산양산삼(山養山蔘) 열수추출물이 db/db 마우스 당뇨모델에서 혈중 지질대사와 혈당에 미치는 영향

BAY m1099 (a 1-deoxynojirimycin derivative) is a glucose analogue which is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Its effects on post-prandial blood glucose and insulin levels was compared with a placebo in 12 healthy male volunteers (6 Blacks and 6 Whites). It produced a similar, significant depression of post-prandial blood glucose and insulin levels when the groups were assessed separately and when the data were pooled. Although blood insulin levels in Whites were higher than in Blacks, as previously reported, the difference was not statistically significant and did not appear to influence the response to the drug. BAY 1099 produced no objective or subjective untoward effects and appears to warrant further investigation as an adjuvant to dietary control of diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is known as the most common metabolic disease. Urtica dioica is a plant in Iranian traditional medicine which is used as an antidiabetic and blood sugar lowering medication. This study aims to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Urtica dioica on blood glucose level, insulin level, body weight and pancreatic tissue of the Balb/C mice. Methods and Results: After grouping 80 female Balb/C mice into 6 groups, Streptozotocin (STZ) at the dose of 130 mg/kg was injected to mice, and their blood sugar were recorded by a glucometer. Then mice were treated by the aqueous extract of U. dioica at different doses (1, 2, and 4 gr/kg) for 14 consecutive days. At the end, blood samples of mice were collected under anesthesia to obtain serum and plasma. Finally, blood glucose and insulin level were measured. Data was analyzed using SPSS 23 software and Duncan post test. Result: Aqueous extract of U. dioica had an effect on pancreas tissue (number and size of pancreatic islets) and led to increase blood insulin level and body weight of mice. Beside, U. dioica decreased blood glucose level in mice. Injection of low dose of U. dioica in group 1 was effective on mentioned factors, but the impact was very low and not significant. Injection of high dose of aqueous extract of U. dioica in group1 was very affective on mentioned factors, and it was significant. Conclusions: According to our findings, aqueous extract of U. dioica at high dose was very effective, and can be used as a new medicine in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in order to decrease blood sugar (glucose), and to increase blood insulin level. Key words: Urtica dioica , Mouse, Glucose, Insulin

This paper considers the body of observational evidence examining the association of being breast-fed to cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life, and whether any potentially advantageous findings are causal. Early cardiovascular consequences/correlates of breast-feeding, compared to being formula fed, include markedly higher levels of total blood cholesterol, lower levels of pre-prandial blood glucose and insulin and lower levels of adiposity. However, a key issue is whether these early differences at a period of rapid development programme/influence cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes in later life. Evidence of long-term effects of early feeding, largely from observational studies, has shown that those breast-fed have lower levels of blood total cholesterol, lower risk of type-2 diabetes and marginally lower levels of adiposity and blood pressure in adult life. There is no strong evidence to suggest effects of early feeding on adult levels of blood glucose, blood insulin and CHD outcomes, although further data are needed. However, the influence of confounding factors, such as maternal body size, maternal smoking and socio-demographic factors, and exclusivity of early feeding on these potentially beneficial associations needs to be considered before inferring any causal effects. Moreover, fewer studies have examined whether duration of exclusive breast-feeding has a graded influence on these risk factors and outcomes; such data would help further in deciding upon causal associations. While strong observational evidence suggests nutritional programming of adult cholesterol levels, associations with other markers of cardiometabolic risk and their consequences in later life need to be confirmed in well-conducted observational and experimental studies.

Changes in peripheral inflammation-related gene expression by postprandial glycemic response in healthy Japanese men

BackgroundSmall- and large-for-gestational-age (SGA, LGA) newborns are associated with metabolic syndrome in their later life. Cord blood C-peptide, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipids levels may be altered in SGA and LGA newborns; however, the results are conflicting. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of cord blood markers on SGA and LGA newborns.Material/MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study and included 2873 term newborns of non-diabetic women. Among these newborns, 83 (2.9%) were SGA, 2236 (77.8%) were appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA), and 554 (19.3%) were LGA newborns. Cord blood C-peptide, insulin, HbA1c, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured. The chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze categorical variables and continuous variables, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent effect of these variables on SGA and LGA newborns.ResultsCord serum TG level was significantly higher in the SGA group than in AGA and LGA groups (p<0.05). The LGA group had significantly higher cord serum insulin level than AGA and SGA groups (p<0.05). After adjustment for confounding variables, including maternal age, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), education, annual household income, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), mode of delivery, and newborn sex, high TG and insulin levels remained significantly associated with SGA and LGA newborns, respectively (p<0.05).ConclusionsHigh cord serum TG and insulin levels are independently associated with SGA and LGA newborns, respectively.

