Градопреобразующая роль инновационной деятельности

Purpose. The aim of the article is to study the role of innovations in the development of the modern economy, the need to expand sources of their financing and, based on the study of the legislative basis of innovative entities in Ukraine, the formulation of the concept and substantive essence of innovation parks. Methodology of research. The following research methods were used to achieve the goal: analysis and synthesis, abstract and logical – to characterize the state of innovative activity of the entrepreneurial sector of Ukraine, substantiating the need to create a suitable investment and innovation environment for the commercialization of innovations; monographic and comparative – for studying the existing legislative and legal basis for the creation and functioning of scientific, technological, industrial, and innovation parks in Ukraine, identifying their features; graphic – for visualization of research results. Findings. The need to intensify the innovative activity of business entities as the only effective way of economic development in modern conditions is substantiated. The fact of low innovative activity of Ukrainian enterprises due to insufficient financing of innovations, lack of due attention to the existing problem on the part of state bodies and local self-government bodies, effective mechanisms of commercialization of scientific developments, etc. was established. With the beginning of hostilities, the revitalization of the innovative activity of enterprises in the defence sector of the economy as one of the most high-tech has been identified in Ukraine. The sources of financing innovations, their features and conditions of use are characterized. The need for the creation and development of innovation parks in Ukraine to establish effective communication between the participants of the innovation and investment process is substantiated. The latest approaches to the interpretation of the concepts of various innovative entities (parks) in Ukraine were considered, the legislative interpretation of each of them was analysed, and a number of debatable issues were revealed in it. The own concept of the innovation park, its content and role in the development of the economy was formulated. Originality. On the basis of the analysis of the legislative basis of the functioning of scientific, technological, industrial and innovation parks in Ukraine, the own concept of the innovation park is formulated, and the author's definition of its content is given. Practical value. The formulated concept of the innovation park, the definition of its essence can be of practical importance in terms of intensification of the innovative activities of enterprises, the production of high-tech innovative products, the development of innovative entrepreneurship and a positive impact on urbanism. Key words: innovation, innovative activity, economic development, investment, innovation park, science park, technology park, industrial park, innovation activity, innovative products, concept of innovation park, inter-subject cooperation, institutional platform.

Problem setting. The basis of carrying out venture investment into innovation activity is a creative search for opportunities to establish the objective truth of certain processes and, if possible, their implementation into industrial production. Therefore, one can determine by using legislative norms on intellectual property the persons who own the result of intellectual creative activity, embodied into a certain objective form (a patent, a certificate, etc.). However, it is often emphasized, except the objects of industrial property rights, that the objects of venture investment into innovation activity are innovative products or technologies. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The modern research situation of the selected issues indicates the imperfection of the current legislation and the lack of legal doctrine in the context of determining the objects of legal relations of venture investment into innovation activity. Doctrinal developments of domestic and foreign experts, such as Yu. Ye. Atamanov, K. M. Vrublevska-Misiuna, V. P. Kokhan, O. E. Simson, F. Pinkow, J. Iversen, although contain analysis and arguments in favor of a certain scientific approach in the context of understanding the outlined issue, but do not give an unambiguous answer. Significant scientific achievements in considering the development of startups by business incubators and venture financing of startups is the work of O.V. Rozghon. Target of research. The objective of the article is to clarify the issue of determining the object of venture investment into innovation activity. Article’s main body. The author of the research argues against the recognition of innovative products and technologies as the object of venture investment into innovation activity, because: 1) innovative product is only the result of production activities (secondary, derivative object), when there is already the object (the object of intellectual property law) having the security document; such a product can be discussed in the context of the characteristics of quality components of the products, taking into account the implementation of a new object of industrial property rights into the innovation process; 2) the concept of technology as an object contained in the legislation of Ukraine and legal doctrine is rather vague and does not clearly answer the question on understanding the object of researched legal relations, since it is mostly a generalizing concept that covers the entire range of relations taking place in the chain of the innovation process. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The purpose of the activity of the objects of venture investment into innovation activity is to create an object of intellectual, creative activity, i.e. the creation of venture entrepreneurship object, which includes inventions, utility models and other innovations, the creation of which are carried out with a certain risk. The interest of the subjects of innovation activity is the positive results of scientific and technical, engineering developments, the result of which is the creation of an object of intellectual creative activity embodied in a certain objective form (a patent, a certificate, etc.). Accordingly, the object of venture investment into innovation activity is property rights to the intellectual product embodied into the material carrier, which is created as a result of basic and applied scientific research, the results of which have practical applicability, mostly industrial one.

