구문 제약으로 문형을 사용하는 CFG기반의 한국어 파싱

Previous findings from event-related brain potentials (ERPs) indicate that adults who stutter (AWS) exhibit processing differences for visually presented linguistic information. This study explores how neural activations for AWS may differ for a linguistic task that does not require preparation for overt articulation or engage the articulatory loop for silent speech. Syntactic and semantic processing constraints were examined in AWS and adults who are normally fluent (AWNF) by assessment of their behavioral performance and ERPs in a natural speech listening task. AWS performed similarly to AWNF in identifying verb-agreement violations and semantic anomalies, but ERPs elicited by syntactic and semantic constraints indicated atypical neural functions for AWS. ERPs of the AWNF displayed an expected N400 for reduced semantic expectations and a typical P600 for verb-agreement violations. In contrast, both N400s and P600s for the semantic and verb-agreement conditions were observed in the ERPs of the AWS. The findings suggest that AWS may engage semantic-syntactic mechanisms more generally for semantic and syntactic processing. These findings converge with earlier studies using visual stimuli to indicate that whereas linguistic abilities are normal in AWS, underlying brain activity mediating some aspects of language processing may function differently.

This study investigates the processing of the null and overt pronouns in intra-sentential coreference in complex sentences that consist of a subordinate clause followed by a main clause in Korean. It tests the Position of Antecedent Hypothesis (PAH), which holds that Ø and overt pronouns have a division of labor and perform different functions. This hypothesis assumes that in Italian intra-sentential anaphora, the null pronoun prefers the subject as antecedent, whereas the overt pronoun prefers the object as antecedent. As Korean is different from Italian in the word order of the main and the subordinate clauses and in the syntactic function of the subject, this study aims to test the PAH to see whether this principle can make a similar prediction for a typologically different language, Korean. Korean university students completed a questionnaire that was designed to test the PAH in sentences that were wholly ambiguous in Korean. The results revealed that Korean speakers preferentially associated Ø with an antecedent in the subject position and the overt pronoun with an antecedent in the object position. This confirms that the PAH makes a correct prediction for Korean as well.

This study examines the syntactic structures and restructuring phenomena of the “siru” sentences in Japanese and the corresponding “alda” sentences in Korean that appear in complex sentences. More specifically, the study shows that although the “siru” sentences in Japanese and the corresponding “alda” sentences in Korean are formed as complex sentences in the deep structure due to the semantic role of the predicates, such syntactic structures can be divided into control structures or raising structures depending on the syntactic roles they perform. In a nutshell, the “siru” sentences in Japanese that take the complementizer of “koto” and the “alda” sentences in Korean that take the complementizer of “il” are of an raising structure, whereas the “siru” sentences that take the complementizer of “no” and “alda” sentences that take the complementizer of “geot” are of a control structure. To present such syntactic structures, this study focuses on the semantic phenomenon related to how idiomatic expressions are interpreted in such syntactic structures. In addition, this study shows that restructuring is observed in these syntactic structures, by demonstrating, through the incidences of cleft sentences, the fact that both the “siru” sentence in Japanese and the “alda” sentence in Korean show in their surface structure such syntactic phenomena as are found in simple-sentence structures.

Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar

This scientific article examines the textual and stylistic possibilities in speech of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses. As well as their features when compiling a text. In both Russian and Kyrgyz, as well as in the Turkic languages, complex sentences with several subordinate clauses or complex sentences of a complex type cannot form special syntactic units that contradict a complex whole formed from two predicative units. But from this opinion it cannot be said that such constructions are not of interest for syntax. Rather, they require serious attention to themselves, but are stylistically viewed from the point of view of syntax. One of the main tasks of syntactic stylistics is to determine which type of complex constructions are most often used in various forms and styles of the language. Complex sentences with multiple subordinate clauses that are used in an artistic style are more expressive of nature. Therefore, in sentences where the beauty of nature is given, expressiveness and musicality are strong. Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses are especially common in journalistic and poetic works. Stylistic goals such as comparing facts and evidence, drawing appropriate conclusions, contrasting two things can be achieved with complex sentences with multiple subordinate clauses.

