РЕЛИГИЯ И ЧИСТЫЙ РАЗУМ

The article considers the possibilities of applying the phenomenological method in the philosophy of psychiatry. For this purpose, a brief analysis of the main stages of the development of the interaction of philosophy and psychiatry in modern times (20–21 centuries) was carried out: initial, syncretic, practical stages, and the formation of an interdisciplinary project, which is presented as the philosophy of psychiatry. An attempt to determine how exactly should the “phenomenological method” be understood when it comes to its application to the study of mental states in psychiatry and related disciplines (psychology and psychotherapy) is also made. It is shown that the phenomenological method tries to describe the human experience with the help of a more complete scheme of categories and concepts than is typical for the natural-scientific understanding of psychiatry. This method is also focused on human existence and helps a psychiatrist to “get used to” the structure and ways of being-in-the-world of a person. Therefore, the phenomenological method is practiced in psychology, psychotherapy, and psychiatry as a type of qualitative research. The historical review demonstrates that the phenomenological method has various manifestations in psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy (as a general philosophical method, a procedure for describing research in psychology, and a technique used in psychotherapeutic practice). Based on this, it is concluded that it is necessary to make a detailed analysis of the subject field of the direction of research where phenomenological method is implemented in order to explain the peculiarities of application of the phenomenological method. Although the problem of the expediency of using phenomenology as a research strategy in the philosophy of psychiatry is currently debatable, the author of the article believes that the use of the phenomenological method in philosophy of psychiatry can and should be implemented.

Students’ cooperatives in Polish school system in 1989–2016 The monograph concerns the matter of students’ cooperatives in Poland throughout 1989–2016. It is a historical and pedagogical monograph in which a problem-chronological structure has been used. The subject of the book research is situated in the education history as one of the sub-disciplines of pedagogy. Because the subject of research is set in the past, the topic’s elaboration basis are printed sources. In the book the following historical methods have been used: heuristics, critique of sources and a synthesis of history. The following methods have been used to establish historical facts about students’ cooperatives in Poland throughout 1989–2016: inductive, deductive, statistical, comparative, progressive, retrogressive and philological. In the monograph, I used the following methods of historical explanation: genetic, structural, descriptive and causal. The book is structured in four chapters. The first chapter presents the issues of students’ cooperatives in the subject’s literature in terms of its genesis, concepts and principles of organization, as well as forms of activity and educational values. Students’ cooperatives are school organizations that function as agencies of the student council or as independent students’ associations. They are being set up by students at school under the supervision of a teacher-tutor. The most common students’ cooperative’s functions are: school shops, buffets, cafes, school saving banks and other services. The aim of the students’ cooperative is to run enterprises and to implement economic (depending on the form of activity), social and cultural tasks. The students’ cooperative movement has a rich history, dating back to 1900, and the establishment of the first student association of this type, founded by Jadwiga Dziubińska. In the interwar period and throughout 1945–1989, the dynamically developing movement of students’ cooperatives developed various forms of economic activity and methods of functioning. It should be also pointed out that during the People’s Poland period, the idea of cooperative movement, including students’ cooperatives, has turned into a specific etatization, which caused that after 1989 both adult and students’ cooperatives revived with difficulties, even though it had great traditions as well as the economic, social cultural and educational achievements. The second chapter contains the conditions of the students’ cooperatives’ activity throughout 1989–2016, outlining the political situation of that period as well as social, economic, cultural factors and educational changes constituting the background of the students’ cooperatives’ activities. The empirical part of the book consists of the next two chapters. They contain analyzes devoted to the activities of students’ cooperatives throughout 1989–2016 in primary and secondary schools. They show the signs of economic activity of these school organizations and their educational values, as well as various aspects of cultural, educational and social activities in primary and secondary schools.