The article considers the problem of professional training of future computer science specialists in the field of information technology. The labor market requirements for future computer specialists are considered and it is substantiated that the training of future masters of computer science involves mastering fundamental theoretical knowledge and skills from the mandatory components of professional training in combination with the formation of professional skills to effectively apply professional competencies in practical activities. It is found that an important component of modern higher education for the training of future masters of computer science in the field of information technology is the development of the ability to work on real projects that model or directly reproduce the conditions of future professional activity. It is determined that the educational process of the second (master's) level of higher education should be aimed at training highly qualified future specialists capable of innovative activity, critical and systematic thinking, analytical evaluation of information and making effective decisions in difficult conditions of professional activity; capable of solving professional tasks and creating innovative products and services for the strategic sustainability of the information society and the state's innovation infrastructure. It is outlined that the professional training of future computer science specialists in the field of information technologies at the second (master's) level of higher education is focused on: the formation of professional competencies, deepening of theoretical and practical skills and abilities, strengthening of the integrated system of knowledge, skills and abilities for innovative activity and effective solution of complex professional tasks, development of a high level of professional competencies of education seekers, improvement of analytical thinking and communication culture, integration of theoretical base with practical activity in real projects, acquisition of the ability for continuous professional self-development and self-correction, formation of professional skills of scientific research and project work, improvement of mastery of modern software tools, methodologies and technologies of information systems management, strengthening of fundamental and practical training of individuals in the field of information technologies. The main problems and prospects of training future computer science specialists are substantiated and characterized. It has been established that a key aspect of modern training of future masters of computer science is the formation of the ability to continuous professional development and self-education, which ensures readiness for the rapid integration of new technologies into professional activities.

The article analyzes the practices of production and improving the efficiency of technical knowledge. The field of information technologies was chosen as the base of research. A distinctive feature of the modern stage of development of technology is that knowledge itself becomes a technical object. The requirements of efficiency, high performance, security are beginning to apply to knowledge itself. The authors concept of epistemic practices is used as a methodological basis for the present study. Epistemic practices are defined as methods and techniques for working with technical objects, the result of which is to increase the efficiency of technical knowledge implemented into these objects. The high level of competition and the direct dependence of the profits of IT companies on the efficiency of knowledge production makes the information technology industry a kind of testing ground for the production of epistemic practices. It has been proved that epistemic practices in the field of information technology are the forms of knowledge representation in information systems, the selection of data visualization methods, the improvement of multifactorial mathematical models and the determination of the hardware load configuration. It is concluded that the production of epistemic practices is a condition for the competitiveness of IT companies operating in the sphere of high technologies.

Розглянуто основні засади інноваційного розвитку національної економіки України. Здійснено оцінку діяльності вітчизняних підприємств, які впроваджують інноваційні продукти у свою діяльність. Запропоновано шляхи покращення інноваційного розвитку національної економіки України, враховуючи причини незадовільної ситуації у сфері виробництва і реалізації інноваційної продукції.