Hittite attests a set of complex sentences in which (mostly) relative clauses (other subordinate clauses are also attested) appear in linear syntax to be within another subordinate (usually conditional, rarely temporal) clause or main clause. The relative clause can be preceded by a very limited array of constituents from the matrix clause, e.g., mān ‘if’ or the quotative particle ⸗wa(r). There are also examples which attest the conditional subordinator and the irrealis particle in two positions simultaneously, at the left edge of the whole sentence and in the conditional clause (= main clause for the relative clause). I provide a fine-grained descriptive and structural analysis of the structure and show that the type cannot be explained as bare indefinites, embedded relative clauses or parenthetic clauses. It is shown that, structurally, the sentences containing subordinate (mostly relative) clauses within other clauses are heterogenous and of three types. The difference lies in the elements that precede the relative clause and in the structure of the sentences, whereby a standard Hittite relative clause adjoins at different heights. All three types display the same mismatch between prosodic domains and syntax/semantics—the constituent that is part of the main clause from the semantic and syntactic perspective is prosodically part of the relative clause. Since there is a clause boundary delimiting the end of the subordinate clause within the main clause, it makes sense to treat the surface structure as a distinct taxonomic unit, which is correspondingly labelled a mismatch sentence. The new evidence allows us to obtain a fuller understanding of the Hittite left periphery than was previously possible. It thus offers an important window into hitherto unrecognized aspects of the underlying structure of the complex sentence in Hittite.

Purpose of an index is to provide an intuitive navigational structure for the user into the subject matter. This paper specifies a novel, untrained method (2T) for automatically producing a two-level, semi-formal, concept-based index out of textual documents, which consists of topics rather than keywords. Using syntactic and semantic constraints and a domain ontology containing the relevant terms, we obtain high accuracy (high 80's to low 90's). Using concept categories (or semantic roles) to validate sensicality of an index term is a novel approach in semantic indexing. Resulting low-cost navigational structure can add value to businesses relying on accurate automatic document indexing (e.g. mobile news providers) or dealing with a critical learn-to-do requirement for their employees or clients (e.g. airplane maintenance). It can be implemented as a post-processing stage of full-text indexes or as readable and editable index to documentation - either printed or online.

We present a system for extraction of temporal expressions from French texts. The identification of the temporal expressions is based on a context-scanning strategy (CSS) which is carried out by two complementary techniques: search for regular expressions and left-to-right and right-to-left local chart-parsing. A number of semantic and distant-dependency constraints have been integrated to the chart-parsing procedure in order to improve the precision of the system.

This study aims to: (i) analyze the tree diagram structure of sentence patterns found in the data source, (ii) analyze the types of translation shifts of sentence patterns in the translation process from source language into target language. The novel entitled “Buddha” is a non-fiction book by Karen Armstrong. It tells about an examination of the life, times, and lasting influence of Siddharta Gautama with core tenets of Buddhism introduced throughout history. This research focuses on The Syntax Analysis and Its Translation Found on Sentence Patterns in the Novel entitled “Buddha”. This study aims at analyzing the tree diagram structure and the types of translation shifts found in the novel entitled “Buddha”. The analysis uses the theory of sentence patterns from Quirk and Greenbaum and the theory of translations shift proposed by Catford. The process of collecting data was started by reading the entire data source to understand the story in the novel entitled “Buddha” and observe the data of sentence patterns that can be taken from the story entitled “Buddha”. In the method of collecting data, the data source was read to find out complex sentences and simple sentence found in the story. The finding of the research is that there are seven sentence patterns that are translated by applying unit shift. The researcher uses the theories to support this research. Those are syntax, types of sentences, sentence pattern, tree diagram, and relevant previous studies. Syntax is stated as one of the branches that focus on the sentence structure. This research study uses theory of translation shift proposed by Catford

The purpose of the present study is twofold: (1) To examine whether the syntactic category constraint can determine the semantic resolution of Chinese syntactic category ambiguous words; and (2) to investigate whether the syntactic category of alternative meanings of Chinese homographs can influence the subordinate bias effect (SBE) during lexical ambiguity resolution. In the present study, four types of Chinese biased homographs (NN, VV, VN, and NV) were embedded into syntactically and semantically subordinate-biased sentences. Each homograph was assigned a frequency-matched unambiguous word as control, which could fit into the same sentence frame. Participants' eye movements were recorded as they read each sentence. In general, the results showed that in a subordinate-biased context, (1) the SBE for the four types of homograph was significant only in the second-pass reading on the post-target words and (2) numerically, the NV homographs revealed a larger effect size of SBE than VN homographs on both target and post-target words. Our findings support the constraint-satisfaction models, suggesting that the syntactic category constraint is not the only factor influencing the semantic resolution of syntactic category ambiguous words, which is opposed to the prediction of the syntax-first models.

