Сиро-мелькитская рукопись XV века Vat. sir. 351: незавершенный проект Минеи месячной на весь год в одном томе

Between the months of September and October, Kolkata celebrates the Hindu religious festival of Durgapuja on a grand scale. Organised by local clubs and neighbourhood voluntary associations, approximately 2,500 temporary structures – pandals – are built for the worship or puja of the goddess Durga and her entourage. Of these about two thousand occupy the city’s public spaces: streets, parks, green islands, and vacant lots. A large number of the pandals are finely engineered structures that are fabulously decorated and attract hundreds of thousands of visitors each day of the festivities. It takes anywhere between three months to three days to build these pavilions. After five days of festivities the pandals are dismantled and the clay deities destroyed by immersing them in the Hooghly River or another nearby body of water.

Ganesha Chaturthi is a grand festival celebrated all over India, in the month of September, every year. Approximately Rs. 20,000/- crores of income is generated throughout the country during the 10 days of festival. After the celebrations and prayers, the Ganesha idols are immersed in nearby water bodies such as a river, lake or ocean. The Ganesha idols are supposed to be made with clay, which is a degradable material which can also be helpful for the growth of plants. But, for the purpose of attracting the buyers, the Ganesha idol makers use Plaster of Paris (POP), and paints mixed with hazardous chemicals and chromium, zinc, mercury and arsenic which are non-degradable. An attempt has been made by the researchers to understand the steps taken by Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike [BBMP] for the smooth execution of immersion process, effective waste management and promote the use of eco-friendly Ganesha for worship in Bengaluru city.

The article describes the application of the equimetric principle in translating hymnographic texts from Greek into classical Syriac. The meaning of the term “equimetric translation” is specified, and terminological analogies are provided. The textual analysis of the selected hymns is carried out on the material of the Syriac manuscripts of Lenten Triodion and Sticherarions (11th–16th centuries, including manuscripts available through the HMML project), the Greek copy of the new Tropologion Sinait. NF. MG. 56-5, and Greek manuscripts of the Triodion and Sticherarion (10th–14th centuries). The method of equimetric translation is demonstrated on the material of selected “automela of the day” of the Lenten Triodion, a special group of 89 lenten hymns distributed over the period from Meatfare Sunday to the Friday before Lazarus Saturday. The syriac texts demonstrate almost complete coincidence in the number of syllables with the Greek original, which is achieved by enriching the text with new words and complex syntax. It is caused by the fact that the average word length in classical Syriac is shorter than in Greek. When translating hymns equimetrically, translators supplemented the text with words of the same root (for example, “let us purify ... purely”), synonyms (“forgive and leave”), function words (particles and conjunctions), adjectives, pronouns, they also complicated the syntax. In the stichera “Let us begin, people, an immaculate fast” the hymnographic text was enriched with the words from the Gospel text (Mt 6), including an extension of citation of the prayer “Our Father”. Examples are given of violations of equimetry as a result of errors and changes in Greek and Syriac manuscripts, which indicates the need of collation of different manuscripts. The need to adapt Byzantine melodies to Syriac texts is indicated as the main reason for using equimetricy in translation, it is demonstrated on the material of Syro-Melkite hymns with Paleo-Byzantine (Coislin) notation.

