朱睦(木挈)及其《授經圖》

The importance of this topic is attributed to its relation to the book of Allah (the Glorious Qur;an). When I read the book ‘At-Turjuman a’n Gharib Al-Qura’n’ of Tajuddin Abil-Mahasin Abdulbaqi Ibn Abdulmajeed Al-Yamani I found those who wrote about his biography they mentioned that he did not go deeper in meanings, and it is known that no one can write in this science except those who have wide knowledge in the speech of Arabs, how they use their native language. I chose the letters (of meanings) as an example to point out whether he had such knowledge in this field or not so that this paper focused on ‘the letters of meanings’. We spoke about the biography of the author and the books he wrote in language. There are many books for Tajuddin some of which had not been mentioned by those who wrote about his biography. I divided this paper into sections, one of which has been devoted for the letters of meanings, and tried to classify them according to the their numbers. This paper has an introduction including the biography of Tajuddin. The other four sections discussed the letters in question and the debate between Kufi and Basri grammarians. The paper is concluded with the most important results.

Dazai Osamu's December 8 was issued at Fujinkouron, 27 (2) in February 1, 1942. As the name of the work, the content is about a woman in Tokyo who narrated down all things and mood that happened in the day of the outbreak of the Pacific War on December 8, 1941 in her diary. Yet, in this work, the husband is a novelist and his daughter was called Sonoko, the same name with Dazai Osamu's daughter. Therefore, the husband in the work is considered a Dazai Osamu himself and the woman who wrote the diary is considered as Tsushima Mitiko, Dazai Osamu's wife. So, this work is an important work when discussing about Dazai Osamu's writing position and whether cooperating with empire writing in the period of war. Indisputably, the author Dazai Osamu deliberately creates a character like himself in the work definitely has its own purpose; but we cannot over-interpret the husband is Dazai Osamu. Therefore, when discussing about the husband's personality, we should cut off the connection with the author. That is, before making a judgment about Dazai Osamu's posit ion is ”artistic resistance” or ”pandering to the current affairs” in the war period, analyzing the husband's personality in detail is important. This paper would analyze the woman, the narrator, and focus on the husband's behavior at the same time; try to find out new reading viewpoint for the book through prudential analysis.

Zwischen Ost und West is a stimulatingly unusual polyglot of articles by an international coterie of established scholars, the hardback volume’s handsome cover arresting the eye with an oriental port scene of square riggers and sampans photographed at low tide and a photo portrait of Joseph Conrad in the monocled gravitas of his latter years. Co-editor Elmar Schenkel, Chair of the Department of English Studies at the University of Leipzig and author of a recent life of Conrad written in German, Fahrt ins Geheimnis: Joseph Conrad, Eine Biographie (see review, Conradiana 41.1), is a Renaissance-style polymath who writes as easily about archery and bicycles as he does about Conrad. He is ideally complemented by his co-editor Hans-Christian Trepte of the University of Leipzig’s Department of Slavic Studies, who has written extensively on northeast European literature and the literature of east European authors in exile. The inclusion of short biographies reveals many of the contributors to be luminaries eminent in their own European domains; e.g., Christiane Bimberg (Dortmund University), author of Reise nach Moskowien [Journey to Moscow] and Frank Forster (Christian Albrechts University, Kiel), author of Die literarische Rezeption Joseph Conrads in Deutschland [Conrad’s Literary Reception in Germany] (2005). Lamentably, only a couple are commonly known beyond continental Europe; e.g., Wieslaw Krajka, (Marie Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin), general editor of the multi-volume hardback series Conrad: Eastern and Western Perspectives, and Mario Curreli, director of the Joseph Conrad Research Centre at the University of Pisa. Ludmilla Voitkovska is in her very person paradigmatic of the editors’ cultural ideal of global unity in diversity. A Ukrainian educated at the University of Odessa, she teaches and writes in English at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. Yearbook of Conrad Studies (Poland) Vol. VII 2012, pp. 171–173 doi:10.4467/20843941YC.12.010.0699