A comprehensive analysis of the Ukrainian legislation regarding the regulation of innovative activities and their implementation practice indicates the presence of multiple problems of a legislative, organizational, and executive nature in the sphere of regulation, support and development of innovative activities in Ukraine. The article analyzes legislative changes regarding the procedure for creating science parks as a part of higher education institutions in their establishment, highlights the positive and negative consequences of such changes for the development of innovative activities. The Law of Ukraine "On Science Parks" adopted in 2009 established that only a higher educational institution and/or a scientific institution can initiate the creation of a science park, while not separately regulating "initiation" as a stage in the creation of a science park. The author proves that the restraining factors in the creation of a science park in accordance with the specified Law as amended on June 25, 2009 were, firstly, the need to agree the decision on the creation of a science park with the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, the inconsistency of normative legal acts regarding the list of documents, necessary for the approval of the decision on the creation of a scientific park and the terms of approval. Secondly, the mandatory process of adding property rights to objects of intellectual property to the authorized capital of the science park, since in accordance with the Law as amended on June 25, 2009, a higher educational institution and/or a scientific institution participate in the formation of the authorized capital of a scientific park park only by adding intangible assets to it (property rights to intellectual property objects). On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the Law as amended on September 7, 2021 and other legal acts, it was concluded that the procedure for creating science parks was changed only for private institutions of higher education, leaving it unchanged for state and communal institutions, for which the volume only decreased documents that must be submitted for approval; the forms of participation of higher education institutions in the formation of statutory funds of science parks have expanded, which can be considered as a positive factor in stimulating higher education institutions to create science parks and develop innovative activities in general.

Purpose Europe’s outermost regions are often geographically isolated, and they face challenges when it comes to fostering innovation. This study aims to evaluate the impact of Science and Technology Parks (STPs) on the stimulation of innovation performance and the regional development of innovation in the outermost European regions. This study contributes to the development and interpretation of STP literature, which is especially relevant for policymakers operating within these regions. Design/methodology/approach We collected the data from six Regional Innovation Scoreboard reports (RIS, 2012; RIS, 2014; RIS, 2016; RIS, 2017; RIS, 2019; and RIS 2021), available at https://ec.europa.eu, for the following outermost regions of Europe: the Autonomous Regions of Azores and Madeira (Portugal), the Canary Islands (Spain) and the Outermost Regions of France, which encompass Martinique, Mayotte, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Saint-Martin and Reunion Island. Findings The results demonstrate that, for STPs to positively impact regional policies for innovation and regional development, policymakers must make significant investments into research and development (R&D). The outermost European regions display characteristics that negatively affect innovation performance and regional development. Furthermore, we found that innovative products and services are negatively affected by these regions, as they deploy only a limited number of resources. We also conclude that the impact of STPs on the outermost European regions depends on the policies of regional governments. STPs represent important inputs to formulating and implementing innovation strategies for regional development. Research limitations/implications This study has some limitations. This research only analyses the European Union's (EU’s) outermost regions, and we have only included data extracted from the Regional Innovation Scoreboard from 2007 to 2021. Disaggregated data for the five outermost regions in France was not available. This would have increased the sample and made the results even more robust, had the information been available. Practical implications The results propose that regional actors in the outermost regions (industry–government–academia) better articulate their resources (which are more scarce) and their priorities with regard to Science, Technology and Innovation, thus accelerating innovation and development of their regions. Originality/value In this panel data study, we adopt a methodology that enables the evaluation of STP performance under different levels of intensity of gross domestic expenditure on research and development activities in the context of the RIS. In this study, the RIS refers to the peripheral regions of the EU. This study therefore aims to evaluate the impact of STPs in stimulating innovation performance and regional development in the outermost regions of Europe.

