공간계량경제모형을 적용한 호텔객실성과 결정요인분석

When employing the spatial diagnostics examined in Chapter 4, social scientists will often find evidence of spatial autocorrelation (see, e.g., Eff 2004). As discussed in Chapter 1, this predisposition of social science data toward spatial autocorrelation often results from interdependence between the units studied by social scientists. In other cases, social science data exhibit spatial dependence not as a result of behavioral interdependence but as a consequence of spatial clustering in the sources of behaviors of interest to social scientists. The spatial dependence, in short, may be consistent with either a spatial lag model or a spatial error model. Substantive theory will often lead scholars to believe that a spatial lag specification or a spatial error specification is more appropriate for their particular substantive application. Scholars may, for example, expect that a spatial diffusion process is at work and thus believe that a spatial lag model is warranted. Although such a specification may seem appropriate, such a theoretical expectation should not go untested. It would be inappropriate to estimate a diffusion model with a spatially lagged dependent variable if the spatial dependence diagnosed via, for example, the univariate Moran's I , is instead produced by spatial clustering in the sources of otherwise independent behaviors. This model misspecification will lead the researcher to inappropriate substantive inferences about the nature of the spatial dependence in her data. Inappropriate spatial model specification is all the more problematic because of the close mathematical relationship between a spatial lag model and a spatial error model with spatial autoregressive error dependence. As this chapter will discuss, a spatial autoregressive error model can be rewritten as a spatial Durbin model with both spatially lagged dependent and independent variables if a set of nonlinear common factor constraints are valid. Because of this close relationship between spatial autoregressive dependence in a spatial lag model and spatial autoregressive dependence in a spatial error model, a significant spatial parameter in a spatial lag model may reflect spatial clustering in omitted sources of the behavior of interest rather than true spatial lag dependence consistent with a diffusion process.

The COVID-19 pandemic began at the end of 2019 in.Wuhan, China, spreading rapidly to all parts of the world. This virus was detected in Indonesia in February 2020, and then the government began to make social restriction policies in March 2020. All countries in the world experienced a fairly severe economic shock. The limited mobility of people impacts decreasing all forms of activities that require face-to-face contacts, such as tourism, transportation, hospitality, etc. It causes a decrease in economic growth which can be measured by the size of the gross regional domestic product. This analysis uses Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) data as a Y variable, general allocation funds (X1), profit-sharing funds (X2), open unemployment rate (X3), labor force participation rate (X4), and the number of industries (X5). It will be analyzed using spatial regression. There are several spatial regressions such as Spatial Autoregressive (SAR) and Spatial Error Model (SEM), Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) and Spatial Durbin Error Model (SDEM). The SDM and SDEM are special cases of SAR and SEM. SDM involves spatial effects on independent and dependent variables, while SDEM involves spatial effects on dependent variable and error. So, we will analyzed using SDM and SDEM. From the results, SDEM is the best method used for the data, and all variables used are significant. The predicted GRDP values of districts/cities in East Java are classified into five classes. There are eight regencies/cities included in the class with declining GRDP due to the COVID-19 pandemic, namely Ngawi Regency, Bangkalan Regency, Pamekasan Regency, Blitar City, Probolinggo City, Pasuruan City, Mojokerto City, and Batu City.

In the present study, we investigate different factors related to demography, land use, transportation and height that influence the generation of the PM2.5 contaminant due to woodburning in the conurbation of Temuco and Padre Las Casas, Chile. First, a global regression model was implemented to explore the relationships between the variables, and subsequently, spatial regression models were implemented (geographically weighted regression and spatial error model). Results suggest that height and infrastructure density have a strong association with the PM2.5 contaminant using the global regression and spatial error models. However, results indicate that residential density, distance to high vehicle congestion, and length of local roads within a vicinity of 100 m are significant when employing the geographically weighted regression. In addition, the latter type of regression model presents the best performance when compared to the other two models (global regression and spatial error). These results may help authorities in the allocation of resources to improve air quality in the studied conurbation. Future research should include other types of spatial regression models and other relevant variables that may influence the generation of PM2.5 due to woodburning.

Modeling the impact of land use/land cover (LULC) factors on diurnal and nocturnal Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensities using spatial regression models

Big data applications are attracting increasing interest among urban researchers. One unexplored question is whether the inclusion of big data accessibility indices improves the accuracy of hedonic price models used for residential property valuation. This paper compares a big data index with an index derived from a regional travel demand model developed by local transportation planning agencies and traditional measures of accessibility defined as distances to employment centres. Controls for submarkets and a combined spatial autoregressive and spatial error model are also assessed as tools for capturing the value of location. Using single-family residential transactions from the Miami, Florida, metropolitan area, the study’s main conclusion is that the big data accessibility measure does not add meaningful explanatory or predictive power. In contrast, the spatial autoregressive and error model outperforms the other options considered.

