Газет тақырыбындағы прецеденттік бірліктер қолданысы

Mass media can be defined as venues for messages that are created for consumption by large numbers of people. The media have remarkable impact on politics. This research study is intended to find out and analyze editorial treatment of national and international political issues by National English Dailies (Daily Dawn, Daily News & Daily Nation) from January 1, 2014 to March 31, 2014. Content analysis was used to explore editorial treatment. Editorials of the selected papers were taken as the Unit of Analysis. The Researchers selected all the papers published during the study’s stipulated period for analysis. The reason behind the selection of all the newspapers is that during the selected period so many important incidents occurred. Overall, 90 newspapers were analyzed. Coding sheet was used to gather data. Findings show that daily “The Nation” published more National political issues than others in select time period. It is also observed that daily “DAWN” published more international political issues than national. It is further observed that English dailies gave less space in favor of internal political issues. Results also show that the English dailies “DAWN”, “The New” and “The Nation” in term of treatment of national /international politics in the editorial gave more space to the Neutral sentences than favorable and unfavorable sentences.

The article deals with precedent names (PN) from the source domain “Literature”, functioning in the UK media. The material for the study was 104 examples of precedent names used in the British print media (The Guardian, The Times, The Daily Mail, The Daily Telegraph, The Independent) over the past ten years (2010–2019). Research methods were cognitive-discourse analysis, linguocultural description.It is concluded that the source domain “Literary characters” is the most demanded source of precedent names in the British media (26 % of the total body of examples, which is 400 precedent names). It is shown that British journalists give preference to onyms related to British literature, which is natural, because PN data are well known to both journalists and British media addressees. It was revealed that British journalists regularly refer to the names of characters from the classics of English literature in their texts. At the same time, it is shown that the leading place in terms of frequency of actualization and productivity is occupied by PN, which have become popular in recent decades, which primarily refers to the characters of J. Rowling's Harry Potter novels. Thus, the analysis showed that the functioning of PN depends not only on cognitive and cultural, but also on discursive factors.

The use of slang, abusive, and offensive language has become common practice on social media. Even though social media companies have censorship polices for slang, abusive, vulgar, and offensive language, due to limited resources and research in the automatic detection of abusive language mechanisms other than English, this condemnable act is still practiced. This study proposes USAD (Urdu Slang and Abusive words Detection), a lexicon-based intelligent framework to detect abusive and slang words in Perso-Arabic-scripted Urdu Tweets. Furthermore, due to the nonavailability of the standard dataset, we also design and annotate a dataset of abusive, offensive, and slang word Perso-Arabic-scripted Urdu as our second significant contribution for future research. The results show that our proposed USAD model can identify 72.6% correctly as abusive or nonabusive Tweet. Additionally, we have also identified some key factors that can help the researchers improve their abusive language detection models.

The article describes distinctive features of a film review as a speech genre which is now one of the most popular genres of the mass media net discourse. The article proves its intertextual character and analyses its lexical and semantic features. Film reviews taken from the following sources: sites of cinema goers: www.imdb.com, www.empireonline.com, www.pluggedin.com ; official sites of film critics (e.g. R. Ebert) https://www.rogerebert.com; official sites of the newspapers: The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/reviews/movies, The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/film+tone/reviews and other sites: https://www.imdb.com/search/keyword/?keywords=movie-review, https://www.pluggedin.com/movie-reviews/. The material for analysis comprises about 100 film reviews released in 2020. The reviews are in open access in the Internet. The volume of the analysed material is about 200 pages. The method used to achieve the main objective is interpretation analysis of film reviews. As a result of the theoretical material analysis main directions in the genre research were specified; key distinctive features of a film review were studied. The actuality of the research is determined by the rising interest to net mass media discourse genres. The main objective is to elicit and describe lexical and semantic features of film reviews as a speech genre. The conducted research made it possible to prove the interdiscoursive and poly-discoursive nature of the genre in question and to systematize its lexical and semantic features. The analysis disclosed that intertextuality of a film review is actualized in the interaction of three types of discourse: that of the critic, that of the film and that of other people. Poly-discoursive nature of a film review is expressed through the combination of publicistic, literary and scientific styles features. Another important characteristic is evaluativity represented in emotionally coloured vocabulary. Among other lexical and semantic features are the following: usage of non-specific terms, cliches, rhetorical questions with precedent names, intertextual inserting, various stylistic devices, among which epithets and metaphors are most often used. It’s been observed that a film review is filled with bookish vocabulary as well as stylistically low words and expressions.

