ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ В РОССИИ

Розглянуто основні засади інноваційного розвитку національної економіки України. Здійснено оцінку діяльності вітчизняних підприємств, які впроваджують інноваційні продукти у свою діяльність. Запропоновано шляхи покращення інноваційного розвитку національної економіки України, враховуючи причини незадовільної ситуації у сфері виробництва і реалізації інноваційної продукції.

Domestic agricultural enterprises do not have a high level of innovation activity, however, stable and competitive operation of an agricultural enterprise is impossible without its innovative activity. Stabilization of the situation in the agricultural sector with the current level of competition and constant technological variables, the innovative vector of development is the driving component of economic growth. Activation of innovation of domestic agricultural enterprises is one of the important prerequisites for stability and sustainable socio-economic development of the country. Consequently, the effective functioning of the livestock industry is possible only under the conditions of systemic and purposeful innovation aimed at finding a variety of new opportunities provided by the business environment. The innovation process in domestic animal husbandry is clearly aimed at the end result - a certain socio-economic, technical or environmental effects. The efficiency of animal husbandry is determined after the introduction of innovation, calculated by the method of evaluation of investment projects. On the example of Lviv region we analyzed the conditions of innovative activity in animal husbandry, assessed the modern innovative potential of the industry, established the features of its innovation and investment activities. SWOT-analysis is an important component of assessing the position of livestock enterprises in the region. It should be recognized that the innovative activity of livestock enterprises is mainly associated with the final stage of the innovation process – the development of innovations. In 2020, farms of all categories of Lviv region compared to 2019 decreased meat production (sales for slaughter of farm animals in live weight) by 1.6 %, milk – by 4.7 %, eggs – by 0.3 %. cattle on farms of all categories on January 1, 2021 amounted to 144.4 thousand heads (including cows – 86.2 thousand heads), pigs – 346.1 thousand heads, poultry – 10.5 million. heads. Compared to January 1, 2020, the number of poultry increased by 5.7 %, pigs – by 4.1 %, the number of cattle decreased by 8.2 % (including cows – by 8.6 %). Innovative activity of the livestock industry is formed under the influence of the domestic innovation system and has its own specifics, which is caused by the peculiarities of agriculture. Most innovative projects are aimed at introducing innovations that contribute to the intensification of animal husbandry and increase the competitiveness of products. Thus, on the basis of innovative development of animal husbandry it is possible to achieve a significant increase in the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises, which will allow Ukrainian producers to achieve significant results in world markets for agricultural products.

The article is devoted to the key practical aspects of innovative development managing at preschool educational institution. Special attention was paid to the reforming and modernizing the education system directions in relation to the innovative activities of educational institutions at various levels. The indicators used to assess the readiness the preschool institution for innovative activities have been analysed and summarized. The article analyses in detail the innovative activities development levels of educational institutions from a practical point of view, which include innovations related to the improvement existing elements of the educational process in educational institutions; innovation related to rationalization, innovation related to modernization, innovation as a pedagogical invention, innovation as a pedagogical discovery. An important aspect of the research was the identification the pedagogical innovations types depending on their radicality in the preschool education system. The innovative development activity management at preschool education institution assumes a permanent and allencompassing nature. Therefore, the article highlights the main interdependent directions in which innovative development takes place. In particular, such key aspects of innovative activity as technicaltechnological and organizational-management are analysed in detail and substantiated. In order to create technological innovations, the pedagogical teams of the preschool education institution must constantly lead the development of education unique models and children intellectual development. As a result, new (innovative) pedagogical technologies are formed. Among the main organizational and managerial innovations in the preschool education institution activities, the following can be distinguished: program-target pedagogical management and marketing, development of new algorithms for conducting control activities in the educational institution and the organization of the internal education quality monitoring system. Therefore, the innovative activity of educational institutions today can cover a wide range of areas in pedagogical and managerial activity.