Changwu County is a typical soil and water loss area on the Loess Plateau. Soil erosion is an important ecological process, and the impact of land use/cover change on soil erosion has received much attention. The present study used remote sensing images of the study area in 1987, 1997, 2007, and 2017 to analyze the land use/cover change (LULCC), and the RUSLE model was applied to estimate the soil erosion in different times. We exploited the Sankey diagram to visualize the spatiotemporal changes in land use/cover and soil erosion. We planned to obtain the most suitable model by comparing the application of different spatial regression models (Geographically weighted regression model, Spatial lag model, Spatial error model) and Ordinary least squares in LULCC and soil erosion changes. The results revealed that land use/cover has significantly changed in the last 30 years. From 1987 to 1997, cropland expansion came mainly from planted land and orchards, which transformed 68.99 km2 and 64.93 km2, respectively. In 1997–2007, the planted land increase was mainly through the conversion of cropland. In 2007–2017, the increase in orchard area came mainly from cropland. The forest land increase was mainly from the planted land. Soil erosion in Changwu County was dominated by slight erosion and light erosion, although the area of slight erosion and light erosion continued to decrease. The annual average soil erosion increased, which was estimated at 977.84 ton km−2 year−1, 1305.17 ton km−2 year−1, 1310.60 ton km−2 year−1, and 1891.46 ton km−2 year−1 in 1987, 1997, 2007, and 2017, respectively. These amounts of transformation mainly occurred when slight erosion was converted to light erosion, light erosion was converted to moderate erosion, and moderate erosion was converted to light and severe erosion. The Spatial lag model and Spatial error model have higher accuracy than the Geographically weighted regression model and Ordinary least squares when fitting the effect of LULCC and soil erosion change, where the accuracy exceeded 0.62 in different periods.

Is It a Curse or a Blessing to Live Near Rich Neighbors? Spatial Analysis and Spillover Effects of House Prices in Beijing

Tree height–diameter relationships are usually studied using linear or nonlinear models, but exogenous variables, especially spatially autocorrelated and dependent variables of tree diameter or height, are not often considered in height–diameter modeling. Three types of spatial regression models — spatial lag model, spatial error model, and spatial Durbin process model — are explored in this study. The height–diameter relationships are modeled using the spatial regression models to investigate the effects of spatial dependence and spatial autocorrelation and the roles of the exogenous variables generated by neighboring trees. Case study 1 shows that the spatial lag model should be used to analyze height–diameter relationships, in which heights of neighboring trees, which are exogenous variables, and the endogenous variable DBH significantly affect height growth. Case study 2 shows that the spatial error model performs better than other models, and that height growth is not only affected by its endogenous variable diameter but also by unobserved variables that vary spatially and result in residual spatial autocorrelation. Spatial regression models are an approach to height–diameter modeling that provide insight into how the endogenous variable diameter, the exogenous variables height and (or) diameter of neighboring trees, and locally varied but unobserved environmental or ecological variables contribute to height growth.

In this study, the spatial effects of public investments and the effect of the population density on public investments between the years 2002 and 2017 in level 2 regions are investigated. Both fixed and random spatial panel models, SAR (Spatial Autoregressive Model), SEM (Spatial Error Model), SDM (Spatial Durbin Model) and SAC (Spatial Autocorrelation Model) are used. For the selection of the fit model, AIC and BIC values are examined and the models with the lowest values are selected. By these values, it is concluded that the fixed effect spatial Durbin model (SDM) and the random effect spatial lag model (SAR) are more suitable models than the other spatial panel models. According to these models, it is determined that the public investment between the years 2002-2017 contains spatial effects (Also SEM and SAC models have similar results).

Transportation is generally perceived as a catalyst for economic development. This has been highlighted in previous studies. However, less attention has been paid to examine the relationship between economy and transport demand by exploring spatially cross-sectional data, especially for countries with significant regional economic imbalance, like China. In this article, we assess the economic influence of intercity multimodal transport demand at the prefecture level in China. Spatial autoregressive regression models are used to examine the impact of transport demand on economy by deep analysis of transport modes (land, air, and water) and regions (eastern, central, and western). Through contrasting results from spatial lag model and spatial error model with those from the ordinary least square, this study finds that the estimation results can become more accurate by controlling for spatial autocorrelation, especially at the national level. Through rigorous analysis it is identified that except for water passenger traffic, all other intercity transport demand significantly contribute to a city’s economic development level in gross domestic product. In particular, air transport demands distribute more evenly and are estimated with the highest beta coefficients at both national and regional levels. In addition, the beta coefficients for land, air and water transportation are estimated with different magnitudes and significances at the national and regional levels. This study contributes to the ongoing discussion on the relationship between intercity multimodal transport demand and economic development level. Findings from this paper provide planning makers with valid and efficient strategies to better develop the economy by leveraging the special “⊣” cluster pattern of economic development and the benefits of air transportation.