The article updates the consideration of the innovation process as a separate subject of attention, part of the internal audit plan of IT companies that consider innovation as an important element of the development strategy. The purpose of the article is to review and systematize the organizational and methodological principles of internal audit of innovative activities of IT companies. Achieving this goal is conditioned by the need to expand control and supervisory tools in order to strengthen rationality, transparency, and responsibility in the innovative activities of these companies. As a result, the organizational and methodological principles of the internal audit of innovative activities of IT companies were systematized. As the main goal of the internal audit of the innovative activity of IT companies, the need for the formation of guidelines for making innovative decisions, as well as the outline of the ways of the innovative development of the IT company, has been determined. The scope of coverage of the internal audit of the innovative activity of the IT company has been determined. The need to expand control and supervisory tools with the aim of strengthening rationality, transparency, and responsibility in the innovative activities of IT companies has been identified. It is shown that the methodology of auditing the innovative activity of an IT company should include policies and procedures available for implementation in the conditions of specific companies, which ensure the protection of the assets of the business entity, the accuracy and reliability of its reporting, and prompt compliance with management standards. It is noted that the use of an audit sample in audit tasks gives auditors certain advantages defined in the article. The toolkit and procedures related to the formation of audit reports are characterized, which are expedient to implement in the process of internal audit of innovative activities of IT companies in view of the specifics of their activities. The results of this study are a prerequisite for the development of methodological tools for the audit of innovative activities in the IT sphere.

The article considers the experience, features and problematic aspects of the creation and results of the functioning of the subjects of the innovation infrastructure of Belarus: science and technology parks, industrial parks, technology transfer centers, etc. The article substantiates the urgency of creating scientific, technological and industrial parks in the regions, including on the basis of higher educational institutions. The article shows that to ensure the functioning of the market of scientific, technical and innovative products, an appropriate infrastructure is required. The development of infrastructure in the fields of science, technology and innovation is highlighted as one of the main directions of the state innovation policy of the Republic of Belarus. In general, the development of innovation infrastructure is considered as a factor that contributes to more efficient use of the natural and socio-economic potential of the country, the introduction of innovations and the creation of new jobs in the Republic of Belarus

Юрий Валерьевич Латов – доктор социологических наук, кандидат экономических наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник, Институт социологии ФНИСЦ РАН; профессор, Российский экономический университет им. Г.В. Плеханова. Адрес: 129345, Москва, ул. Магаданская, д. 5. E-mail: latov@mail.ru
 Наталия Валерьевна Латова – кандидат социологических наук, старший научный сотрудник, Институт социологии ФНИСЦ РАН. Адрес: 129345, Москва, ул. Магаданская, д. 5. E-mail: myshona@rambler.ru
 Цитирование: Латов Ю.В., Латова Н.В. (2018) Российская технологическая инноватика в отечественных СМИ (на примере технопарков) // Мир России. Т. 27. № 4. С. 141–162. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-4-141-162
 В статье рассматриваются особенности эволюции в 2010-е гг. дискурса российских СМИ о развитии технопарков. Изложены результаты контент-анализа потока публикаций в российских масс-медиа, основанные на использовании русскоязычной аналитической системы «Медиалогия». Анализ показывает, что в отечественных СМИ этот дискурс неразрывно связан с дискурсом о результативности политики этатизма. Роль главного национального символа политики стимулирования технологической инноватики в 2010-е гг. почти монополизировало подмосковное «Сколково». В то же время конструирование его имиджа оказалось частично обесценено как эффектом обманутых ожиданий быстрых успехов, так и конкретными коррупционными скандалами. Что касается других столичных и региональных инновационных центров (например, казанского Иннополиса), то масс-медиа освещают их в более конструктивно-деловом тоне, хотя и менее активно, чем «Сколково». Эффективность обсуждения в российских СМИ вопросов развития технопарков существенно снижается из-за недостаточной готовности многих производителей и потребителей информации к компетентным дискуссиям о путях развития сегментов современной НТР. В результате в общественном сознании россиян развитие технопарков воспринимается скорее как инициатива правительства, чем как национальный проект.