The purpose of this scientific paper is to characterize the page 190v of the manuscript of Jagiellonian Library, cat. number 1297. Th e page in question contains the prayers and commentaries. Hitherto researchers have neglected this page so far, so it has not been fully described and some elements of the layout have not been identified (or misidentified) (see the papers of A. Bruckner, W. R. Rzepka and W. Wydra, C.K. Świecki et al.). The foregoing research has considered the page as a separate item, disregarding the surrounding pages. In this paper the author discusses the page as a whole. Th is allowed her to ask new questions concerning: the writer’s intention, the function of the page, and the possible status of an Old Polish text. In the main part of the paper the author makes an attempt to reconstruct the sequence of writing the elements of the layout (page composition), taking into consideration in particular the relations between the elements. According to the author it is possible to reconstruct the probable sequence of the writer’s actions, and therefore to retrace creative process of the scribe (known as Jakub of Piotrkow, the canon of Plock). Th e author assumes the three hypothetical stages of writer’s work. In the first stage he wrote Polish and Latin texts of Pater noster and Credo on the page. Then the page could have been used to lecture the prayers or to teach how to memorize them. Comparing the page on this stage with other known collections of basic prayers, we can eliminate the function of this record as a compendium or collection of common prayers. On later stages the writer added next elements: commentary on the translation of the prayers into Polish, a few words explanations (e.g. „The Holy Trinity: Th e Father, The Son and The Holy Spirit”, the division of water into snow, rain and ice) , an abridged version of Credo, a Polish version of Ave Maria and a paraphrase of Our Father by Ludolf the Carthusian. In the analysis the author points out the motivation behind the writing of consequent elements and their function (preaching and mnemonic). The last hypothetical stage of the creation of the page is writing down the text of Benedictiones mensae, not related to the elements mentioned before. The applied research procedure (reconstruction of the sequence of writing the texts on the page) allows to reconstruct alleged creative process. The analysis proves that the writer’s intention could have changed as subsequent elements were being written on the page. On the first stage the page could have served as a theological lecture or mnemonic teaching aid of the texts (both Latin and Polish). The receivers could have been the congregation (taught the basic prayers in Polish) or clerical students and the priests preparing to ministration (as the texts of prayers in Polish and Latin indicate). On the second stage the function of the page becomes clear: it serves as the teaching aid during lecturing of the articles of faith and explaining theological and linguistic matters (metatextual and metalinguistic commentary on the translations of prayers into Polish). That’s why we should consider the presumptive receivers not only simple folks (as some of the elements on the page are not applicable in this case) but clergymen or clerical students as well. The elements of the page were selected to use, depending on who was on the receiving end of the lecture and what was the purpose of it. According to the latest research on the distinguishing features and character of Old Polish texts we can assert that linguistic relics like this one, closely bound up with orality of medieval language, are not (were not) the complete texts but texts in statu nascendi. The discussed text is an example of genuine teaching aid, serving the writer, Jakub of Plock in ministering, and aft er that – probably the next clergymen.

There was a long debate on the question of the study of the Book of Songs. In that debate, there were two main theses. One of them was to revere the study in the Han Dynasty and to follow the point of Mao Heng and Cheng Hsuan then affirming the value of the foreword of the Book of Songs; other one was to revere the study in Sung Dynasty and to follow the point of Chu Hsi then refute the value of the foreword of the Book of Songs. Ku Tungkao was deeply worried about this situation. He comprehend all the theses then write Mao shih ting ku and Mao shih lei shih to the use of correcting the misunderstanding and inducting. These two books plated a carrying on and inspiring role in the study of Book of songs in the early Ching Dynasty. This paper was focused on the analysis of Ku’s study of the Book of Songs to investigate its characteristics, value and influence. There are six chapters in this paper. The first chapter is the introduction to expound the intention to research, the method of research and the commentary on the resent research. The second chapter is the investigation into two points. One is the growing of the study of the Book of songs; other one is the formation of the fashion of textual study. The study of the Book of songs was diversified by these two points. Then, the most important influence of the textual research of the Book of songs was caused by its scholium. This chapter is also the investigation into the importance of the study of things and systems in the early Ching Dynasty for it caused a deep influence of the academic approach in Ching Dynasty. The third chapter is about Ku’s brief biographical sketch, study, literary works, friends and teachers so that we can know more about him and his academic research. In this chapter, the second paragraph is about these two books, Mao shih ting ku and Mao shih lei shih. Through the versions and general form of these two books, I describe Ku’s intension to write; through the analysis of these two books, I understood Ku’s writing method. The forth chapter is about Ku’s explanation method to the Book of songs. It’s about how he quoted many words of others, checked everywhere to find the main point of the Book of songs. In this chapter, I investigated Ku’s point of view about the study of Book of songs in Mao shih ting ku. The fifth chapter is the investigation of Ku’s stubby of things and systems in Mao shih lei shih. He quoted many people’s words to find the true meaning of the Book of songs. His investigation was well-knit and with original discovery. The last chapter is the conclusion. This chapter is about Ku’s research result, academic achievement in the study of the Book of songs and contribution.