This article reports on research based on three crucial aspects of the current global economic situation. First is the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in establishing and constructing international cooperation at the supranational level. Second is the policy of sanctions against Russia in connection with the situation in Ukraine. And third is the cooperation of Royal Dutch Shell with Russia’s Gazprom despite the political, economic and technological sanctions imposed on Russian companies and economic sectors.Analyzing Shell’s policy on the Russian energy market should reveal some kind of the managing principle that not only Shell but most TNCs follow in taking the political atmosphere into consideration, while striving to avoid any related restrictions.The research methodology uses analytical, ultimate analysis and functional methods. The analytical method helped to lay the theoretical foundation of the research. Modern TNCs are deeply engaged in the process of economic globalization. To expand their influence, such companies create economic conditions for organizing international production with local markets and for international markets for capital, labour, and scientific and consulting services. The ultimate analysis method revealed the following pattern: in struggling for the global market, TNCs raise the level of competition, which creates a permanent need for technical innovations and scientific progress. The functional analysis method demonstrated a casual relationship in modern economic development: by assisting capital turnover and labour and transport mobility, TNCs contribute significantly to economic growth and development.The first part of the article focuses on the history and methodology of the genesis and development of TNCs as actors in global economic relations. It also reviews the current role of TNCs in the global economy. The second part of the article examines the cooperation between Shell and Gazprom embodied in their joint realization of the Sakhalin-2 project and the prospects for the Sakhalin-3 project.The final section of the article contains analytical conclusions and theoretical recommendations. The authors came to two main conclusions. First, only transparent cooperation based on fair principles can guarantee stable economic ties between countries or any kind of global companies. Second, the accumulated experience in any field of cooperation provides quick and efficient payback of even the largest project. And even if the restrictions may correct (or try to correct) only in the short term but lay a foundation for long-term regress in relations, even one successful project, based on mutual trust and respect, can lead to a breakthrough in both economic and political relations between the countries.

Patients with end-stage renal failure require renal replacement therapy, one of which is hemodialysis. one of the challenges in treating CKD patients is the lack of interventions that match the beliefs, expectations, and emotional reactions associated with the disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the patient's perceptions of undergoing hemodialysis and how the patient deals with the changes that occur in him. This research is a type of qualitative research with a phenomenological method. the research was conducted in the hemodialysis room hospital in Surabaya. The research was conducted in June-July 2019. The research subjects were determined to be snowball in nature. The research subjects were 6 people, who were chronic kidney disease sufferers who performed routine hemodialysis 2-3 times a week. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews using interview guidelines. The data analysis process includes data reduction, data categorization, synthesis and ends with compiling a working hypothesis. The results of the analysis obtained several themes, namely expectations, experiences, motives, and social/family conditions. in the early stages of the disease they experience some negative disease perceptions which can ultimately affect their coping actions. The role of disease perception is to help patients develop positive disease management strategies that in turn slow the rate of disease progression and improve psychosocial outcomes.

The article deals with development of a doctrinal system of effectiveness standards for the investigation of corruption crimes. The study used a number of philosophical, general scientific and specific methods of gaining scientific knowledge, including: dialectical method, hermeneutic method, method of systemic and structural analysis, methods of analysis and synthesis, functional method, formal legal method and modeling method. It is proposed to define the investigation effectiveness as the feature of pre-trial investigation, which is characterized by the ability to achieve the tasks envisioned in Art. 2 of the CPC of Ukraine (Law No. 4651-VI, 2012) and can be assessed by checking the number of objectively necessary procedural actions and the effectiveness of making intermediate and final procedural decisions. It is emphasized that the general standards of investigation effectiveness, formulated by the case law of the ECHR, are partially taken into account in Art. 2 of the CPC of Ukraine (Law No. 4651-VI, 2012) through stating the need of investigation being efficient, complete and impartial. The authors formulate scientific approaches to determining the main criteria for the effectiveness of pre-trial investigation of corruption crimes.