Research background: Innovative development of industries and regions in Russia during the period 2005?2011 has not brought significant positive results. Innovative activity of regions and industries remained at a low level. After a relatively stable 2012?2013, the Russian economy faced the geopolitical crisis and economic sanctions in 2014?2015.
 Purpose of the article: The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the innovative development patterns of industrial sectors in selected Russian regions in the years 2012?2015, which include the period of negative external environment (2014?2015) for the national economy.
 Methods: The study enhances the analysis of statistical data and applies quantitative analysis methods (variance analysis). The research focuses on 14 regions of Russia, members of the Association of Innovative Regions of Russia (AIRR) and 2 specific industries: section D ?Manufacturing? and subsection DL ?Manufacture of electrical and optical equipment? which usually manifest high level of innovative economic activity.
 Findings & Value added: The research results show that the crisis period of 2014?2015 has not stimulated the increased innovative activities for both industries. The innovative sector (section D) grew faster than the non-innovative one in 2013, but this advantage became insignificant in 2014?2015. Some signs of revival for innovative enterprises in subsection DL were observed during the crises beginning in 2014, but this trend was not retained in 2015. The analysis of structural indicators (proportions) of the innovative sector shows that only a few AIRR regions have values comparable to the leading European countries. Most of the AIRR regions lag behind the leading foreign countries specifically on the ?Share of enterprises engaged in technological innovation? and ?Share of new or significantly improved products? Indicators. The study did not reveal the statistically significant positive dynamics of these indicators in the AIRR regions over the period 2013?2015.

The issue of improvement of investment and innovation ensuring modernization of industry of Ukraine in the conditions of transition to the technologies of the fourth industrial revolution is investigated. It is determined that the purpose of a renewed scientific and technical, innovation policy is to create the necessary favourable conditions for innovative technological development, implementation of fundamental and applied scientific researches of creation and further Industrial implementation of innovations in the provision of priorities and special attention to industry innovation and Technology 4.0. and modern technologies of the fourth industrial Revolution, with the aim of high-tech development of domestic industry of competitiveness growth. The need to form an investment-innovation complex of industry modernization processes with the introduction of the innovative Industrial Technologies 4.0, which requires improvement of the investment policy Creation of a special trust fund for Innovative Development, investment in innovation activity; Development of venture capital funds and implementation of venture financing mechanisms; Expansion of information organizational support of investment attraction processes; Development of public-private partnership of investing in innovative projects; Development of institutions and mechanisms of public investment, formation of favourable investment climate. The improvement of investment and innovation Investment policy is aimed at creating effective mechanisms of investment stimulation and active attraction of both internal and external investors to finance Processes of innovation activity and processes of creation and industrial introduction of innovations of new technologies in modernization of domestic industry. It is discovered and generalized that the development and realization of the updated scientific technical and innovation policy requires determination and targeted providing of the country priority areas of research and innovative technologies; Creation of a Bank of innovative projects; Support of fundamental applied research in the field of new technologies. It is discovered and generalized that the development and realization of the updated scientific technical and innovation policy requires determination and targeted providing of the country priority areas of research and innovative technologies; Creation of a Bank of innovative projects; Support of fundamental applied research in the field of new technologies.

The aim of the article is to study the dynamics of innovations development, to identify the main problems of innovative activities development and to advance proposals for the incentive instruments formation. The main method of research is the systemic and structural approach, which makes it possible to organize the search for solving problems most effectively. Methods of comparative, functional analysis and classification are also used. The theoretical basis of the article is the conceptual provisions and scientific principles developed by domestic and foreign scientists on the innovative development of industrial enterprises, tools for their implementation. However, the problems associated with the development and implementation of an effective mechanism for applying the innovative development of industrial enterprises in the context of the need to intensify the inclusiveness of innovative processes remain unfinished. The importance and significance of these questions determined the choice of the topic of the article, setting of the purpose and objectives of the study. The article analyzes the status and dynamics of innovative activities of domestic enterprises. The main trends and problems of the enterprises’ innovative development in modern conditions of limited financing and reducing the foreign investment resources are revealed. The level of using various types of innovations by industrial enterprises is investigated and the peculiarities of cost sharing for innovative activities are determined. The condition analysis of innovative activities of Ukraine’s industrial enterprises is carried out, namely the ratio of innovative products sold, the ratio of enterprises engaged in innovative activities, the number of new technological processes introduction and the production development of new types of products by industrial enterprises, funding sources of innovative activities. The structural analysis of various instruments efficiency of innovations financing in the domestic market is carried out. Ukraine’s innovation infrastructure should be provided with adequate resources in the context of a modern international methodology to support innovative business, which will help to minimize and close this gap. The available resources and potential should be focused on supporting research, which is one of the foundations of innovation potential, and creating an effective infrastructure that will help to transform research results into a product suitable for commercialization. Programs should be introduced to support academic payouts, start-ups, or other means of commercial use of innovative investments. The exposure-response relationships of innovative development stagnation are revealed and the ways of optimization and elimination of imbalance are provided. The recommendations for improving the innovative activities of industrial enterprises are developed.