Spatial regression, particularly the Spatial Error Model (SERM), was utilized in prior studies to analyze Human Development Index (HDI) modeling. However, the studies were unable to determine which dimension among the three defined by the UN and BPS had the significant impact on HDI, as they constructed models based on the indicators used for the interpretation of the dimensions. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis combining spatial regression and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), known as spatial SEM, was deemed necessary. This is the reason the current study aimed to develop SERM-SEM modeling holistically. The model parameters were estimated using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). To assess spatial dependency, the Lagrange Multiplier (LM) method was employed, with a distinct model error distribution compared to the error distribution of the traditional spatial model. The result of the LM test development showed that, under the null hypothesis, the LM test statistics followed a distribution. The results of the SERM-SEM model development were applied to HDI modeling using data in 2022 with three latent variables, namely a Long and Healthy Life (LHL), Knowledge (Know_L), and a Decent Standard of Living (DLS) (based on UN standards). The assessment of the outer model in SEM was based on the loading factor values that exceed 0.5 and their significance. This evaluation aimed to identify indicators that effectively explained or measured latent variables, so it got the revised model in SEM. These indicators are LHL2 and LHL 4 to form LHL. DLS1 and DLS3 are indicators to make up DLS, and for Know_L, they are K2 and K3. The revised SEM model was analyzed using spatial. The results of the spatial dependency test showed that the HDI model significantly led to the SERM-SEM model. Knowledge and a decent standard of living variables significantly influence HDI.

While spatial data analysis has received increasing attention in demographic studies, it remains a difficult subject to learn for practitioners due to its complexity and various unresolved issues. Here we give a practical guide to spatial demographic analysis, with a focus on the use of spatial regression models. We first summarize spatially explicit and implicit theories of population dynamics. We then describe basic concepts in exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial regression modeling through an illustration of population change in the 1990s at the minor civil division level in the state of Wisconsin. We also review spatial regression models including spatial lag models, spatial error models, and spatial autoregressive moving average models and use these models for analyzing the data example. We finally suggest opportunities and directions for future research on spatial demographic theories and practice.

An empirical evaluation of spatial regression models

The main purpose of this chapter is to review the parametric spatial econometric models that can be applied to regional economics. Spatial econometric methods are based on regression analysis applied to cases where spatial interactions and spatial structures are fundamental characteristics of the process under discussion. The review presented here outlines the basic terminology, the spatial data dependence, the specification of spatial effects, and some basic spatial regression models, i.e., the spatial autoregressive (SAR) model (or spatial lag model), the spatial error model (SEM), the spatial Durbin model (SDM) and the general spatial models—SAC and SARMA. The maximum likelihood estimation for SAR and SEM models it is also presented with some detail.In the context of the European Union, we should emphasize several empirical works in the particular areas of urban economics, economic growth and productivity, and studies dealing with agglomeration and externalities (spillovers). We provide a brief survey of some of the results obtained in these particular areas.

If the ordinary least squares (OLS) diagnostics discussed in the previous chapter indicate the existence of spatial lag or spatial error dependence, the researcher will wish to model the type of dependence indicated by these diagnostics. If the OLS diagnostics indicate the presence of a diffusion process, the researcher will wish to estimate a spatial lag model via maximum likelihood (ML) estimation or an instrumental variables specification incorporating instruments for the spatially lagged dependent variable. Alternatively, if the OLS diagnostics indicate the existence of spatial error dependence, the researcher may choose to estimate a more fully specified OLS model to model the spatial dependence or may choose to employ a ML or generalized method of moments (GMM) approach incorporating the spatial dependence in the errors. The spatial dependence diagnosed via the diagnostics discussed in Chapter 5 may alternatively be produced by spatial heterogeneity in the effects of covariates. If this is the only source of spatial dependence, modeling this heterogeneity will be sufficient to capture the spatial dependence. As a consequence, any specification search should also consider the possibility of spatial heterogeneity, which is the focus of Chapter 7. This chapter will first, however, examine alternative approaches for modeling spatial dependence if spatial heterogeneity is not present. This chapter begins by examining ML estimation of spatial lag models that derives from Ord (1975). Next, I explore alternative instrumental variables and GMM estimators for spatial lag dependence. Next, I turn to approaches for estimating spatial error models. I conclude by considering areas of concern in the estimation of spatial models. These include estimators for large sample sizes and diagnostics for continued spatial dependence. MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD SPATIAL LAG ESTIMATION The mixed regressive, spatial autoregressive model, or spatial lag model, extends the pure spatial autoregressive model considered in Section 3.2 to include also the set of covariates and associated parameters: y = ρ W y +Xβ+e where X is again an N by K matrix of observations on the covariates, β is a K by 1 vector of parameters, and the remaining notation is as discussed in Section 3.2.