Diversity and Learner-Centered Education

The Internet provides a space for network users to communicate freely. The desire of network users to express their thoughts, imagination and self-knowledge is reflected in the slang on the Internet and social networks. The language of the Internet appeared as a product of the network, formed its own characteristics in the process of use and acquired its own pragmatic function. These qualities have made it an important tool of modern communication and a cultural carrier.The pragmatic approach to the recipient of information is an important function of any language communication. Although the root of Chinese Internet slang comes from Chinese, it gives a completely different meaning and character as a network language than literal, which requires a pragmatic study to understand. From the point of view of the speaker and the listener, people's speech actions are considered as social behavior governed by various social conditions. It is aimed at explaining that the use of special words in a particular environment can determine the meaning of the text, affect all aspects, and thus determine the pragmatic rules. Before using a slang word, any network user should pay attention to its meaning, as it can also have a negative connotation.

Editors’ Introduction

В данной статье в ситуации литовскорусского контактирования рассматриваются проблемы интерференции, связанные с интернациональными словами, в русской речи студентовбилингвов и определяются некоторые особенности работы над речевыми ошибками. Региональные особенности обусловливают проблемноориентированный подход в преподавании русского языка: обращается особое внимание на сравнительносопоставительный анализ контактирующих языков. Abstract Internationalization has become one of the most socially significant language processes during the last decades. In intercultural communication, the interference caused by the adaptation of borrowings in contacting languages identies the specics of the process of internationalization. Such interference in general does not prevent communication, but causes problems of speech culture. The present article studies the interference related to the use of international words in the situation of the LithuanianRussian contacting in order to prevent possible speech errors. The study material is the Russian written and oral speech of bilingual students in dierent communication situations. The research highlights typical cases of interference related to international words. Firstly, the use of international words can lead to speech errors. Internationalisms, as one of the types of borrowings, may differ during the adaptation in contacting languages, which leads to interference and speech errors in interlanguage communication. Speech errors are mainly associated with pronunciation and stress, word formation, and to a lesser extent with grammar. In written speech in spelling the interference of international words is most pronounced. Secondly, international words become a new source of borrowing due to the contacting language. In the foreign language environment, the correction of violations of the speech norm of bilinguals deserves close attention. The use of internationalisms determines the methods of teaching the Russian language in a particular interlingual situation. In order to prevent speech errors, it is important to apply a comparative aspect and to identify patterns that underlie speech errors. The considered manifestations of interference associated with international vocabulary and typical for the Russian language in a foreign language environment have their own regional characteristics in the situation of LithuanianRussian contacting.