The efficiency of enterprises in a market economy is based on their ability to quickly respond to rapidly changing economic realities. At the same time, one of the fundamental factors affecting the effectiveness, speed and efficiency of such a response is the presence and use of innovative technologies by an economic entity in its activities. Due to the focus of the modern economy on the development of innovation, state support for innovative enterprises is of key importance, since it is financial assistance from the state that is the foundation for the successful development of an innovative enterprise. The search for ways of state regulation and response, mechanisms, tools of state support is the main task when considering the problem of development of innovative enterprises. At the same time, an increase in innovative activity requires the participation of all public authorities, since in addition to monetary resources, tax policy, including various state benefits, credit policy, etc., should also be directed to solving this problem. In other words, the development of innovative activity and innovative enterprises requires the coordination of all state bodies involved in the regulation of the innovation sphere, which predetermines the relevance of the topic of the present study.

Introduction. Innovative activity is a necessary condition for improving the state of the enterprise and its position in the market. It is based on certain ideas: simple, the implementation of which does not require significant investment and global, based on fundamental research works and which require significant investment costs. However, very often the expected effectiveness of innovative projects is not achieved. The risks associated with non-return of spent resources increase with the increasing the level of radicalism of scientific developments, that form the basis of projects. In many cases, new competitors appear during the bringing the product to market, or by the time it appears, potential consumers are unprepared. In addition, there is a low level of innovation activity, due to the low level of innovation potential and insufficiency of resources to increase it. At the same time, first of all, innovative problems are put forward, while the importance of marketing in the innovative activity of the enterprise recedes into the background. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the importance of marketing as a component of innovative activities of the enterprise. Results. In the paper it is shown the importance and place of the marketing component in the innovative activity of the enterprise. The scheme of the functional structure of the business has been improved. The peculiarities of the structure of basic business functionalities are indicated. The importance of basic functionalities for innovative activity of the enterprise, in particular marketing and innovatics, is highlighted. To ensure innovative development, the key features of the model of innovative priorities of the enterprise are considered and importance of following the requirements of the concept of customer marketing is shown. The requirements for the qualitative formation of information functionality and functionality of intelligence are indicated. Conclusion. The marketing component in innovative activity of the enterprise occupies a particularly important place, because determines the fate of many inventions and discoveries. It indicates the need to consider the problem of innovative development of domestic enterprises through the spectrum of unified innovative and marketing activities with highlighting the concept of customer marketing as a priority to accelerate the pace of scientific and technical progress.

Subject. The article addresses innovation, financial and economic activities of enterprises of the metallurgical industry of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The purpose is to identify the specific features of innovative activities of metallurgical enterprises in Russia and the impact on financial results to substantiate the advantages of innovation, determine trends and future developments. Methods. We employ general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition, such as systems and comparative analysis, functional and structural analysis. Results. The analysis of innovative activities of Russian metallurgical enterprises revealed the specific features of innovations, identified pain problems of their implementation. The study investigated the influence of innovation activity on financial results of companies, defined the existing shortcomings of innovative development of the metals industry of the Russian Federation. Conclusions. The analysis unveiled a gap with global companies. To minimize the gap, it is advisable to set and implement new goals of the metallurgical industry aimed at the R&D development, the introduction and commercialization of innovations. The main factor in the sustainable development of metal industry in Russia should be an increase in innovation activity, effective interaction of industry enterprises with research and development organizations.

The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of modeling an enterprise’s accounting policy in the context of developing its production potential and innovative activity. It is established that, in business practice, accounting policy is often perceived primarily as a formal regulation of accounting procedures, while its potential as a strategic management tool remains underutilized. The paper analyzes scientific approaches to the formation of enterprise accounting policy and identifies its role within the system of information support for managing production potential. The results of studies by Ukrainian scholars regarding the use of accounting policy as an instrument for resource management, strengthening the economic security of enterprises, and ensuring the effectiveness of financial results are summarized. During the research, normative and positive approaches to the formation of enterprise accounting policy were analyzed. It was determined that the normative approach focuses on ensuring the reliability and comparability of financial reporting in accordance with established accounting standards, while the positive approach focuses on studying the real determinants that influence management decisions regarding the selection of accounting methods. The relationship between accounting policy, financial reporting, investment processes, and an enterprise’s innovative activity is substantiated. A conceptual approach to modeling the impact of accounting policy on the development of production potential and innovative activity is proposed. It is determined that an enterprise’s production potential is formed by a combination of resources and production capabilities, including fixed assets, technological resources, labor potential, and organizational competencies. The article proposes a step-by-step approach to modeling enterprise accounting policy. This approach includes identifying the components of production potential, determining accounting instruments to reflect them, aligning accounting policy with the enterprise’s investment and innovation strategy, developing a system of analytical indicators to assess resource efficiency, and integrating financial and management accounting. It has been proven that aligning accounting methods with key production efficiency indicators increases the analytical value of financial information and supports more substantiated strategic decision-making. Keywords: accounting policy; production potential of an enterprise; innovative development; financial reporting; management accounting; financial accounting; investment activity; accounting and analytical support; accounting policy modeling.