The research topic of this paper centers on the literature written by Taiwan’s Aboriginal women in the 90’s. Two aboriginal women authors Rimui•Aki and Liglave•A-wu were chosen as observing subjects. Focusing on their feminine literature publications after the 90’s this paper aims to compare and contrast their different writing styles on similar topics. The researcher observed different aspects of their writings such as: [childhood background and the creative process], [women’s image and feminism] and [writing style] to examine the similarities and differences on Taiwanese aboriginal women author’s writing on feminine literature hoping that from a women’s perspective the rich and diverse connotations present in aboriginal women’s writing can be shown. This paper is divided into five chapters, chapter one is the introduction then the two authors are discussed independently in the second and third chapters. The fourth chapter compares the two authors. And chapter five concludes. Rimui•Aki and Liglave•A-wu’s writing are built upon their aboriginal ethnic background and their personal experiences living in a tribal society. From their works we not only read about the authors’ life in the mountains but also witness the refined mind of a women. These are distinctive features of aboriginal women’s writing. In Rimui•Aki’s writings we realize that aboriginal women’s literature is not limited to aboriginal culture issues only. From her writings we see very strong self-expression of aboriginal women. Liglave•A-wu’s writings show evidence of discussions about feminine issues. Both women writers have distinctive features in their writings but they both use women’s’ role, feminine issues and mother’s perspective as a theme in their writings. Not only does the two authors find self-assurance through their native cultural roots, but they also investigate their roles as a woman and other women’s role living in an aboriginal tribe. Through these new perspectives the authors bring out a new flavor in aboriginal literature.

Sobre la lletra que Hasday Cresques adreçà a la comunitat jueva d'Avinyó parlant dels avalots de 1391

Jeff Magee and Jeff Kramer John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1999, 374 pp. ISBN 0471987107, $64.99 The book is an introductory text to the ideas, concepts, and topics of concurrency. The text focuses on understanding concepts and techniques, and problems of concurrency, not on the implementation or language. The author's overall goal is that by a combination of learning and doing using Java should make the process of acquiring the skills relating to concurrency interesting, enjoyable, and challenging. The Java language is thus used only for illustration and programming experience of the reader. The book is intended for a computer science student or software developer. A background in programming is expected, as well as some familiarity with the essential concepts of object-oriented programming. Knowledge of the Java programming language and operating systems concepts is beneficial but not required. After reading the text, a reader can expect to have a broad understanding of the concepts of concurrency, the problems that arise, methods to emphasis desirable properties in a concurrent system, and ways to avoid the undesirable ones. The text provides a systematic treatment of concepts, as means to rigorously specify and model concurrent systems, with Java examples to animate and illustrate the concepts discussed. The book is organized into twelve chapters, with three appendices. The first eight chapters provide a concise and comprehensive foundation of concurrency, with the remaining four chapters focusing on more advanced concepts. The latter four chapters are somewhat supplemental and can be read at the discretion of the reader. The content of the text is self-contained, with no reliance upon external references. The authors provide a concluding set of notes and further topics which reference external works, but these are not used in the chapter contents. The introduction provides the foundation for the book, and an idea of what will follow in the rest of the text. The basics of modeling and Java are covered. Authors follow with the concepts of processes, threads and with the idea of concurrency. The emphasis is on using Java, and on the notation used to define a concurrent process or thread. The discussion continues covering interleaving and asynchronous concurrency. Various details about composition of parallel processes and finite state processing modeling are presented. The programming of concurrent execution using Java is then examined via the concept of multiple threads. Here, sharing objects among Java threads is also discussed. The concept of conditional synchronization is covered next, and is used to construct a monitor. The methods of the base object in Java is used, and a waiting queue associated with a Java object is discussed and implemented. This discussion is followed by introduction of deadlock. Authors show the conditions necessary for a deadlock to occur and present an analysis of a concurrent system establishing that such a system is deadlock-free. The classic Dining Philosopher's problem is used to illustrate the distinction between finding deadlocks in models and in programs. The presentation continues with the safety property (that asserts that nothing bad happens), and the liveliness property (that asserts that nothing good happens). Here, authors use the material on model-based design to consolidate many of the concepts previously discussed. No one modeling method or design methodology is emphasized. Then creation and elimination of threads in a running program is covered next. The dynamic starting and stopping of Java threads is presented. The discussion moves then to messaging passing. Asynchronous and synchronous messaging is presented with Java programming examples. The concept of a rendezvous, allowing for interaction in a messaging system, is also presented. Based on the concepts developed so far filter-pipeline, supervisor-worker, and announcer-listener concurrent architectures are examined. Java programs demonstrating how the elements of each model interact at runtime are developed. The presentation completes with modeling and implementing of timed systems. Time is signaled by the passage of successive time ticks. The authors then elaborate on a system that is event-based rather than thread-based. Java programs are used to illustrate in implementation the concepts discussed. The three appendices provide a reference, specification, and listing of semantics for the finite-state modeling algebra used by the authors throughout the book. The text is ideal for teaching in a classroom environment, or for a motivated reader to use for self-paced learning. Its organization follows a logical train of discussion and thought, with each chapter building successively on the other, with the more difficult concepts and topics withheld until later. This gradual approach makes the material flow smoothly and cohesively from the beginning to the end. The book is intended as a textbook, so does organize the material and discussion as one, but does not become too dry or bland to stifle the reader's interest in the material. The examples are inter-mixed with the discussion to highlight and emphasize essential points the authors make in each chapter. The text illustrates concepts well under discussion, and does not become a long-winded recital of theory. The topics examined are fundamental to concurrency, and are well illustrated and discussed, but no one topic is examined extensively. The code examples are well written concerning the programming style, indentation and comments. A CD is provided, containing the codes from the book. In addition supplementary material consisting of presentation slides and an errata is provided on the author's WWW site, as well as on the CD. The book is up to date both on the topics of concurrency, and with the Java applets, code, and programs used to illustrate them. Later, as the Java language evolves, the examples may need to be updated, but for the time being the text well represents that state of the Java language. William F. Gilreath, Micron Technology, Inc., Boise Idaho

