성인 상담라포척도 개발 및 타당화

BackgroundEven though the innovation of COVID-19 vaccination effectively protects against the virus, practicing preventative behaviors is still essential. However, public adherence to preventive behaviors relies mainly on the individuals’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 preventative behaviors. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate these aspects. Nevertheless, there is no validated scale that assesses KAP toward COVID-19 preventative behaviors. To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preventative behaviors.MethodsA quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design was used to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of KAP through specific stages: item development, face, content, convergent and construct validity evaluation, and internal consistency. Data were collected online through “google forms” from June 2020 to July 2020. Both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to assess the construct validity.ResultsA total of 1,363 participants completed the scale. The overall Cronbach’s alpha was 0.83, indicating good internal consistency. Exploratory factor analysis supported structural validity for all the scale items with KMO 0.78, 0.60, and 0.81, respectively, and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity = (p < 0.05). Convergent validity was confirmed by a moderate correlation between the KAP scale items, knowledge ranging from r = 0.11 (p < 0.01) to r = 0.62 (p < 0.01), attitude ranging from r = 0.158 (p < 0.01) to r = 0.584 (p < 0.01), and practice ranging from r = 0.383 (p < 0.01) to r = 0.774 (p < 0.01).ConclusionThe psychometric properties of the scale indicate that the KAP is a valid and reliable scale that can be utilized to evaluate the level of KAP toward COVID-19 preventative behaviors among the population in Saudi Arabia.

BackgroundNeeds assessment tools may guide optimization of clinical services to be more patient-centered. As needs of patients living with and beyond colorectal cancer (CRC) may also be influenced by socio-cultural backgrounds and healthcare ecosystems, we developed and validated a needs assessment questionnaire for CRC in a multi-ethnic, low-and middle-income setting.MethodsThe study methodology was guided by the COSMIN checklist. Items generation was based on findings from independent qualitative inquiries with patients, input from cancer stakeholders, and literature review. Following translation into Malay language, content and face validation were undertaken. The tool was administered to 300 individuals living with and beyond CRC. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed. Criterion validity was assessed using EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-CR29 questionnaires.ResultsThe 48-item bilingual needs assessment tool for colorectal cancer (NeAT-CC) encompassed six domains of needs, namely (i) diagnosis, (ii) psychosocial and information, (iii) healthcare, (iv) practical and living with cancer, (v) financial and (vi) employment. Cronbach’s alpha was above 0.70 for all domains, indicating good internal consistency. CFA also demonstrated acceptable convergent and divergent validity with composite reliability >0.70 and Heterotrait–Monotrait index <0.90 for all constructs. Criterion validity was established given the significant correlation with quality of life. The NeAT-CC was easily understandable, took 15–20 minutes for completion and may be self-administered.ConclusionsUtilization of NeAT-CC may facilitate optimization of supportive and survivorship care services following CRC in local settings. The tool has wider potential for adaptation in other multi-ethnic and/or low and middle-income settings.

Background: The widely used Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale (RSES) has not been evaluated for psychometric properties in Sweden.Aims: This study aimed at analyzing its factor structure, internal consistency, criterion, convergent and discriminant validity, sensitivity to change, and whether a four-graded Likert-type response scale increased its reliability and validity compared to a yes/no response scale.Methods: People with mental illness participating in intervention studies to (1) promote everyday life balance (N = 223) or (2) remedy self-stigma (N = 103) were included. Both samples completed the RSES and questionnaires addressing quality of life and sociodemographic data. Sample 1 also completed instruments chosen to assess convergent and discriminant validity: self-mastery (convergent validity), level of functioning and occupational engagement (discriminant validity). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation modeling, and conventional inferential statistics were used.Results: Based on both samples, the Swedish RSES formed one factor and exhibited high internal consistency (>0.90). The two response scales were equivalent. Criterion validity in relation to quality of life was demonstrated. RSES could distinguish between women and men (women scoring lower) and between diagnostic groups (people with depression scoring lower). Correlations >0.5 with variables chosen to reflect convergent validity and around 0.2 with variables used to address discriminant validity further highlighted the construct validity of RSES. The instrument also showed sensitivity to change.Conclusions: The Swedish RSES exhibited a one-component factor structure and showed good psychometric properties in terms of good internal consistency, criterion, convergent and discriminant validity, and sensitivity to change. The yes/no and the four-graded Likert-type response scales worked equivalently.