Is it possible to capture history in the making? Or does history only evolve in retrospect as we try to make sense of our experiences? We reflect on these questions, and suggest how visual research methods can be of use when trying to locate present and past events in their historical context. Our main argument is that video recordings create analytical spaces that outlive particular events, and which can be used to identify and interpret episodes of historical importance. We discuss two ways in which we have done this. First, as a ‘short loop’ method, by which we enlist our research subjects' help to interpret and contextualize ‘what is going on’ in a video clip re-viewed a few months after the event. Second, as a ‘long loop’ method of analysis, in which we revisit an old recording to find out how a discussion and decision, which several years later turned out to be of strategic importance, was understood at the time of the event. In both cases the incorporation of time into theories and theorizing is facilitated by the analytical spaces created with the help of video recordings. We end the paper by suggesting a way to combine the two methods.

BackgroundWhile financial toxicity (FT) is prevalent in patients with cancer, young and middle-aged patients with stroke are also affected by FT, which can exacerbate their physical and psychological challenges. Understanding the patient’s experience and response measures can further understand the impact of FT on patients with stroke, to help alleviate FT. However, little is known concerning the experience of patients with stroke with FT or their coping strategies. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the experiences of FT in young and middle-aged patients with stroke and their coping strategies.MethodsA phenomenological method was utilized. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 young and middle-aged stroke patients (aged 18–59) between October 2022 and March 2023. The participants were recruited from a tertiary hospital in Shanghai, China. The research team used NVivo 12.0 software. Giorgi’s phenomenological analysis method was used to analyse the interview data.ResultsThe interview results were divided into two categories in terms of patients’ experiences of FT and their coping strategies. Nine subthemes were constructed. The experience category included four subthemes: (1) taking on multifaceted economic pressure, (2) dual choice of treatment, (3) decline in material living standards, and (4) suffering from negative emotions such as anxiety and depression. The coping strategy category included five subthemes: (1) reducing expenses, (2) improving living habits, (3) proactive participation in medical decision-making, (4) making a job position choice, and (5) seeking social support.ConclusionsFT in young and middle-aged patients with stroke, which affected their physical and mental health, led them to implement strategies for dealing with FT. The Chinese government needs to broaden the reach of health insurance coverage and advance the fairness of healthcare policies. Healthcare professionals must pay active attention to FT in such patients in terms of strengthening their health education and considering their needs and preferences. Patients need to improve their sense of self-efficacy, actively reintegrate into society, and adhere to rehabilitation and treatment. Individuals at a high risk of stroke are recommended to purchase health insurance. Multifaceted efforts are needed to reduce the impact of FT in young and middle-aged patients with stroke.

This study aims to determine the process of communication accommodation by students in establishing friendship relationships. This research is motivated by the difficulties experienced by students in starting communication and friendship relationships due to cultural differences. The concept used is the theory of communication accommodation in interpersonal communication and intercultural communication. This research uses a qualitative approach with phenomenological methods, interviews, and observations. The research subjects are students aged 21-26 from various universities with different cultures, while the object of research is the behavior and obstacles experienced by these students. The results showed that communication accommodation can occur even though students come from the same region. Meanwhile, intercultural communication is more often experienced by students who experience a change of residence location. Therefore, this research is expected to provide an in-depth insight into the practice of communication accommodation as well as a contribution to the intercultural interaction process. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses akomodasi komunikasi oleh mahasiswa dalam menjalin hubungan pertemanan. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kesulitan yang dialami mahasiswa dalam memulai komunikasi dan hubungan pertemanan karena perbedaan budaya. Konsep yang digunakan yakni teori akomodasi komunikasi dalam komunikasi interpersonal dan komunikasi antarbudaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode fenomenologi, wawancara, dan observasi. Subjek penelitian adalah mahasiswa usia 21-26 dari berbagai universitas dengan kebudayaan yang berbeda, sedangkan objek penelitian adalah perilaku dan kendala yang dialami oleh mahasiswa tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa akomodasi komunikasi dapat terjadi meskipun mahasiswa berasal dari daerah yang sama. Sedangkan, komunikasi antarbudaya lebih sering dialami oleh mahasiswa yang mengalami perpindahan lokasi tempat tinggal. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan wawasan mendalam mengenai praktik akomodasi komunikasi serta kontribusi terhadap proses interaksi antarbudaya.