Two visual-world eyetracking experiments were conducted to investigate whether, how, and when syntactic and semantic constraints are integrated and used to predict properties of subsequent input. Experiment 1 contrasted auditory German constructions such as, "The hare-nominative eats ... (the cabbage-acc)" versus "The hare-accusative eats ... (the fox-nom)," presented with a picture containing a hare, fox, cabbage, and distractor. We found that the probabilities of the eye movements to the cabbage and fox before the onset of NP2 were modulated by the case-marking of NP1, indicating that the case-marking (syntactic) information and verbs' semantic constraints are integrated rapidly enough to predict the most plausible NP2 in the scene. Using English versions of the some stimuli in active/passive voice (Experiment 2), we replicated the same effect, but at a slightly earlier position in the sentence. We discuss the discrepancies in the two Germanic languages in terms of the ease of integrating information across, or within, constituents.

This study aimed to describe tertiary students’ difficulties in combining English clauses to generate complex sentences. A descriptive quantitative method was applied by involving 30 tertiary English students at IAIN Curup as the samples. They were selected using a quota sampling technique. The present study revealed that many students (62.82%) had difficulties in combining between adjective clauses and independent clauses to generate English complex sentences. They also found it difficult to use subordinate connectors “who, whose, whom, and which” properly. Some students (42.64%) had difficulties in combining between adverbial clauses and independent clauses to generate English complex sentences. They found it difficult to use some subordinate connectors such as “after, if, before, nevertheless, nonetheless, and however” appropriately. Subsequently, many students (69.31%) had difficulties in combining between noun clauses and independent clauses to generate English complex sentences. They found it difficult to use subordinate connectors such as “what, where, why, whose, when, and how” properly. Further studies are expected to conduct experimentations and classroom-action research to help improve students’ English grammatical competence.Key words:Independent clause, dependent clause, complex sentence

Looking for an easy-to-use guide to English grammar? This handy introduction covers all the basics of the subject, using a simple and straightforward style. Students will find the book's step-by-step approach easy to follow and be encouraged by its non-technical language. Requiring no prior knowledge of English grammar, the information is presented in small steps, with objective techniques to help readers apply concepts. With clear explanations and well chosen examples, the book gives students the tools to understand the mysteries of English grammar as well as the perfect foundation from which to move on to more advanced topics.

This paper reviews the research on diagrammatic Chinese syntactic analysis and its Treebank construction which use Sentence Component Analysis (SCA) as the main ideas, puts forward a new formal schema of diagrammatic Chinese syntactic analysis based on sentence pattern structure, including diagrammatic style and its XML structure. Syntactic schemes are drawn on the sentence pattern system according to the sequence of “basic sentence pattern, extend sentence pattern, complex sentence pattern and special sentence pattern”, while lexical schemes are drawn on the Diagrammatic Unit which covers idioms/proper nouns, syntactic words and morphology.

Parsing is a tool for understanding natural grammar patterns. The problem of structural ambiguity in identifying sentence patterns often occurs in parsing. Syntactic parsing is one approach to solving structural ambiguity problems using the Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar (PCFG) and Viterbi-Cocke Younger Kasami (Viterbi-CYK) methods. Meanwhile, a large number of Indonesian language resources are needed as machine knowledge to parse. This research build a parsing of Indonesian sentence patterns with Indonesian Tagged corpus resource then solve the ambiguity problem of Indonesian sentence pattern parsing using PCFG and Viterbi-CYK algorithms. The corpus data is processed to obtain grammar rules using the PCFG algorithm. Then, the sentence on the corpus is processed by the PCFG rule that generated and uses the Viterbi-CYK algorithm to get the parse tree taken based on the highest probability value. The results of the research produced an average value of similarity production rules which the highest values is 92.95%. This shows that the Indonesian parsing successfully parses Indonesian sentence and can solve the problem of structural ambiguity in the parsing of Indonesian sentence patterns.