Objective: Hyperglycemia caused by Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is associated with long-term dysfunction such as diabetic retinopathy (DRP). The most effective growth factor in the development of DRP is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Vitamin K1 reduces hyperglycemia and prevents the development of DM. In this study, we aimed to create streptozotocin (STZ) induced DM and DRP in chick embryos and to show whether vitamin K1 can prevent early-stage DRP by measuring VEGF levels. Material and Methods: The 140 specific pathogen-free (SPF) fertilized chicken eggs were used in this study. Three different STZ doses were administered to 120 SPF eggs for an induced DM model. Three different vitamin K1 doses were administered in each STZ dose group. On the 12th day and 18th day the remaining 20 SPF eggs were separated as control groups. On the 18th-day, blood glucose, blood insulin and VEGF levels were measured. Results: 0.45 mg/egg STZ dose (STZ3) was determined as the optimal/ideal dose for the DM model. When the group-administered STZ3 and vitamin K1 were evaluated among themselves; it was determined that there were significant changes in blood glucose, blood insulin, VEGF levels of the STZ3+K1-3 group compared to the STZ3+K1-1 and STZ3+K1-2 groups (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Vitamin K1 increases blood insulin levels and decreases blood glucose levels. When hyperglycemia reduces, the VEGF levels reduce. Vitamin K1 protects from DRP by reducing VEGF levels.

The effect of maternal intravenous glucose infusion on the newborn's glucose, insulin, and neurobehavioral performance was studied prospectively in 56 normal mother-newborn pairs. Maternal blood glucose levels at the time of delivery, umbilical venous blood glucose and insulin levels, and neonatal blood glucose levels were measured. Neurobehavioral assessment of the newborns was performed at 4 and 24 hours of life. The median value for total amount of glucose infused to the mother was 32.5 g, the median rate of glucose infusion was 8 g/h, and the median maternal blood glucose concentration at delivery was 110 mg/dl. Median umbilical venous blood glucose concentrations were 104 mg/dl and median insulin concentration was 15 microunits/ml. Six babies were hypoglycemic at 1 hour of age. Umbilical venous glucose and insulin levels correlated significantly (p less than 0.001) with the rate of glucose infusion to the mother and her blood glucose level. The incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia was significantly related (p less than 0.05) to a maternal blood glucose level greater than 120 mg/dl, to a glucose infusion rate of 20 g/hr or greater and to an umbilical venous insulin level of greater than 40 microunits/ml. There were no major differences in neurobehavior that distinguished hypoglycemic neonates. It is recommended that the normal parturient be given less than 20 g/hr of intravenous glucose before delivery and have a blood glucose level less than 120 mg/dl at the time of delivery. Newborns delivered to mothers with hyperglycemia or excessive glucose infusion should be tested for hypoglycemia at 1 and 2 hours of age.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion or action. Long-term antidiabetic therapy may cause adverse effects, highlighting the need for safer alternative treatments. Syzygium polyanthum (bay leaf) contains various bioactive compounds with antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Syzygium polyanthum leaf extract on blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA) and insulin levels in diabetic rat models through a systematic review. This review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Included studies were experimental in vivo studies using diabetic rat models that assessed the effects of Syzygium polyanthum extract on blood glucose, insulin, and/or MDA levels. Risk of bias was evaluated using the CAMARADES tool. The results showed that administration of Syzygium polyanthum extract at doses of 250–500 mg/kg body weight consistently reduced blood glucose levels, accompanied by increased insulin levels and decreased MDA levels. These findings indicate that Syzygium polyanthum leaf extract has potential antidiabetic and antioxidant effects in animal models of diabetes