This study aims to reveal the communication experience of victims of online gender-based violence and the healing process from the trauma they experienced. The main research questions are how victims experience violence online, what motives encourage perpetrators to commit violence from the victim’s perspective, the meaning of the communication experience, and the victim’s process of healing the traumatic experience. In this qualitative study, phenomenological methods and symbolic interaction theory were employed. The research subjects are women victims of online gender-based violence cases. Informants were selected through a purposive sampling technique. The results showed that most cases of threats of spreading intimate photos or videos were experienced by victims when they asked for a breakup or did not follow the wishes of the perpetrator. Victims of violence in the online realm are also vulnerable to multiple layers of violence. The video is used as a tool for the perpetrator so that the victim does not refuse to have sex with the perpetrator. The impact experienced by the victim is psychological loss, social isolation, and limited mobility. The three motives behind the above cases are relational, sextortion or extortion, and unknown motives. The meanings obtained from the communication experience of victims are shame, disgrace, loss of identity, feeling tarnished, and having mistrust of the opposite sex. The victims used various ways to heal themselves from the trauma, namely getting closer to God, telling stories to friends, and consulting psychologists.

Slavery in Portugal in the late Middle Ages and in modern times has been a subject of research in Portuguese historiography since the last decades of the nineteenth century. 1 But the work of Charles Verlinden marked a signifi cant turning point. His fi rst volume, published in 1955, focuses on medieval slavery on the Iberian Peninsula and in France. Chapter VI is devoted to slavery in Portugal in the Age of Discovery. 2 Verlinden examined the sources of slavery and the motives behind the Portuguese expeditions (such as the desire to Christianise the peoples of Africa and to make a profi t); and he discussed the impact that these motives had on the phenomenon of slavery. He thoroughly analysed the profi tability of the slave trade and he described the areas in which African slaves were employed in Portugal. Slaves most often worked as domestic servants, but they also worked as artisans, and occasionally in agriculture. Verlinden wrote about both black slaves and about white Moors, and he raised the issue of Jewish slaves.

The important goal of economic development is to strengthen social protection in modern times. One of the main components of social protection is the provision of health care of the population. World experience shows that health insurance (especially compulsory) plays an important role in the protection of the health care of the population. Thus, in countries with a high level of health insurance, the health of the population is more reliably protected, and there is an opportunity to expand the scope of treatment and prevention. The development of the health system, including health insurance, depends on the level of government intervention in this field. The research shows that the more government interferes in the health system, the better health care for the population. So far, the need for government intervention in the health insurance system has been the subject of research by various scientists, but no research has been conducted to measure the level of intervention. Is it possible to measure the level of government intervention in the health insurance system? The authors have tried to create a methodology that allows for measuring the level of government intervention in the health insurance system. This methodology is called the Index of Intervention of Health Insurance System (IIHIS). By calculating IIHIS, the authors determine the government intervention level in Health Insurance System. Measurement of the level of government intervention in the Health Insurance System allows for evaluating the social consequences of the implemented reforms. IIHIS has been calculated on the basis of 4 indicators – Coverage of compulsory health insurance, Coverage of private health insurance, Health insurance tariffs, and Value-Added Tax (VAT) on medications. At the initial stage, IIHIS has been calculated for 31 countries. Among 31 countries, there are developed, emerging, and post-socialist countries. According to IIHIS, the most dirigist (leftness) countries are Slovenia, and Israel. According to the IIHIS, the most liberal (rightness) countries are Azerbaijan, USA. The authors want to measure the level of government intervention in the health insurance system and to determine the position of Azerbaijan health insurance system. The authors have performed correlation, analytical-statistical, and cross-country analyses. The level of government intervention in the health insurance system has been measured in 31 countries.