Identifying confidence in recovering balance following destabilizing events is essential for helping older adults prevent falls. However, existing measures primarily assess balance confidence. The Balance Recovery Confidence (BRC) scale was developed to address this gap, but its length may limit clinical feasibility. This study aimed to develop and validate a Short-Form Balance Recovery Confidence (SF-BRC) scale that retains the psychometric integrity of the original version while improving practicality. A cross-sectional dataset comprising 309 older adults (≥ 65 years) was analyzed. Exploratory factor analysis using unweighted least squares extraction on polychoric correlations was conducted to determine the underlying factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis using the weighted least squares mean and variance adjusted (WLSMV) estimator evaluated model fit. Rasch modeling assessed item fit, item difficulty, and person separation reliability. Criterion and convergent validity were examined through correlations with the original BRC, Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC), and Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) scales. The final 7-item SF-BRC demonstrated a unidimensional structure with excellent model fit (CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.06, SRMR = 0.02). Internal consistency was high (α = 0.94), and Rasch person separation reliability was 0.93. Criterion validity with the full BRC was strong (r = 0.99), while convergent validity with ABC and FES-I scales was moderate, supporting theoretical distinctiveness of the construct. The SF-BRC is a psychometrically robust instrument for assessing BRC. Its strong reliability and practical utility support its use in rehabilitation, fall prevention, and community-based settings.

Objectives: We aimed to develop a scale and evaluate this scale's validity and reliability to measure factors affecting people's knowledge and attitudes toward the pandemic breaking transmission chain.Methods: This exploratory mixed-method study was carried out in two phases: (1) item generation using literature reviews and interviews and, (2) item reduction by psychometric assessments of the developed scale. The face, content, construct (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), convergent, and discriminant validity of the scale were assessed in the Iranian population (n = 500) from March to June 2020. The Composite Reliability (CR) and the internal consistency correlation coefficient were estimated.Results: The Knowledge and Attitude Scale Toward COVID-19 Pandemic Breaking Transmission Chain (KA-C) among the Iranian population included 18 items. Two factors with a whole variance of 66.05% were identified by exploratory factor analysis. Factors were labeled as “health literacy” and “home health empowerment.” The confirmatory factor analysis showed the goodness of fit. The CR of the scale for first and second factors were 0.965 and 0.833 receptively. The scale's internal consistency correlation coefficient was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.960 and 0.823, average interitem correlation = 0.643 and 0.635, McDonald's omega = 0.963 and 0.829, for the first and second factor, receptively).Conclusion: The KA-C scale can be exerted to screen the people's knowledge and attitude about the COVID-19 pandemic breaking the transmission chain as a valid and reliable scale for further policymaking, health care providers, and for a multi-dimensional psychosocial assessment of the pandemic period.

BackgroundHaze leads to many direct serious public health impacts. Understanding haze related knowledge can not only help adolescents organize health protection awareness to prevent the harmful effects that haze has on the body, but also promote their normal growth and development.MethodsBy considering, as the theoretical basis, the reasons behind the formation of haze and the underlying mechanisms of the diseases that it causes, in addition to also investigating extensive literature references, our research team developed the Adolescent Haze Related Knowledge Awareness Assessment Scale (AHRKAAS-I). After 6 experts reviewed AHRKAAS-I, and 6 adolescents tested the scale, the research team further revised and improved AHRKAAS-I to form AHRKAAS-II. After which, researchers randomly selected 2 districts from the 20 districts of Baoding, and subsequently randomly selected 2 middle schools from these 2 districts. Conducting a stratified cluster sampling method, considering class as a unit, the research team randomly selected 22 classes. Finally, a total of 1100 adolescents were investigated and 1034 valid questionnaires were recovered. By analyzing the data of 1034 valid questionnaires, the researchers tested the reliability and validity of the scale and obtained the final scale (AHRKAAS).ResultsAHRKAAS Cronbach’s α=0.923, content validity = 0.940, criterion validity = 0.444, and factor cumulative contribution rate = 66.178% by exploratory factor analysis. Using confirmatory factor analysis, Chi square value = 662.780, degrees of freedom = 242, Chi square value/degrees of freedom = 2.739, root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.049, goodness of fit index = 0.929, adjusted goodness of fit index = 0.905, comparative fit index = 0.964, normed fit index = 0.944, and Tueker-Lewis index = 0.955. AHRKAAS consisted of 25 items and 4 dimensions.ConclusionAHRKAAS with a good reliability and validity can be used to assess the cognition level of haze related knowledge among the adolescents, help medical workers and coordinators in schools when conducting targeted behavior interventions. Furthermore, it can be used for health guidance for adolescents relating to the health prevention of haze.

ObjectiveDevelopment and testing of a comprehensive and social and culturally inclusive child-report measure of resilience factors supporting positive outcomes in the face of adversity.DesignThe measure is based on a socioecological...