Modern Aramaic philology is a research field that has attracted the attention of few scholars and vernacular literature preserved in manuscripts appears indeed to be a rather marginal phenomenon in comparison with both oral tradition and Classical Syriac writing (copying of the classical heritage and composition of new original texts). In the last few decades and especially in the last few years, a surprising number of grammatical descriptions of modern Aramaic varieties have appeared. All of them include the transcription and translation of oral texts, some of which are particularly valuable from a literary point of view. Both written and oral texts reveal an extraordinary tenacity of classical stories and motifs. A couple of examples will be given here: the story of the Maccabean martyrs and their mother Shmuni and of Joseph and Mary. In both cases oral transmission has preserved ancient lore in the collective memory of the community, although in rather creative and somehow distorted ways, as is typical of the oral/aural medium. The earliest written witnesses of Modern Aramaic are religious texts composed in learned varieties of Jewish and Christian vernaculars of present-day northern Iraq. Their linguistic, literary and stylistic forms attest the existence of a rich and probably much earlier oral literature in the vernacular. They are written texts that have drawn on classical literatures – Hebrew, Jewish Aramaic and Classical Syriac, but they are clearly intended for oral transmission, being homiletic texts in the case of Jewish authors and lengthy hymns to be chanted by soloists and/or choirs in the case of East Syrian Christians. The latter exhibit stylistic features and structuring devices typical of oral poetry: rhyme, rhythm, formulae, copia verborum, multilingual hendyadis, anaphora and anadiplosis. The earliest dated Christian texts originated in the Mosul plain around the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century. It was only since the 18th century, however, that Christian Aramaic vernacular literature was committed to writing in manuscripts as a marginal, quantitatively almost insignificant phenomenon in the context of that flourishing of scribal and literary activities which is known as the “school of Alqosh”. Since the 16th century, a number of authors and families of professional scribes of Alqosh, in the Mosul plain, or the surrounding region, were extraordinarily active in copying, reading, commenting Classical Syriac works and became original authors themselves in the classical language and – to a far lesser extent – in the vernacular. In the 19th century, this kind of literary production attracted the attention of the first European scholars who dealt with Modern Aramaic. They used it especially as a source of linguistic evidence and were seldom interested in literary features. After the first ground-breaking publications, almost a century elapsed before Semitic scholars rediscovered the charm of modern Aramaic tongues. This renewed interest was cultivated mostly by dialectologists who became progressively more aware of the risk of extinction that threatened what they usually label “Neo-Aramaic” dialects. Only a few scholars devoted themselves to reading and collating manuscripts containing Modern Aramaic literary texts. 5 The intense and meticulous labor of the linguists resulted in the publication of a number of grammatical descriptions of Neo-Aramaic dialects. Especially in the last few

UP to now only one physiognomic treatise in the Syriac language has been made public. It forms the XXth chapter of the Laughable Stories collected by 1a\r Gregory John Bar Hebraeus, and has been published on pp. 149-156 of the edition of this last named work, by E. A. Budge (London, 1897); an English version is to be found on pp. 177-185 of the same book. Morales had published previously some extracts also of this chapter of the Laughable Stories, from the Syriac MS. 173 of the Vatican Library in ZDMG 40, pp. 410-456. In this MS. the chapter bears the title )LoZJo_ o ,ooa,_' L J20, which the editor translates simply with Physiognomistische Zeichen. In the edition of Budge the title runs L o Another MS. has ,L& j;zq J.OO0 :A{. The -treatise does not correspond to any of the physiognomic tracts in the Greek, Latin, and Arabic languages collected and published by R. Foerster in Scriptores physiognomici Graeci et Latini, Lipsiae 1892, I-II volumes. However it shows a certain resemblance to the treatise attributed by Foerster to PseudoPolemon (ed. Foerster, l.c., v. I, p. 298-426). The divergence between the two treatises lies in the different length. Besides that we must remark that the Syriac tract is most probably a translation from an Arabic treatise, which in its turn has been translated from some Greek or Byzantine original, now lost; as only the treatises collected by Foerster have survived. There is no doubt, therefore, that through this physiognomic treatise, embodied in Bar Hebraeus' renowned work on witticism, we are able to reconstruct a new type of Greek physiognomic tract, which bears a certain resemblance to Pseudo-Polemon, and represents, in my opinion, a state anterior to that of the author just mentioned. I have found another physiognomic treatise in the Syriac language on ff. 9' and 9b of the Syriac MS. or 5442 of the British Museum (G. Margoliouth, Descriptive List of Syriac and Karshuni MSS. in thy British Museum acquired since 1873, London, 1899, p. 49).

Over fifty years of cumulative annual mass balance data for several glaciers in the Alps shows similar fluctuations which seem to provide evidence of a common climatic signal. Separate winter and summer mass balance measurements from the Claridenfirn (glacier in Switzerland) since 1914 and the Sarennes glacier (France) since 1949 show that (1) the annual mass balance is primarily driven by the summer mass balance term and (2) melting rate variations with time are very similar for these two glaciers located 290 km apart. The increase in the ablation rate of 0.5 cm w.e. day−1 between the two periods 1954–1981 and 1982–2002 over these two glaciers corresponds to a 20 Wm−2 rise in the energy flux at the glacier surface. These results suggest that a common summer melting rate change may have affected the Alps as a whole. Detailed observations on the Sarennes glacier show that the origin of this strong increase in summer ablation since 1982 is not only a rise in the summer melting rate, but also an increase in the ablation period during the months of September and October.