Formulation of the problem: The features of model of presidencialism in modern terms, possibility of application of presidencialism in democracy are analysed in the article. Analis of concept: politics, decision of political conflicts. The political factors of political strategies of presidencialism are considered, of institute of the president, as subject of conceptual power and democratic political system, as its object is investigated. It is shown, that the real model of political system contains oligarchic and antiolygarchic components, each of which can become prevailing. Purpose of the research: The purpose of the article is to carry out a theoretical and methodological analysis of the essence of the presidency as a subject of conceptual power in democratic political systems, to identify the structure of conceptual power, its role and place in the political system of society, to identify trends and to analyze the role of the processes of oligarchization in the functioning of democratic political systems, to uncover conceptual functions of the institution of presidency in western democratic political systems. The conceptual management of political system, preservation its of democratic definiteness, is a major task of presidential power. Using theoretical models D. Easton, E. Sedov, theory of needs A. Maslow and theory of social mobility of P. Sorokin has allowed to reveal static and dynamic parameters of political system, which optimization enables to support evolutionary character of political development.There are several alternative concepts of democracy. At the same time, one of them is legally codified and reigns. That is why political power is usually forced to act in an anti-democratic way on an alternative concept. Institutions of state power, thanks to sustainability, mobility and resource intensiveness, can support and even impose those norms and goals that are not entirely in the interests of society as integrity, or vice versa – the interests of individual, usually the most active individuals and social groups are not taken into account and even sacrificed in general. There is a significant imbalance of interests that threatens the existence of a democratic social system. Consequently, the task arises to develop objective indicators, which should be guided by the head of state, in order to assess the favorable or unfavorable tendencies in the political system.The purpose of the article and the task. Research methods: The following research methods were used to address the issues set in the article: general scientific methods – descriptive, hermeneutic-political, systemic, structural-functional, comparative, institutional-comparative; general logical methods – empirical, statistical, prognostic modeling and analysis; special methods of political science. The preference was given to the method of political-system analysis, by which the common and distinctive characteristics of the basic components of soft power strategies were identified, reflecting existing political, public, information and other challenges and global development. For empirical research, the factual basis was used, which was compiled by an expert survey of Ukrainian specialists-political scientists. Practical and systematic methods were used to analyze the system of relations from four perspectives: influence presidents power. Functional and general historiographical methods were also used. Methods of analysis and synthesis allowed exploring the features. In order to implement these methods, such methodological techniques as analogy, comparison, generalization and extrapolation were used. The method for analyzing the situation (studying documents, comparing, etc.) was used to study international and political processes in the USA, exploratory methods (in particular, content analysis) for the analysis of high-level documents and speeches, which in turn helped identify and outline the trends in foreign policy of the countries of the region. Conclusions. The experience of western (Western, liberal-democratic) political systems suggests that the function of supporting the democratic model of the political system is the responsibility of the president. In this case, the president plays the role of either the head of the executive (political manager of the higher rank), or the formal head of state, or these functions combine. In the context of the political crisis, the president takes steps to preserve the democratic system of society. The complex of these activities includes the function of supporting the democratic nature of the political system.

Introduction. The relevance of this study is explained by the rapid social and political homogenization of Europe; the “disclosure” of many documents indicative of sociocultural changes in Eastern Europe; an increasing chronological gap between the research subject and its researcher that enables to use scientific verification methods instead of ideologically “correct” paradigms.Methods. The methodological basis of this article is the principles of systematicity and objectivity. While conducting this research, the author also used genetic, typological, comparative, hermeneutic and semiotic methods.Results. Throughout the postwar history, Polish filmmakers were bringing stories about World War II to the silver screen. The concept of a war feature film also changed depending on the postwar development of Poland.Discussion. The necessary conditions for studying the evolution of Polish war feature films based on systematicity and objectivity are as follows: the analysis of the Polish sociocultural postwar development (periodization with distinguishing essential characteristics of each period); the determination of main trends in the development of spiritual culture as a part of sociocultural processes; the analysis of the state-party politics in the sphere of culture, art and cinema.Conclusion. Throughout the postwar development, Polish filmmakers were addressing the topic of war. Their attitude to war changed depending on the country’s socio-cultural development and the evolution of its spiritual culture. For instance, war feature films were the most prominent trend in the development of the Polish cinema in the second half of the 1940s and the first half of the 1950s. Between 1956 and 1960, the Polish Film School was established and was characterized by a high interest in war-related films (alongside other topics and problems represented in the cinema of that time). In the 1970s, war feature films were still relevant but gave way to flicks about modern times. In the 1980s, this topic “withdrew into the shadows” not only in cinematography but also in other artistic spheres. It was mostly used in films to better interpret other topics.