Introduction As is well known, the first Jan Andolan (People's Movement) of 1990 put an end to the autocratic reign of the Shah monarchy in Nepal. The subsequently promulgated Constitution of Nepal, 1990, reflected this political transition and, in turn, legally guaranteed many changes in the nature of the Nepali state. These changes made possible the realization of a different kind of public sphere in Nepal in which critical commentary on erstwhile off-limit subjects became a routine affair. We use the term ‘public sphere’ in a very general sense to refer to the public domain in a descriptive and empirical manner. Hence, for the current purpose, the term ‘public sphere’ encompasses all of the arenas and media in which public discourses take place. The transformed public sphere of Nepal during the early and late 1990s manifested itself in both print and audio-visual media but we are only concerned with the print media here. The transformed print public sphere was constituted by, among other things, mainstream media produced by newly formed private companies with commercial interests (Onta, 2002; Mainali, 2006), ‘alternate’ media produced by not-for-profit non-governmental organizations claiming to work for the public good (Basnet, 2003), critical commentary and journalism from an explicit ‘left’ political persuasion (Shrestha, 2007), and social movement-assisting media that emerged from and was part of the women's (Dhakal, 2013), Dalit (Ramtel, 2013; Biswokarma, 2013, Chapter 2) and Adivasi Janajati movements. In this chapter, we look at the contents of magazines published by Janajatis during the 1990s to show how they managed to transform the hitherto dominant public sphere of the Panchayat era (1960–90). We do so by paying attention to various texts published in these magazines that provided critical commentaries on or analyses of cultural, historical, linguistic and religious aspects of Nepali identities from various Janajati perspectives. In other words, issues that had been hardly available for critical public scrutiny from these perspectives during the Panchayat years were reported, discussed and analysed in the pages of newly started Janajati magazines after the political transformation of 1990.

One of the main linguistics features is the study of language not only as a means of communication, but also as a system, the study of specific activities in various communicative fields, considering this as the core of perception. Through the national language, we get acquainted with the history, culture, lifestyle and environment of these people. Today linguists consider language in cohesion with society. The situation occurring in society is not only reflected in the language, but also has its influence on it. This means that the language requires security. The direction that fully deals with this problem is ecolinguistics, that is the language purity. In Kazakh linguistics it originates from the works of A. Baitursynov. Nowadays the current issue of Kazakh linguistics is the purity of the language. Purity of language does not imply the use of words from another language, preventing borrowings. In linguistic science, the focus is on language culture. It is connected with the level of cultural, spiritual wealth and literary language of each nation. For its development, without losing the culture of the language, it is necessary to take into account the purity, visibility, and accuracy of the language. In other words, we need to clear jargon, slang, dialect, and simple words that do not belong to the literary norm in our speech. However, under the influence of the active use of these words in everyday life, it has become an urgent problem in the language. In general linguistics, this problem is considered by the field of ecolinguistics

The primary objective of this investigation is to scrutinize the utilization of the Indonesian language in outdoor media within Manado City, focusing on physical attributes, linguistic aspects, and the general application of the language in this specific context. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study centers its analysis on outdoor media installations situated in Manado, utilizing a sample size of 10 randomly selected images. The data collection process involves two main steps: firstly, gathering information on language usage in public spaces throughout Manado City, and subsequently, selecting ten data points that represent seven key aspects of Indonesian language prioritization. The findings of the study reveal two noteworthy outcomes: firstly, public space managers exhibit a preference for foreign languages over Indonesian in their language usage; and secondly, deviations from language rules are apparent, particularly in terms of spelling and word choice. The examination of Indonesian language use in outdoor media within Manado City indicates a presence of linguistic errors that defy established rules. Physically, there is a fusion of languages, comprising both Indonesian and foreign languages. While the language structure adheres to rules, imperfections persist in spelling and word selection. Despite these challenges, there is a positive trend in language typography, signaling an improvement in this specific aspect. In essence, the study underscores the existence of linguistic shortcomings in the public use of the Indonesian language in Manado City, encompassing discrepancies in language mixture, structural errors, and evolving typography practices

