-irrigated conditions, the highest grain yield was 3,1-4,7 t/ha on the variant with a plant density of 30 thousand/ha. Applying Regoplant biostimulant provided an increase in grain yield by 1,6 t/ha, while applying Vermystym biostimulant provided an increase in grain yield by 1,2 t/ha, respectively. Conclusions. In non-irrigated conditions, it is necessary to apply Vermystym biostimulant with a sowing rate of 70 thousand/ha to obtain the highest yield of fodder units of 9,6 t/ha and 0,42 t/ha of digestible protein content from corn green mass. In irrigated conditions, the seeding rate should be increased to 90 thousand/ha and Regoplant biostimulant should be used to obtain the highest yield of feed units of 17,4 t/ha and 0,87 t/ha of digestible protein content. The cultivation of the Ingulsky hybrid corn for grain in non-irrigated conditions provided the highest yield of 4,7 t/ha with a plant density of 30 thousand/ha and applying Regoplant biostimulant. In irrigated conditions increasing a plant density to 70 thousand/ha and applying Regoplant biostimulant provided the maximum yield of 11,2 t/ha.

Bu çalışma, Tokat/Erbaa ve Tokat/Kazova lokasyonlarında tarla koşullarında 2017 yılında topraktan artan dozlarda (0, 3, 6 ve 9 kg da-1) MgSO4 uygulamalarının Xanthi 81 tütün çeşidinin yaprak verimi, kalitesi ile yaprağın bazı kimyasal (Mg, S, N, K, P, nikotin, şeker, klorogenik ve rutin konsantrasyonu) içeriklerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuş olup, hasat olgunluğuna gelen yapraklar üç elde hasat edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, artan dozlarda MgSO4 uygulaması ile Erbaa ve Kazova lokasyonlarında yetiştirilen tütün çeşidinin yaprak veriminde artışlar meydana gelmiştir. Yaprak veriminde ortaya çıkan artış en fazla MgSO4‘ın 6 kg da-1 dozunda görülmüş ve bu artış Erbaa lokasyonunda %22, Kazova lokasyonunda ise %6,4 düzeyinde olmuştur. Artan MgSO4 uygulamaları ile yaprak Mg ve S konsantrasyonlarında istatiksel olarak önemli artışlara neden olduğu, en fazla artışın yaprak veriminde olduğu gibi MgSO4‘ın 6 kg da-1 dozunda olduğu görülmüştür. Tütün için çok önemli bir alkaloid bileşeni olan nikotin konsantrasyonu MgSO4 uygulaması ile her iki lokasyonda da azalmıştır. Sonuçlar, artan dozlarda MgSO4 uygulamalarının tütün yaprağının veriminde artışa neden olduğu, yaprak Mg ve S konsantrasyonlarında artışa, nikotin konsantrasyonlarında ise azalmaya neden olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.

A NEW FUNCTIONAL FERTILIZER CONTAINING 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID PROMOTED HYDROPONICALLY-GROWN VEGETABLES IN THE NETHERLANDS

Producing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) represents a bottleneck for the adoption of RNA interference technology in agriculture, and the main hurdles are related to increases in dsRNA yield, production efficiency, and purity. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize dsRNA production in E. coli HT115 (DE3) using an in vivo system. To this end, we designed a new vector, pCloneVR_2, which resulted in the efficient production of dsRNA in E. coli HT115 (DE3). We performed optimizations in the culture medium and expression inducer in the fermentation of E. coli HT115 (DE3) for the production of dsRNA. Notably, the variable that had the greatest effect on dsRNA yield was cultivation in TB medium, which resulted in a 118% increase in yield. Furthermore, lactose induction (6g/L) yielded 10 times more than IPTG. Additionally, our optimized up-scaled protocol of the TRIzol™ extraction method was efficient for obtaining high-quality and pure dsRNA. Finally, our optimized protocol achieved an average yield of 53.3µg/mL after the production and purification of different dsRNAs, reducing production costs by 72%.

The effects of spring N fertilization on yield and N content of grain were studied over a 3-yr period on four cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with three rates of fall-applied fertilizer. No increases in grain yield, grain N concentration or grain N yield were observed when fall-applied N was increased from 22 to 44 kg/ha, or when fall-applied K was increased from 37 to 74 kg/ha. Increasing the rate of spring-applied N from 0 to 33 kg/ha increased grain yields by 0.84 metric ton/ha with no increase in grain N concentration. Increasing the rate of N application from 33 to 67 kg/ha increased grain yield by 0.59 metric ton/ha. This was accompanied by a 0.14% increase in grain N concentration. Increasing the rate of N application from 67 to 100 kg/ha increased grain yields by only 0.14 metric ton/ha. This was accompanied by an increase of 0.21% in grain N concentration. The increase in grain N yield was similar with each increment of N application and averaged 0.40 kg N in grain per kg fertilizer N applied in the spring. Larger increases in yield and smaller increases in grain N concentration were generally obtained with the high yielding, low N cv. Yorkstar than with the low yielding, high N cv. Richmond. The effects of N on Genesee and Talbot were intermediate.