The Vaccine Skeptics of 1721

This study intends to focus on the vicinity between Kurdish and Syriac languages and the need for interchangeability between two different languages and peoples because of daily commerce, habits and common culture and proverbs of the surrounding areas of Iraqi Kurdistan region. The study tries to show the labour of Syriac language in Early 20th Century to adapt its own phonemic system (a Semitic language) to the Kurdish phonemic system (an Indo-European language) with examples from manuscript No. 964 from the depository of the Chaldean Antonian Order of Saint Hormizd in Alqosh - Nineveh.

The first centuries of Christianity are abundant with the names of clergymen and other people from outside of the church hierarchy whose writing recorded in the Syriac language is still attracting the interest of researchers in numerous centres of scholarship all over the world. There is a common consensus that in the course of centuries this body of work played a role of a link between the Mesopotamian-Hellenistic-Arabic culture and the western world.

[full article, abstract in Russian; abstract in Lithuanian and English]
 The present article is focused on the classification of the South Slavic manuscripts of the oldest translation of the Synaxarion. The study is based on 15 copies dating back to the 13–16th centuries and containing texts from September to February. As a result of consistent analysis of the structural and linguistic features, four editions were distinguished.The Bulgarian edition consists of copies of Bulgarian and Serbian origin (Grig. 23, BAN 72, Rum. 319, SANU 53, Pog. 58, Hlud. 189, Рс 705, Hlud. 191, Srem. 323), whose texts, with certain exceptions, reflect the traditional translation of the Church Slavonic Synaxarion, known from the copy Sof. 1324. The Serbian edition includes four Serbian codices (Pog. 463А, Uvar. 70, HAZU III.с.6 and Wuk. 38), whose hagiographic articles have obvious linguistic and compositional differences. The editing of the oldest translation of the Synaxarion, which led to the appearance of the Serbian edition, might have been carried out in the Serbian written tradition. However, we should not exclude the possibility that these linguistic and compositional features were characteristic of the East Slavic copy of the Synaxarion, transferred to Serbia in the late 12th–early 13th century. In the Serbian medieval tradition, the Synaxarion was not only rewritten, but also edited, because the copy Wuk. 37 represents the shortened version of the Serbian edition. South Slavic copies of the Bulgarian and Serbian editions are based on different Eastern Slavic archetypes, suggesting that the copies of the oldest translation of the Synaxarion were transferred to the Balkans not less than two times.The versed edition of the Synaxarion is known from the fragment present in the beginning of the Serbian copy Nik. 34 (from 1 September to 18 October), where the traditional Church Slavonic Synaxarion was edited on the basis of the Greek copy of the Versed Synaxarion and supplemented with newly translated verse.

The article considers V. V. Veresaev’s “Memories” from the point of view of its linguistic characteristics and from the position of possible use in didactic manuals on the Russian language and stylistics for schoolchildren. Being a valuable source of observations on the transformations of the national language and literary style at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries, the text of “Memories” by Veresaev can serve both purely scientific and educational purposes. It fits into the tradition of Russian biographical narration about a child and a teenager, established by L. N. Tolstoy and continued by classic writers of the second half of the century before last (S. T. Aksakov, N. G. Garin-Mikhaylovsky, etc.). The text complies with all the canons of the genre and is designed using traditional compositional techniques and linguistic means of accurately reproducing the psychological characteristics of the narrator of children and adolescents. Its vocabulary reflects the social characteristics of the provincial noble intelligentsia of pre-revolutionary Russia, the peculiarities of the regional variety of the Russian language, intelligentsia colloquialism and many vivid speech features of 1870–1880s. Veresaev's individual style reflects not only his social background and high level of education, but also the specifics of his literary activity, which began quite early. Doing a lot of translations, the writer honed the syntactic features of his creative writing skill. That is why the linguistic design of “Memories” is characterized by a variety of constructive features, frequent use of rhetorical colours and their combinations, purposeful variation of word order. The normative nature of the lexical and grammatical design of Veresaev's text makes it a potential source of educational tasks for modern schoolchildren. The unobtrusive didacticism of the style, the entertaining content, the historical and local history component of “Memories” allows their individual compositional fragments to be successfully included in the educational process.