The purpose of the article is to develop a new methodological approach to the analysis of innovative activity of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex in order to ensure their sustainable economic development, taking into account the factors of economic growth. Research methods. The scientific provisions on planning innovation activities and analysis of innovative processes (the essence and content of innovation activity of enterprises are justified), modeling and organization of innovation activity, forecasting its results in economic systems (modern trends in the development of methods for analyzing and assessing innovation activity of enterprises in the system activity), as well as general scientific methods of cognition: systemic (formulated the problems of assessing the innovative activity of enterprises from the standpoint of ensuring their sustainable development and determining potential ways to solve them), complex (analysis of the parameters of the innovative activity of domestic enterprises), abstract-logical (the influence of environmental factors on the innovative activity of the enterprise is analyzed), functional and structural-level research methods (the relationship of internal factors of the enterprise's innovative activity is considered), methods of analysis and synthesis (the relationship of the internal factors of the enterprise's innovative activity is analyzed), evolutionary and historical approaches (the relationship of the factors of the enterprise's innovative activity with the parameters of its sustainable development is considered). Research results. The methodological foundations of the innovative activity of agro-industrial complex enterprises have been theoretically substantiated as the degree of intensity of their actions on the creation and development (practical implementation) of innovations in the context of rapidly changing external conditions and tough market competition. Despite the high cost of mistakes in the innovative development of agricultural enterprises, the analysis of the innovative activity of an enterprise is an important tool for ensuring their sustainable economic development. Scientific novelty. The elements of scientific novelty lie in the theoretical substantiation and experimental confirmation of a new methodological approach to the analysis of the innovative activity of agricultural enterprises in order to ensure their sustainable economic development. This makes it possible to determine the tools for intensifying the activities of enterprises through building up and productive use of intellectual potential. The concept of “innovative activity of enterprises” is clarified and it is shown that this is one of the main characteristics of their innovative activity. The composition of the parameters of innovative activity of enterprises has been improved and a set of factors stimulating and restraining the innovative activity of agricultural enterprises has been determined. On the basis of the conducted analytical studies, the interrelation and power of the mutual influence of factors of innovative activity of enterprises, as well as the relationship of these factors with the parameters of sustainable economic development, were revealed. Practical significance of the article lies in the possibility of using its provisions and conclusions when analysing the relationship of internal factors of innovative activity of an enterprise, as well as when analysing the relationship between factors of innovative activity of agricultural enterprises with an assessment of the sustainability of their market development. The proposed set of methodological recommendations makes it possible to assess the innovative activity of an enterprise in the interests of its sustainable economic development. Tabl.: 2. Refs.: 22.

In the article, the components of the organizational and economic mechanism for intensification of industrial enterprises’ innovative development are suggested. The model of creation of the economic mechanism for industrial enterprises’ innovation activity (IA) is improved. It is established that the difference between the economic mechanism (EM) and the organizational mechanism (OM) lies in the fact that the former aims to achieve goals by regulation of financial, production, technological, innovation and marketing activities, management of enterprise’s development, but it does not involve planning, organization, causes, IA strategy development, ownership form determination, implementation of measures to improve enterprise’s resource availability, methods and techniques of IA decisions-making and implementation.