“Qiwulun” is the most important chapter with the most various interpretations in Zhuangzi. In addition to the explanation on words and sentences, there are two main difficulties of interpretation: First, the difference with the strength of argument, what kind of skepticism Zhuangzi is? How strong does he deny language and knowledge? Second, the difference with the theme of allegory, what is the meaning of “the pipe from heaven” and “the butterfly dream”? Why Zhuangzi wrote them? These two difficulties are from the writing features of “Qiwulun” itself: the question form and the analogy. Because “Qiwulun” always doubts concepts like language or knowledge by questions, when the meaning of questions could be interpreted as negative, interrogative or affirmative, then there is a large space for various interpretations with the strength of argument; Because “Qiwulun” often used the allegory by analogy, which means to show the abstract meaning by specific situations or things, when the context does not clear, then all the similarity between allegory and specific situations and things could be the meaning Zhuangzi want to presented. So there is a large space for various interpretations with the meaning of allegory. To deal with these two difficulties, this article offers a basic structure to comprehend “Qiwulun”: First, the writing purposes, the stopping of debate and the describe of ideal personality. Second, the discussing strategies, the double answerable questions and the analogy. Third, the function of strategies, the strength of argument and the meaning of metaphor or allegory. Double answerable question is a extremely unique question form in “Qiwulin” which has the following characteristics: First, the author questions and answers himself. Second, the author gives two or more answers for the questions. Third, the author does not point out that he prefer only one of the answers. By double answerable questions, “QiWulun” shows that the possibility for many different claims exist, so the debating with only one claim is absolutely right could be canceled; By analogy, “Qiwulun” avoids bias and misunderstanding caused by direct statement, describes the better attitude and way of ideal personality by metaphor and allegory. These shows that the stopping of debate and the describe of ideal personality are complementary writing purposes, provide the behavior guidance to resolve conflicts and response infinite situations.

The present study of Crevecoeur and his last and little known book is an outgrowth of an interest in Crevecoeur's English writings, an interest which was created in a class in American Literature conducted by Professor Theodore Hornberger. Finding that Howard C. Rice, in his Le cultivateur americain, had exhausted the possibilities of research in either the English or French versions of Letters from an American farmer, I was led to investigate Crevecoeur's Voyage dans la haute Pensylvanie et dans l'etat de New York, which was published in France ten years after the author's last period of residence in America. Astounded at the lack of critical material on a book written by a once popular author, and encouraged by Professor Hornberger, I have attempted to study the backgrounds of the Voyage as a travel book, to compare it with Crevecoeur's other writings, and to evaluate it as history, geography, natural science, and literature

There is an article titled ＜||＞non-genre＜||＞ in Liu xie's Wen Xin Diao Long, and the essay discusses works which had not been named ＜||＞Fu.＜||＞ And there are also works collected in Wen Yuan Ying Hua that are categorized as ＜||＞non-genre,＜||＞ but the scope and quantity of the collected works in both books are quite different. This writing is trying to analyze 26 ＜||＞non-genre＜||＞ works collected in Wen Yuan Ying Hua in terms of their main themes, writing background, degree of using rhyme, and structures. The analysis conducted here is trying to identify the similarities existed among the works under study, so that we can gain a better understanding about their historical background and literary phenomenon. With all the efforts given, the writer is trying to present a clearer picture about the literary ecology of the time when the works were written and also to better understand the vicissitudes of the development of the ＜||＞non genre＜||＞ writings.