The article presents the results of stress protection of seeds and plants of spring wheat and barley of zoned varieties for the 3rd agro-climatic zone of the Russian Federation. The research was carried out in 2018–2022 in 2 stages: the first was a series of laboratory experiments at the departments of breeding, seed production and Agrotechnology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, the second was field experiments on gray forest soils of average fertility in an agricultural enterprise named after him. Krupskaya Ryazan region. The algorithm of complex stress protection included a sequential cascade of interrelated agrotechnological techniques: a) a method for selecting the most resistant batches of seeds to ethylene stress for sowing purposes, b) a method for stress protection and increasing the germination of these seeds during post-harvest storage, c) pre-sowing seed treatment and d) plants IV-V stages of organogenesis with multifunctional growth regulators with anti-stress properties (Albite, TPS; Zircon,R; Epin-Extra,R), prolonging the effect of plant protection in critical phases of plant growth and development. During all 5 years of research, which were contrasting in meteorological conditions, the use of seeds with increased stress resistance and functional activity for sowing contributed, on average, to a stable increase in field germination of spring wheat by 2.8–10.6%, barley – 4.2–7.2%, increased shoot formation in the tillering phase of spring wheat by 0.12–0.23 and barley 0.16–0.25% of plants. These processes were most pronounced in spring wheat, in years with increased drought. The plant variants of complex stress protection were characterized by higher photosynthesis productivity, leaf surface index and terrestrial phytomass. A set of techniques that block the development of stress from the initial stages of ontogenesis to the formation of reproductive organs intensified plant growth, provided a higher level of accumulation of productivity resources, contributed to an increase in grain yields of spring wheat and barley, depending on the experimental options, by 0.48–0.62 t/ha and 0.31–0.39 t/ha, respectively. The increase in yield in all the years of the study, when using anti-stress protection, was due to an increase in the number of productive stems, a higher full-weight ear and a weight of 1000 grains. The applied stress protection methods fully meet the requirements of the production of environmentally friendly products and can be used as an element of technology in the production of organic crop products.

A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Sakha Agric. Res. Station during the two summer growing seasons (2012 and 2013), to evaluate the effect of distance from drain line (1/4 and 1/2 distance from drain line) and applied N-fertilizer rate (90, 120 and 150 kg N/fed) on yield and yield components as well as N-content of two maize hybrids (single pioneer hybrid No. 10 (V2) and ternary hybrid No 329 (V1)) in clay soils. The tile lines were spaced to simulate a 20 m spacing and 1.2 m depth with a slope of 0.1%. Data showed that: Water table depths were increased with increasing time after irrigation. Water table depth near the drains was higher than in midway between drains. Soil bulk density was lower near the drain and gradually increased towards the midway between drains. Decreasing distance from drain line from L/2 to L/4 resulted in a significant increase in yield and yield components of maize crop as well as N-content (kg/fed.) and protein percentage in both seasons. Maize grains yield, 100 grains weight, ear diameter and Plant height increased with increasing rate of N-fertilization. The values of maize grain yield were 25.71, 27.66 and 29.68 ardab/fed in the first season and 26.23, 28.62 and 30.72 ardab/fed in the second season for 90, 120 and 150 kgN/fed., respectively. The corresponding values of protein percentage were 6.01, 11.68 and 15. 55 % in the first season and 5.94, 11.54 and 15.52 % in the second season, respectively. Data showed that V2 resulted in a significant increase in the grain yield, 100 grain weight and Plant height of maize crop. The combination between distance from drain line and 150 kgN/fed resulted in a high yield and yield components as well as N-content of maize crop. Maize varieties resulted in somewhat differences in the grain yield, 100 grains weight, ear diameter and Plant height as well as N-content and protein percentage of maize crop in both seasons with every N-fertilization. The highest values of grains yield, 100 grains weight, Ear diameter and Plant height as well as N-content and protein percentage of maize crop were obtained with combination between L/4, 150 kgN/fed and V2 while, the lowest values were obtained with interaction of L/2, 90 kgN/fed and V1 in both studied seasons. The obtained results revealed also, that 20 m drains spacing in clay soils is not the proper but may be economic. In addition, distance from drain line must be taken into consideration when distributing fertilizer treatments and their replicates in fertilization experiments to obtain reliable results.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of nitrogen-fixing cover crops and chronosequential impact on physical, chemical and biological properties on the apple orchard ecosystem in the northwest Himalaya of Kashmir, India. The experiment includes six phases of chronosequence (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50) years grown under three altitudes: soil of lower altitudes with no cover crop grown on the orchard floor, the mid-altitude soils with berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) as a cover crop and in the higher altitudes with the alfalfa (Medicago sativa) grown as nitrogen-fixing cover crop. Zero stand age groups of apple trees along with no cover crop act as control for treatment comparison. All the soil indicators essential for soil health were measured. Compared to the sites where no nitrogen-fixing cover crops were grown, there was 51 and 92% increase in the apple yield over other sites with inclusion of berseem and alfalfa. There was significant increase in yield up to 40 years and declined with advancement of stand age. Higher contents of all soil organic carbon pools were found in the higher altitudes with alfalfa grown as a cover crop in the orchard floor. Lower bulk densities were observed in the sites with cover crops grown in the apple orchard which might have synergistic role on nutrient cycling. There was significant increase in N, K, S, Mg, Fe and Mn, and no discernible difference was observed for B, Cu, P and Zn. There was significant increase in the nutrients up to 40 years, and afterward, significant drop was observed. Our result suggests that there was significant decrease in the nutrients from vertical soil depth of 0–90 cm.

An experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1997 98 and 1998 99 to find out the effect of 4 herbicides on weeds and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori Paol.) Of the herbicides, metribuzin being most potent killer of weeds, eliminated Chenopodium album L. and gave exce llent control of all other weeds. Only this herbicide paralysed severely the growth of Convolvulus arvensis L. till harvest of the crop. The next best treatment was atrazine. Its effect on C. album was similar to that of metribuzin. It gave remarkable control of Phalaris minor Retz. but its effect on Avena ludoviciana was inconspicuous while vividly vivid on all other weed species. lsoproturon gave good control of P. minor and C. album and satisfactory control of all other weed species except C. arvensis. Sulfosulfuron proved more effective than tralkoxydim in controlling A. ludoviciana. Both the herbicides were effective against P. minor. Weed population and weed dry weight were significantly lower under weed control treatments. The lowest was in metribuzin and it proved significantly superior to all other treatments in arresting both weed population and weed dry matter. The next best treatments were hand weeding and atrazine. Weed competition resulted in significant decrease in wheat plant height, productive tillerslm row length, grainslpanicle and 1,000 grain weight and lowered crop yield by 27.2%. All the weed control treatments caused significant increase in yield attributes and yield in both the years. Hand weeding affected maximum increase in grain yield which proved significantly superior to all other treatments except metribuzin. (150 glha). No significant difference existed between atrazine (1 00 g/ ha) and metribuzin.

Preparation of activated carbon cloths from viscous rayon. Part I. Carbonization procedures

Plasma cryoprecipitation studies: Major increase in fibrinogen yield by albumin enrichment of plasma

Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a major Mediterranean crop, valued for both fruit yield and high-quality oil, yet extreme summer stress, including high temperature, intense irradiance, and water limitation, can substantially reduce productivity and affect oil composition. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the mitigating efficacy of foliar applications of glycine betaine (GB), kaolin (K), and calcium carbonate (CC) under rainfed conditions across three Greek sites on “Koroneiki” (in two sites) and “Lianolia Kerkyras” (in one site) cultivars. Treatments were applied during the summer, and effects on fruit yield, oil content per fruit, oil yield per tree, and key oil quality parameters—including total phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and fatty acid composition—were assessed. GB significantly enhanced fruit yield and oil production for “Koroneiki” at the site with the harshest environmental conditions (24.37 kg fruits per tree and 4.69 kg of oil per tree compared to 19.16 kg fruits per tree and 3.48 kg of oil per tree in control). In contrast, K proved most effective at the other two sites for both cultivars (43% and 52.8% increase in fruit yield and oil mass per tree in “Koroneiki” respectively and 30% as well as 34% increase in yield and oil mass per tree in “Lianolia Kerkyras”, respectively. CC exhibited limited impact on both productivity and quality. Under all treatments, the oils produced could be classified as extra virgin olive oils, with the products exhibiting minor effects on the functional properties of the oils. These findings indicate that the efficacy of stress-alleviating foliar treatments is strongly influenced by both environmental conditions and cultivar. Overall, K was the most effective treatment, followed by GB. Tailored application of these treatments represents a sustainable approach to maintaining olive productivity and preserving oil quality in the context of climate change.