The purpose of the article is to determine the common conceptual foundations of different theories for finding common ground in law and consider a philosophical and rational approach to understanding the substantive similarity in the development of national legal systems in the second half of XVIII – first third of XIX century. Methodology. The meaningful element of the subject of research is a comparative legal methodological approach, derived from the comparative philosophy, which identifies the object of study, defines its subject, integrates into a single set of other methodological approaches and methods of cognition. Scientific novelty. Bankruptcy of the idea of he possibility of formalizing any General in law in the form of a separate legal order was comprehended and proclaimed by the scientists of the second half of the XVIII – the first third of the nineteenth century. The search for General in law was manifested, among other, in attempts to comprehend the meaningful similarities in the development of legal systems. Within the philosophical-rational approach to understanding the similarity of legal systems, reflecting elements of ius-naturalist thinking and relying on the ideas of critical Kant, the following key concepts could be distinguished: law as mathematics (invariant extra-local and non-historical logic); parallel independent development; pure reason, which is formed historically; the doctrinal closeness of legal systems. In our opinion, for all these concepts, the following general principles are characteristic: 1) the decisive or influential factor of legal development is the ideas that in their pure forms are or become international ones; 2) regardless of whether the fundamentals of these ideas are substantive (laid down in the nature of human thinking), or purely historical, they develop, acquire different national forms, spread in space; 3) the influence of such ideas on specific societies and their national legal orders is not absolute, it is differentiated depending on physical and social features or competes with the original ideas, carriers or creators of which these societies are. Consequently, it was discussed whether it is possible, in the conditions of plurality and non-coordination of the content of national legal systems, the essential unity and the stadiarity of the world development of the principles of positive law. It can be argued that scholars in this period recognized the limited suitability, the relativity of the idea of such development – as one of the immanent tendencies towards doctrinal convergence (along with the tendency to preserve and deepen the individuality), criticizing its possible teleological implications. Conclusions. The formation of doctrinal unity between national and state legal orders can be seen as an opportunity to objectify of common in law. In the process of gradual convergence of positions of scholars, including leaders of historical and historical-philosophical schools, they identified a single denominator of the existence of different types of law – legal consciousness / spirit of law. Keywords: legal picture of the world; general in law; philosophy of law; convergence of legal systems; legal doctrine; stadiality in law.

The subject of research in the article are methods and means of measurement and testing. The goal of the work is to analyze the metrological requirements of the ISO/IEC 17025:2017 standard for equipment and methods used to conduct tests in laboratories to ensure control of the metrological system processes, and to provide information on the practical application of the requirements of this standard, taking into account the provisions of other international standards. The following tasks are solved in the article: analysis of the position of international documents containing the requirements to the equipment and test methods for measurement in order to determine their practical implementation; analysis of ISO/IEC 17025:2017 on metrological requirements and proposed ways of implementation of these requirements. The following methods are used - analysis method. The following results have been obtained: the analysis of international requirements to the equipment, including measuring, testing (measurement) and standardization of these requirements has been carried out to implement the provisions of ISO/IEC 17025:2017. An important factor in the implementation of the standard in Ukraine is that currently there are no national standards that would regulate the general requirements for the use of measuring equipment and assess the accuracy of measurement results. This standard provides general approaches to the use of equipment and accuracy characteristics of the results obtained by appropriate methods. Fulfillment of the requirements of the methodology makes it possible to obtain a reliable result with the required accuracy. Conclusions: on the basis of the carried out analysis it is established that ISO/IEC 17025:2017 became a new perspective step towards application of metrological requirements to means and methods of testing and measurements defined by various other international documents in the field of metrology; the standard is a fundamental, in fact, reference book for metrologists on organization of work on assurance of reliability of measurement results and tests at the enterprise; assurance of conformity to the requirements of the international standard provides customers with confidence in the results of measurements.