BackgroundFear of childbirth is common both before and after childbirth, often leading to complications in mother and new-born. The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaires (W-DEQ) are commonly used to measure fear of childbirth among women before (version A) and after childbirth (version B). The tools are not yet validated in the Tanzanian context. This study aimed to validate the reliability, validity, and factorial structure of their Kiswahili translations.MethodsA longitudinal study was conducted in six public health facilities in the Pwani region, Tanzania. In all, 694 pregnant and 625 postnatal women were concurrently selected and responded to W-DEQ-A and W-DEQ-B. Validation involved: translating the English questionnaires into Kiswahili; expert rating of the relevancy of the Kiswahili versions’ items; computing content validity ratio; piloting the tools; data collection; statistical analysis with reliability evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Tool validity was assessed using factor analysis, convergent and discriminant validity. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted on data collected using W-DEQ-A and W-DEQ-B, respectively.ResultsExploratory factor analysis revealed seven factors contributing to 50% of the total variation. Four items did not load to any factor and were deleted. The factors identified were: fear; lack of self-efficacy; lack of positive anticipation; isolation; concerns for the baby; negative emotions; lack of positive behaviour. The factors correlated differently with each other and with the total scores. Both Kiswahili versions with 33 items had good internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alphas of .83 and .85, respectively. The concerns for the baby factor showed both convergent and discriminant validity. The other six factors showed some problems with convergent validity. The final model from the confirmatory factor analysis yielded 29 items with good psychometric properties (χ2/df = 2.26, p = < .001, RMSEA = .045, CFI = .90 and TLI = .81).ConclusionsThe Kiswahili W-DEQ-A-Revised and W-DEQ-B-Revised are reliable tools and measure fear of childbirth with a multifactorial structure, encompassing seven factors with 29 items. They are recommended for measuring fear of childbirth among pregnant and postnatal Tanzanian women. Further studies are needed to address the inconsistent convergent validity in the revised versions and assess the psychometric properties of W-DEQ-A among pregnant women across gestational ages.

To examine whether the psychometric properties of the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) at work scales could be replicated with post-myocardial infarction (post-MI) patients and to measure the criterion validity through its association with psychological distress. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 814 patients (739 men and 75 women) who had returned to work after their first MI and who were followed up by telephone at an average of 2.2 years after their baseline interview (1998-2000). The psychological demands scale of the Karasek Job Content Questionnaire was used to measure effort. Reward was measured with nine items from the original reward scale by Siegrist plus two proxy items. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to test the theoretical structure of ERI. Using log-binomial regression models, we evaluated the association between ERI scales and psychological distress measured with the 14-item Psychiatric Symptom Index. ERI scales and subscales demonstrated adequate internal consistencies. Exploratory factor analysis using oblique (promax) rotation yielded a three-factor solution with items representative of extrinsic effort (Factor 1) and reward subscales (Factors 2 and 3). Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good fit with the data. The internal consistencies and discriminant validities of the ERI scales were satisfactory. Furthermore, effort, reward, and ERI ratio were significantly associated with psychological distress (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.26-2.31; PR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.16-2.29; and PR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.17-2.47, respectively). The psychometric properties of the ERI scales were generally reproduced among post-MI patients. The associations with psychological distress supported the criterion validity of the ERI scales in this population.

Self-management is important for the blood sugar control of middle-aged and elderly Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, of which diet, exercise, and drug compliance are the most common components. The Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills Model (IMB) has been widely used in health behavior management and intervention. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the Diabetic Self-Management Scale (DSMS) based on the IMB model. Self-report survey data was collected from middle-aged and elderly T2DM patients in Zhongmu City, Henan Province, China in November 2021 using convenience sampling. The original DSMS was developed through a literature review and summary of previous similar scales using an inductive approach. Item modification was finished by a panel of specialists. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to evaluate the reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and criterion validity of DSMS. Four hundred and sixty nine T2DM patients completed the questionnaire survey. The final DSMS consists of 22 items with three dimensions, including information (five items), motivation (eight items), and behavior skills (nine items). The results of simple factor analysis showed that the KMO value was 0.839, Bartlett spherical test 2 = 3254.872, P < 0.001. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that 2/df = 2.261, RMSEA = 0.073, CFI = 0.937, TLI = 0.930, and SRMR = 0.096. The standardized factor loadings of 22 DSMS items were all above 0.6, and the CR values of 3 dimensions were all higher than 0.9. In addition, DSMS also showed good discriminant and criterion validity. The 22-item DSMS has good reliability and validity, and can be used to make diabetic self-management assessment regarding diet, physical activity, and medication among middle-aged and elderly Chinese T2DM patients. DSMS is of moderate length and easy to understand. It can be promoted in China in the future to understand the self-management status of middle-aged and elderly T2DM patients in China.