The subject of the research is theoretical, methodological and applied bases of formation and realization of innovative policy of cross-border regions. The following methods were used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction (to reveal the essence and characteristic types of innovation policy of cross-border regions), generalization, comparison, grouping (to study the condition and innovation potential of the EU countries and Ukraine), strategic analysis (to develop the basic principles of innovation policy of cross-border regions), and others. The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence, the order of development and instruments of implementation of innovation policy of cross-border region development, as well as systematization of types and justification of approaches to the definition of innovation potential of the cross-border region. Results. The essence, the basic stages of development of innovative policy of the cross-border region were revealed. It was proved that such policy is formed taking into account the innovation component and overcoming the barrier function of the border and the interaction of border territories of 2 or more countries in the implementation of innovations. To create a high degree of interaction in innovation, it is necessary to ensure the development, implementation and realization of innovation on the basis of joint institutional, scientific, educational, financial and resource potentials. The main stages of development of an innovation policy of the cross-border region, in particular: 1) analysis of innovation potential, 2) substantiation of the process of creating a regional innovation system and its management, 3) development of a joint vision, 4) identification of priorities, 5) development of a plan of action with a narrow set of policies, 6) monitoring and evaluation. It characterizes the types of inclusive innovation policy of the cross-border region on the basis of territorial, production and social inclusiveness. It is proved that the innovation policy of a cross-border region provides its innovation functionality, cross-border critical mass and cross-border cooperation. It is reasonable to measure cross-border interactions using quantitative indicators, such as co-financing of innovation, venture capital volumes for innovative start-ups, co-patents, volumes of innovation cooperation, joint publications, mobility of highly qualified personnel to the total number of interactions. The modern financial toolkit for the implementation of cross-border cooperation on an innovative basis is characterized and the practical importance and area of use of the latest financing tools, such as: "Pathfinder", "Accelerator", "Transition", crowdfunding, crowdlending, venture capital, etc. The parameters of identification of the cross-border territory as an innovative region were defined, namely: 1) a developed system of research organizations and educational institutions, 2) a common program for the production of innovative products and technologies, 3) the formation of cross-border business innovation, 4) the use of modern funding tools, 5) achieving cross-border interaction and mutual benefit, 6) the creation of cross-border technology parks and technology incubators, innovative cross-border start-ups, cross-border clusters and growth poles. It is analytically confirmed that in order to create a multifunctional innovative cross-border region it is necessary to enhance the intensity of innovative activity.

The article is devoted to an innovative approach to the organization of high-quality education in the training of future primary school teachers from the point of view of modern education and methodology. As an urgent research problem of the modern education system in the formation and development of innovative opportunities for future teachers in their professional activities, their own judgments and conclusions are presented. The article conducts research and presents the results related to determining the meaningful level of preparation of future primary school teachers for innovative professional activities. The authors analyzed the works of foreign and domestic scientists, guided by regulatory documents. As a result of the analysis, the directions of training future specialists were discussed, which will serve as an impetus for the trajectory of professional development based on the innovative activities of students. The authors of the article also developed an author’s survey “What do you know about innovative professional activity” in order to determine the meaningful level of research work. The survey was organized on the basis of empirical methods. 123 students of the educational program 6B130100 - “pedagogy and methods of primary education” took part in the author’s survey, an analysis of the results of the content level and ideas about the need for innovation in future professions was carried out. Analyzing the results of the author’s survey, it was found that students have difficulty understanding the meaning of the concepts of “professional activity”, “innovative activity”, have a desire to use innovative technologies in the educational process, but have low knowledge of new technologies, as well as conclusions that innovative activity is necessary and should be developed for the professional growth of a teacher.. During the analysis of the research results, innovative training of future primary school teachers is being formed. Keywords: future teacher of primary school; innovative activity; professional specialty; experiment; author questionnaire.

Varyha D.O. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION CHALLENGES Purpose. The aim of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the state, dynamics, and structural features of the innovative activity of enterprises in Ukraine from the perspective of combining macroeconomic, institutional, and microeconomic factors, as well as to assess the compliance of the national innovation trajectory with international indicators of innovative development and competitiveness in the context of military and globalization challenges. Methodology of research. The methodological basis of the study is a set of general scientific and special methods: analysis and synthesis – to generalize theoretical approaches to innovative development; comparative and rating analysis – to assess Ukraine's position according to the Global Innovation Index, the Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index, and the Composite Innovation Index; statistical analysis – to study the dynamics of enterprises' innovation activity, innovation costs, and R&D performance; a systematic approach – to identify the interrelationships between innovation resources, results, and the institutional environment. Findings. It has been established that the innovative activity of Ukrainian enterprises is characterized by wave-like and fragmentary dynamics, high sensitivity to macroeconomic instability and external shocks. A structural gap has been identified between the growth of formal innovation activity and the economic effectiveness of innovations, which manifests itself in the insufficient commercialization of innovative products. It has been proven that, given limited innovation resources, Ukraine demonstrates relative stability in innovation “outputs,” but is held back by the weakness of the institutional environment, infrastructure, and mechanisms for inter-firm cooperation. The positive developments of 2024 are interpreted as an adaptive effect rather than an established sustainable innovation trajectory. Originality. The analytical approach to assessing the innovation activity of enterprises has been improved by combining dynamic analysis of national statistical indicators with international indices of innovation development and competitiveness. Practical value. The results obtained can be used in the formation and adjustment of state innovation policy, the development of programs to support the innovative activity of enterprises, the development of innovative infrastructure and intersectoral cooperation in the conditions of post-war economic recovery in Ukraine. Key words: innovative entrepreneurship, globalization, development trends, state support, digitalization, enterprises, innovation ecosystems, competitiveness, innovative approaches, efficiency, structural transformation of the economy.