This paper analyzes 20th century colloquialization processes in Peninsular Spanish, in line with recent works addressing mass-media colloquialization. Previous studies suggest a change in sports-talk announcing towards a more informal model, which is supported by the incorporation of new linguistic features as well as by the influence of some external changes. In this context, this study delves into the role of discourse markers as a colloquialization parameter, as a growth in their employment has been detected since ca. 1990. To further explore the data, a manually compiled corpus has been transcribed and analyzed: our corpus consists of both radio and TV football-match recordings aired in Spain from 1980 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2024. These two big periods have been subdivided into five-year periods or micro-diachronies to allow for a more detailed analysis. Results reveal a consolidation of the use of discourse markers by sports announcers, contrasting with earlier broadcasts that tended to avoid them or that employed more formal discourse markers, typically related to written, planned discourses.

Prolonged coexistence within a single state, i.e. the Commonwealth of Poland, laid the foundations for the emergence of common cultural and linguistic features along the Ukrainian-Polish borderlands. The article substantiates the peculiarities of the choice of terminology in defining the concepts of “border studies”. Due to the Ukrainian-Polish language contacts, a southern Polish peripheral dialect arose, which was spread over a large territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and formed the literary Polish language with the ethnic Polish dialects, since the effects of borrowing are recorded in the phonetic and morphological language, as well as stimulating of the internal tendencies of language development. During the period of increased polonization, we observe the spread of Ukrainian lexical elements in Polish poetry from the middle of the 16th century, while in the 17th century we can see not only the integration of Ukrainianisms into Polish poetry, but even the Ukrainian language in Polish literature can be singled out. Despite the privileged position and dominance of the Polish culture, a unique situation emerged in the context of Ukrainian-Polish contacts along the borderlands when the subordinated Ukrainian folk culture became an ideological and thematically dominant aspect of Polish fiction, painting and music. Of particular interest is the creativity of Polish poets of the “Ukrainian School”, for whom the traditions of the Ukrainian people were native, so these authors created their national literature from local language material and played a significant role in the spread of Ukrainian elements in Polish literary language.

Based on a diachronic newspaper corpus, this study analyses change in the use of the progressive in the Indian English (IndE) settler strand and indigenous strand varieties from 1900 to 2000, comparing it to developments in British English (BrE). Results indicate that these three varieties showed distinct patterns of usage. The IndE indigenous strand reveals evidence of substrate transfer in the use of perfect progressives and unbounded/undelimited habitual progressives. Some of the resulting usage patterns appear to have been carried over to the IndE settler strand. Diachronically, similar developmental trends can be observed in IndE and BrE, although IndE was slower to adopt these trends (‘colonial lag’). By contrast, linguistic features caused by substrate transfer decreased in frequency over time. Overall, diachronic developments do not indicate divergence between IndE and BrE, supporting the analysis of Indian English being in a ‘steady state’ instead of advancing to full endonormativity.

The article presents a historical and lexicological description of the popular borrowing of the 19th century panorama, panoráma in Russian and Hungarian, as well as the borrowings and derivatives with the same root (panoramicheskij, panoramnyj, panoramskij, enciklopedicheski panoramicheskij, panoramicheski, panoramshchik, panoramograf; panorámai, panorámás). The analysis of the lexical family shows that with the great social significance of new borrowings they quickly come into use and form derivatives, getting fixation in dictionaries. The development of the meanings of neologisms in Russian was influenced by the processes of semantic analogy with the borrowing previously rooted in the language (kartina-panorama), adjective polysemy was formed under the influence of noun polysemy (panorama → panoramicheskij, panoramnyj). The study conducted a comparative analysis of lexical families in Russian and Hungarian, marked similarities and differences determined by cultural, historical and linguistic features. Drawing on the example of the panorama, significant similarities were traced in the process of borrowing in unrelated languages. The methods used in the research are descriptive, comparative, statistical, historical and cultural, also methods of contextual and semantic analysis.