Entrepreneurship and university-based technology transfer

Abstract. For many regions of the Far East, the commercialization of scientific developments in agriculture is primarily associated with creating interest in innovative products of medium and small producers, such as Peasant Farms (PF) and Personal Subsidiary Farms (PSF), which constitute the main share of agricultural producers in the Far East. Methods of systematic and abstract analysis, synthesis, which served as a basis for application and identification of cause-and-effect relations in solving the problems of promotion of innovation development in agriculture in the region. The system of innovation promotion for medium and small producers on the example of the Buryat State Agricultural Academy is considered. The scientific novelty lies in the development of a model of involving small and medium agricultural producers in innovation activity by promoting innovation development of universities. In the article, there is a description of the project of the Buryat State Agricultural Academy on promotion and popularization of agro-innovations, which has been adopted for implementation. As a result of this project, structure responsible for commercialization of innovative products, design and prototyping of innovative agricultural products have been created in addition to the traditional research departments of the university. The proposed model is aimed at generating interest in innovations among the main producers of agricultural products in the region – private farms and household farms, which currently shun innovations due to the prevailing opinion about the high cost of production and promotion of innovative products. The article describes the mechanism for the formation of interaction channels for testing innovative agricultural products, informing manufacturers about the results of testing, reducing risks for business and the process of promoting innovative developments of the university through the involvement of small and medium-sized agricultural producers.

Currently, technological parks constitute the most organisational and conceptually developed type of innovation centres and entrepreneurship. This results in the fact that they can be encountered in all highly developed countries in the world. They are also formed in the catching-up countries. However, one should consider whether the stimulation of innovation in the countries, which are not based on knowledge through institutional solutions used in the developed countries will turn out to be effective. Because between these countries there is a technological gap. The aim of the article was therefore to determine, using the probit modelling, the direction and strength of technological parks on the innovation activity. The study covered two provinces: Silesian, which is one of the most developed regions in Poland and Pomeranian with the intermediate industrial system. The influence of technological parks on innovation was determined based on the survey conducted in 1453 industrial enterprises. The main conclusions are brought down to the following theses: (1) using the technological parks increases the chance for the implementation of new solutions by enterprises, (2) parks to a greater extent stimulate the innovation activity in the developed province, (3) enterprises entering in the cross-regional network relations favours the selection of the technological park as the catalyst for innovation processes.

Introduction. In modern highly competitive, dynamic and unstable conditions enterprises are able to function successfully in the marketplace and occupy leadership positions in large part due to developing, implementation and realisation of innovations. A high level of an innovative activity of enterprises creates preconditions for forming new competitive benefits, an increase of investment attractiveness, broadens possibilities of passage to new marketplaces, is an impulse for providing a progressive development. As practice shows, only a small part of innovations transforms in goods and services and is successfully commercialized due to its promotion in interested groups of consumers. That's why the problem of commercialization of innovative goods and services should be in field of view of society, government, private business, scientists because decision of this problem improves a competitive ability of goods and finely a level of population's life. The purpose of paper is an exploration of commercialization properties of innovative goods and services in foreign countries, detection of reasons of low level of commercialization of innovative goods and services by domestic enterprises. Results. It is considered a domestic and a worldwide experience of commercialization of high-tech goods and services of industrial enterprises in the context of Asian, American and European models of innovative development. It is particularly set that there in the USA, Europe and Asia the key role in development and implementation of high-tech goods and services play multinational companies, which quite often create venture companies in their structures. Besides, it is set that a venture capital is often concentrated in science parks, technopoles, business incubators and other innovative structures. It is proved that in the process of commercialization of high-tech goods and services is a governmental support of state, first of all, from positions of longevity of preferences, which are offered to subjects of innovative structures. It's also set that such kind of commercialization is successful when local properties of demand for new goods and services are taken into account. Regarding a domestic experience of commercialization of innovative goods and services, they should state that it has a quite low development. Conclusion. In this way, generalisation of domestic and foreign experience of commercialization of innovative goods and services shows that directions and ways of such commercialization are different and can have a different shape that is defined by local historical circumstances, traditions and national innovative politics in general.

Measuring intellectual capital of science park performance for newly established science parks in Thailand