We aimed to classify Japanese adults without diabetes into different categories based on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and characterize their insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. The OGTT was performed on 1,085 Japanese individuals without diabetes (aged 20-64 years); blood glucose and insulin levels were measured at 0, 30-, 60-, 90-, and 120-min. Fasting blood chemistry, hematology, and urine were analyzed. The participants were classified into four categories based on the following: (A) 30 min post-load plasma glucose levels < 157 mg/dL and/or (B) 120 min post-load plasma glucose levels < 126 mg/dL and Matsuda index > 4.97. Category 1 satisfied both conditions, category 2 satisfied condition A but not B, category 3 satisfied condition B but not A, and category 4 satisfied neither condition. Overall, 46%, 21%, 13%, and 20% of the participants were classified into categories 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Compared with category 1, the characteristics of the other categories were: 2, low insulin sensitivity and high blood glucose levels during the later period; 3, low insulin secretion and a rapid increase in blood glucose levels; and 4, combined characteristics of categories 2 and 3. Most blood test values besides glucose metabolism in category 4 were also worse than those in category 1. Categories 1 and 2 had a high proportion of females, whereas categories 3 and 4 had a low proportion. Japanese adults without diabetes are classified into four categories with different insulin sensitivities and insulin secretion using OGTT results. Each category has different characteristics of age and sex distribution and clinical values besides glucose metabolism.

Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum have been traditionally used for the treatment of obesity and several gastrointestinal diseases. We have recently demonstrated that the phytocomplex obtained from these algae (Gdue™) controls postprandial glucose levels in a mouse model of steatohepatitis, a condition often associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We analyzed the effect of Gdue™ on HOMA index, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in overweight or obese subjects. Waist circumference decreased significantly after 6 months of treatment (112 ± 17 at t0 vs 105 ± 13 cm after 6 months of treatment; p&lt;0.0001). Both blood glucose and insulin levels were significantly reduced after 6 months of treatment with Gdue™ (110 ± 15 at t0 vs 98 ± 15 mg/dL after 6 months for glucose; p&lt;0.0001; 22.6 ± 9.5 at t0 vs 17.8 ± 8.6 μU/mL after 6 months for insulin; p&lt;0.05). Accordingly, HOMA index decreased significantly (6.103 ± 2.548 at t0 vs 4.419 ± 2.382 after 6 months; p&lt;0.01), suggesting an improvement of insulin sensitivity status. This phytocomplex represents a useful dietary supplement for controlling relevant metabolic syndrome risk factors, such as waist circumference, fasting insulin and glucose levels.

A high-fat diet (HFD) quickly induces obesity with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. We previously reported that a novel hypothalamic small protein, named neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), stimulates feeding and fat accumulation in mice. However, the effects of NPGL on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis remain unknown. Hence, we subjected NPGL-precursor gene (Npgl)-overexpressing mice to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IPITT) under normal chow (NC) and HFD conditions. Npgl overexpression promoted body mass gain and tended to increase food intake of NC-fed mice, whereas it had little effect on HFD-fed mice. The OGTT showed elevated blood glucose and insulin levels in Npgl-overexpressing NC-fed mice 15 min after glucose administration. Both the OGTT and IPITT demonstrated that Npgl overexpression decreased blood glucose levels in HFD-fed mice 60 min after glucose and insulin treatments. Notably, Npgl overexpression increased adipose tissue masses only in NC-fed mice, and it decreased blood glucose and insulin levels in HFD-fed mice at the experimental end point. It also increased the mRNA expression of galanin, one of the feeding and metabolic regulatory neuropeptides, in the hypothalamus of HFD-fed mice. Therefore, NPGL may alleviate HFD-induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in mice.

The effect of chronic prolactin treatment on blood sugar, serum immunoreactive insulin and free fatty acid levels has been studied in normal dogs in the post-absorptive condition and during an i.v. glucose tolerance test. It was observed that: 1) the chronic administration of prolactin failed to affect either blood sugar or serum immunoreactive insulin levels in these animals in the post-absorptive condition and induced a very minor non-significant increase in serum free fatty acid concentration; 2) although prolactin chronic administration induced a moderate reduction in the blood sugar response in the first fifteen min after the glucose load, the average glucose level, kglucose, and serum IRI profile were unaffected; 3) prolactin administration slightly accelerated the fall of FFA levels during glucose administration as well as the return to baseline values in spite of the high blood glucose and insulin levels. In dogs having undergone chronic prolactin treatment the serum FFA concentration was higher than in non injected animals in the final stages of the test, i.e. at the moment when blood glucose and insulin had returned to basal levels. The physiological significance of these changes is discussed.