Psychometric properties of the Insomnia Severity Index for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The aim of study is to develop a valid and reliable scale in order to determine problems encountered by teachers in distance education process. Survey research method was used in the study. The sample of research consists of 411 teachers working in different branches and recitation with distance education at the 2019-2020 academic years. In this study, it was used teachers’ problems determination scale consist of 47 items as a data collection tool. In order to validity of the scale, content, construct and face validity was examined. Besides, the cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated for the reliability study. Expert opinion was taken for the content and face validity, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was applied for construct validity. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, thirteen items were removed and the scale consists of five-factor was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, it was calculated values of RMSEA 0.046, GFI 0.83, CFI 0.93 and IFI 0.92. Besides Cronbach alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was found 0.892. As a result, a valid and reliable scale consisting of 34-items was developed to determine problems encountered by teachers in distance education process.

AimTo evaluate the psychometric properties of the Post-Stroke Depression Scale in the Sequelae Stage (PSDS-SS).BackgroundThe incidence of the sequelae stage Post-Stroke Depression (PSD) is high, and the best screening tools are still lacking. Under this circumstances, our research team developed the PSDS-SS by Delphi method, but its psychometric properties need to be further verified.MethodThis was a cross-sectional study. Seven hundred and sixteen stroke patients in the sequelae stage were enrolled by purpose sampling from May 2022 to September 2022. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to verify the factor structure of the scale. The reliability of the scale was tested by Cronbach’s α coefficient, test–retest reliability and composite reliability. The validity of the scale was tested by criterion-related validity, convergent and discriminant validity.ResultEight items were deleted through item analysis. The EFA ended up with a 5-factor scale including 24 items after removing one item with low factor loading. Finally, a 21-item model was established by confirmatory factor analysis, and all the fit indexes were acceptable. The reliability and validity of the total scale and each factor are acceptable.ConclusionThe PSDS-SS has a stable factor structure, and demonstrated good reliability and validity. And it would be an effective tool to assess PSD in the sequelae stage.

Introduction: Chinese hospitals still face various barriers to implementing pharmaceutical care. The quantitative instrument for measuring these barriers in China is scarce. This study aims to develop and validate a scale for measuring barriers to providing pharmaceutical care in Chinese hospitals from the perspective of clinical pharmacists. Methods: The scale was developed based on existing literature and qualitative interviews with 20 experts. The scale was included in a small-range pilot survey and then administered to a validation survey in 31 provinces in China. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the structure of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to verify the structure of the scale and to validate the scale's convergent and discriminative validity. Known-group validity was also examined. Cronbach's alpha examined the internal consistency reliability of the scale. Results: 292 scales were completed and returned for a response rate of 85.6% in the pilot study. Exploratory factor analysis of the scale suggested a five-factor solution (Cognition and attitude, Knowledge and skills, Objective conditions, External cooperation, and Support from managers) accounting for 66.03% of the total variance. 443 scales were sent out in the validation study, with a response rate of 81.0%. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good fit of the structural model for pharmaceutical care barriers. It showed the scale's good convergent and discriminative validity (The average variance extracted >0.5 and composite reliability >0.7). The scale could also identify the differences in total score among the clinical pharmacists from different hospital grades (p < 0.05). Cronbach's alpha is between 0.658 and 0.896, indicating good internal consistency. Conclusion: From the perspective of clinical pharmacists, this study has developed a scale to assess obstacles to pharmaceutical care. The scale comprehensively encompasses barriers to clinical pharmacists' cognitive and ability-related aspects, hindrances encountered in collaborating with other health professionals and patients, and barriers to the working environment. The reliability and validity have been established through verification.

Background and aimMental internal friction refers to a state of mental burnout and lack of motivation caused by excessive cognitive depletion under strong pressure. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent among contemporary college students. However, there is currently no suitable quantitative tool available to effectively assess mental internal friction. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a mental internal friction scale (MIFS) and verify its reliability and validity within the Chinese college student population.MethodFirst, ten college students participated in semi-structured interviews. Then, 612 college students were recruited for item analysis and exploratory factor analysis. Subsequently, a new sample of 524 college students was recruited for confirmatory factor analysis, as well as reliability and validity evaluation. Finally, 161 college students were randomly selected from previous two samples to track the measurement and verify its retest reliability.ResultsThe developed scale comprised 21 items assessing four factors: avoidance, rumination, sensitivity, and indecision. The four-factor structure fit well (χ2/df = 2.527, CFI = 0.946, GFI = 0.920, IFI = 0.946, RMSEA = 0.054), explaining 60.967% of the total variance. All reliability indices—Cronbach’s α, split-half, composite, and retest reliabilities—exceeded the 0.70 criterion for both the overall MIFS and each of its four subscales. Furthermore, the scale demonstrated good content validity, criterion validity, convergent validity, and discriminative validity, and passed the cross-gender invariance test.ConclusionThe MIFS demonstrates solid reliability and validity among college students. It can serve as a quantitative measure of mental internal friction in Chinese college students.