While Mary Cholmondeley enjoyed a succes de scandale with her 1899 classic Red Pottage, making her a renowned author deemed worthy of over 150 reviews in the first eight months following its publication, biographical accounts of her repeatedly place her in a home setting even as they acknowledge her literary position. One of the few authorized accounts of her life, an interview she gave in The Bookman in the spring of 1900, offers a discussion of her best-known works but also devotes considerable attention to her upper-class background and includes pictures of members of her family and the houses associated with her youth, Hodnet Rectory and Condover Hall in Shropshire, as well as a picture of Hodnet Church where she sang in the choir. This investment in Cholmondeley as a well-connected spinster from the country implicitly precluded any close interest in her move to London with her father and two of her sisters, Diana and Victoria, in 1896, although it was at this time that she began writing Red Pottage, the book that enabled such media interest in the first place. The Bookman simply notes in passing that ‘Miss Cholmondeley left Shropshire in 1896, her father having resigned the living of Hodnet owing to weak health and having been obliged to sell Condover.’1 After her death, two of her literary friends, Percy Lubbock and E. F. Benson, subtly altered the pattern of this bio-criticism (although Lubbock deliberately invoked the myth of the vicarage daughter, planting well-placed comparisons with Charlotte Bronte and George Eliot in his memoir of Cholmondeley) through their accounts of Cholmondeley’s literary tea parties at the family’s new flat in Albert Gate Mansions, Knightsbridge.

Juelang Daosheng 覺浪道盛(1592-1659), a Ming loyalist monk straddling the Ming and Qing Dynasties, proposed an unusual thesis-the Tuo-Gu Theory 托孤說 in the studies of Zhuangzi in a chapter entitled ”Zhuangzi Serves as the True Orphan of Yao and Confucius” 〈正莊為堯孔真孤〉 in his book ”Zhuangzi Ti Zheng”《莊子提正》. The thinker Fang Yi-zhi 方以智(1611-1671) inherited this theory and wrote ”Yaodi Pao Zhuang” 《藥地炮莊》. Although there has been much discussion among contemporary scholars about the meaning of the Tuo-Gu Theory, the exact time when, the location where, and the reasons why Zhuangzi Ti Zheng was written remain a mystery. This essay explores this puzzle and verifies that Daosheng wrote the book in the fifth year of Shunzhi's 順治reign (1648), after consulting Cao Tai-Yue 曹臺岳, a member of the Bu-er Club 不二社, while Daosheng was staying at Wuxiang Temple, Dang-tu County, Tai-ping Prefecture 太平府當塗縣無相寺. Once this background is clarified, it becomes evident that, besides its intention to integrate Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism, the Tuo-Gu Theory should be read as an argument for the Ming loyalists.

In a grammar book, there are rules reflecting structures of mental thought and also examples used for the explanation of the rules as well. It can be postulated that they show perceptions of life. Taking this as our point of departure, this article considers and researches books written to teach Arabic Grammar. For this reason, the book named al-‘Avâmil of al-Birgivi (d. 981/1573) was taken as a sample for this research. The main purpose in many of his books is, as can be determined, to send a message to create Muslim character in its read- ers. This aim can be seen in his al-‘Avâmil too. This article purposes to show that al-‘Avâmil was designed in a structural system and exemplified in a way aiming to create Muslim character for learners of Arabic. It is shown that all of the examples were also made for this purpose, especially for beginners. As a conclusion, following analysis and comparison, this work shows that the author wrote his book to construct a religious scholarly Muslim character. And it can be said that this book can act as an example for new works in this context.

The Annotated Catalog of Books in the Imperial Library is an important record of written works in China. Starting from the eighteenth century, as scholars conducted research from the methodology used in the studies of literature, such as editing, supplementing and modifying, many important advancements were achieved. Up until the 1980's the direction of research gradually changed; scholars began to pay attention to the culture and thinking shown in the books. This research is focused on this change. The narrations on the history of literature is the scope of my research. My research will reconstruct the officials work on the history of poetry and the historical writings from the Tang Dynasty collections of summaries, and interpret the implicated meaning of their thinking. Because summary in The Annotated Catalog of Books in the Imperial Library were composed according to existing books, this led to the form of the complete idea seem unordered and hidden. I will reconstruct their narrations on the history of literature, and explore the complete content of their thinking. Thus, I use the The Hidden Relationship as a topic to open discussion.