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood glucose levels. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may disrupt insulin signaling and result in insulin resistance. The Alpinia oxyphylla extract (AOE) possesses powerful antioxidant activity and may therefore inhibit the development of insulin resistance. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of AOE on blood glucose, insulin and lipid levels in a type II diabetic nephropathy animal model (C57BIKsj db-/db-). All experiments were performed on male C57BL/Ks DB/DB and db-/db- mice that were left to acclimatize for 1 week prior to the experimental period. AOE was administered to these mice at different dosages (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. The results demonstrated that AOE did not affect mouse weight, while blood glucose concentrations were found to significantly decrease in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). The effect of administering 500 mg/kg AOE (AOE500) to db-/db- mice was tested further. Treatment with AOE500 for 8 weeks led to improved glucose tolerance and reduced plasma insulin concentrations (P<0.05), as well as a significant decrease in triglyceride concentrations (P<0.05) and levels of total cholesterol (P<0.05) in db-/db- mice. Furthermore, treatment with AOE500 decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde, elevated the concentration of glutathione and increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and peroxidase (P<0.05) in the livers of db-/db- mice. Meanwhile, AOE-treated mice exhibited significantly reduced urine albumin, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen excretion (P<0.05). In parallel, the upregulated expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in the liver and kidneys of db-/db- mice was impaired following AOE500 treatment. The results of the present study suggest that AOE regulates blood glucose and lipid levels and improves renal function by mediating oxidative stress and PTEN expression at the onset of type II diabetes mellitus.

To observe the effect of acupuncture on the expressions of transforming growth factor β(TGF-β)/Smad homolog 3(Smad 3)signaling pathway and autophagy-related factors in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet, so as to explore its possible mechanisms in improving obesity. Male SD rats were randomly divided into normal, model, medication and acupuncture groups, with 10 rats in each group.The obesity model was established by feeding the rats with a high-fat diet.Rats of the acupuncture group received acupuncture at "Guanyuan"(CV4) "Zhongwan"(CV12) and bilateral "Tianshu"(ST25) etc., for 30 min, once daily for 4 weeks. Rats in the medication group received gavage of orlistat solution (32.4 mg·kg-1·d-1), once daily for 4 weeks.The rat's body weight was measured for calculating the Lee's index.The weights of epididymal fat and perirenal fat were measured.The fasting blood glucose (FBG) and insulin levels were measured, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was calculated. Additionally, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests were performed.The serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were measured. HE staining was used to observe the morphology and structure of liver and epididymal adipose tissue, and oil red O staining was used to observe the lipid droplets in liver tissue.The mRNA and protein expression levels of TGF-β, TGF-β receptor 1 (TGF-βR1), Smad3, autophagy related protein Beclin-1, ubiquitin binding protein p62, and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3) in epididymal adipose tissue were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot, respectively. Compared with the normal group, the body weight, Lee's index, perirenal and epididymal fat mass, serum TC, TG and LDL content, fasting insulin level, and HOMA-IR of rats in the model group were increased (P<0.01), the blood glucose levels were also increased at 30, 60, and 120 min after glucose and insulin injection (P<0.01, P<0.05), while the HDL content was decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the body weight, Lee's index, perirenal and epididymal fat mass, serum TC, TG and LDL content, and HOMA-IR of the medication and acupuncture groups were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the serum HDL content of the acupuncture group was increased (P<0.01). Compared with the normal group, the mRNA expression levels of TGF-β, TGF-βR1, Smad3, LC3, and Beclin-1, the protein expression levels of TGF-β, TGF-βR1, p-Smad3/Smad3, LC3-Ⅱ/LC3- Ⅰ, and Beclin-1 in the epididymal adipose tissue of rats in the model group were significantly increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), while the mRNA and protein expression levels of p62 were decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the mRNA expression levels of TGF-β, LC3, and Beclin-1, the protein expression levels of TGF-β, p-Smad3/Smad3, and Beclin-1 in the medication and acupuncture groups were decreased (P<0.01), while the mRNA and protein expression levels of p62 were increased (P<0.01). Additionally, the mRNA expression of TGF-βR1, the protein expression of TGF-βR1 and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3- Ⅰ in the acupuncture group was decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with the medication group, the serum HDL content and the expression of p62 protein in adipose tissue were significantly increased in the acupuncture group (P<0.01), while the protein expression level of TGF-βR1, the ratio of p-Smad3/Smad3, and the expression of Beclin-1 protein in adipose tissue were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the normal group, the adipocytes in the model group exhibited significantly enlarged lipid droplets with disordered arrangement, and hepatic lipid deposition was markedly increased;whereas compared with the model group, both the acupuncture and medication groups showed reduced lipid droplet size. Acupuncture may induce weight loss by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway and excessive autophagy of adipose tissue, thereby improving the metabolic state of obese rats and reducing the volume of adipocytes.

Fgf signaling in adipocytes as a target for metabolic diseases