The aim of the research in the article was to clarify the features of modeling the images of the interviewer and the interviewee in print media. The study allowed expanding the theoretical basis in the study of interviews, filling in some gaps and outlining discussion points. The author's vision of the specifics of modeling the images of the interviewer and the interviewee in print media is proposed. A three-stage mechanism for modeling the images of the interviewer and the interviewee is presented. The specificity of the emergence and functioning of the communicative manipulative field between the participants of communication has been determined. A list of communicative manipulative techniques that can be activated when a manipulative field appears.Methods of description, analysis, synthesis and generalization were used. The following research procedure has become the methodology: 1) among the theoretical material, scientific works related to the topic we are going to have been selected; 2) scientific articles, monographs are analyzed, 3) controversial statements are highlighted in them and the author's point of view regarding the subject of research is presented; 4) the author's concept of modeling the image of the interviewer and the interviewee is proposed.The results and discussionmade it possible to formulate conclusions. Firstly, the images of the interviewer and the interviewee go through the followingstages of modeling: the formation of the aforementioned images during the communicative process, the transformation of the images of the interviewer and the interviewee while working on a journalistic text, modeling in the mind of the recipient the imagesof the interviewer and the interviewee, determined by the specifics of the perception and interpretation of the proposed information by the representative. media audience. Secondly, the images of the interviewer and the interviewee are multivariate. The factors of multivariate are the purpose of the interview, the communicative situation, the participants in communication, their worldview orientations, discourse, epistemic characteristics of the participants in communication, the transformation of images due to the work process and the specifics of perception, as well as the interpretation of information by the media audience.

During the COVID -19 pandemic, among other institutions, mass media has played an essential role in disseminating information about the evolution of the pandemic, but also in shaping peoples� opinion about the COVID - 19 vaccine. The purpose of our paper was to identify the way online media channels portrayed the positive and negative effects of the COVID � 19 vaccines in order to raise awareness regarding the importance of analyzing the subject from several perspectives. We considered such an analysis to be both necessary and relevant, because often, exposure to mass � media can determine people to develop certain beliefs and to act in specific ways. We were interested in identifying which types of vaccines were presented in a more positive manner, and in identifying similarities and differences between the approaches of Romanian and foreign online media channels. Content analysis was used as a method, while having as a research instrument a content analysis grid. The sample of the research includes 5 official websites of Romanian media channels and 5 official websites of foreign media channels. The analysis period was: August 2020 - October 2020. The results of our research revealed that online media presented the COVID -19 vaccines both from a positive and negative perspective, the vaccines discussed most being the Russian vaccines, AstraZeneca and the Chinese vaccines. The context in which the vaccines was described most were represented by: effectiveness of vaccines and side effects. Considering the theoretical and practical implications, from a theoretical point of view, the paper contributes to the literature on the effects and influence of mass � media. From a practical point of view, the paper can be used as a frame of reference for further studying the influence of the messages sent through online media about the COVID � 19 vaccines on the public.

Communication of military organizations outside the battlefield in the Indonesian National Military (TNI) organization is manifested through TNI social communication. Implemented through Military Operations Other Than War (OMSP). The Indonesian Army formed the Citarum Harum task force after the Citarum River problem became an international concern. This study aims: 1) Model to analyze the communication of the Indonesian Army in building public awareness to restore the sustainability of the Citarum River; 2) Revealing the communication of the Indonesian Army Armed Forces to the public so that the Citarum Harum program can be achieved; 3) Revealing the form of cooperation between the Indonesian Army and the mass media in the Citarum Harum program. Research is based on the philosophy of post-positivism. Type of qualitative research. The nature of descriptive research. Case study research method. The technique of studying data is through data triangulation. Checking the correctness of data or information obtained by researchers from various points of view. The results of the study: 1) Military communication skills for regional officials are needed; 2) To create an understanding with the community, it is necessary to focus on listening to the aspirations of the community by living in people’s homes and providing examples of working to protect the environment; 3) Collaborating with journalists to always actively publish in mass media and online media. Conclusion: 1) Organizational organization, internal communication organization is very important to support organizational activities. 2) TNI social communication functions to take a persuasion approach and increase public understanding of military organizations. 3) The communication strategy carried out by the Siliwangi Military Regional Command provides information and publication of the Citarum Harum Program every day to the mass media and facilitates to facilitate the coverage process.

(1985). A Palestinian Perspective on the Arab-Israeli Conflict*. Journal of Palestine Studies: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 35-48.