電析法により作製されたＣｕ／Ｎｉ‐Ｐ多層膜の硬度と摩擦特性

This study reports the resistance to chromium sulfate (Cr2(SO4)3), nickel sulfate (NiSO4) and copper sulfate (CuSO4) in the Col-0, Lov-1, Ws-2 and Santa Clara strains of Arabidopsis thaliana. Previous reports have shown illness-associated with consuming crops grown in environments contaminated with such heavy metals (Shams, et al., 2018). Plant growth and biomass are also affected by considerable amounts of heavy metals in soil. To investigate the effects of heavy metals on Arabidopsis thaliana, plants were exposed to the heavy metals every two days, after 14 days of growth under normal conditions. Plant height was tallied daily and spectrophotometry was performed. BLAST was conducted to locate characteric similarities/differences between the genome sequences of the strains. Based on phenotypic observations, copper, nickel and chromium sulfate were found to have no significant effect on the plants, in comparison with the control. Interestingly, WS-2 exhibited excessive growth when exposed to nickel sulfate, reaching 125mm on Day 25. Only after exposing the plants to the heavy metals for the fourth time, plants exhibited wilting and leaf browning. However, statistical analysis [p result = 0.048 (<0.05)] indicated that only Col-0 was resistant to nickel sulfate. Significant differences in nucleotide strings of Col-0 include F-Box protein, Homeobox Leucine Zipper protein family (HD Zip), YABBY protein family, radical fringe and SAT gene. The elucidation of a heavy metal-resistant gene in Arabidopsis thaliana could potentially lead to genetic engineering of genes to cultivate heavy metal resistant plants that are safe for human and animal ingestion.

Citric acid infusion in extracorporeal blood may allow concurrent regional anticoagulation and enhancement of extracorporeal CO2 removal. Effects of citric acid on human blood thromboelastography and aggregometry have never been tested before. In this in vitro study, citric acid, sodium citrate and lactic acid were added to venous blood from seven healthy donors, obtaining concentrations of 9 mEq/L, 12 mEq/L and 15 mEq/L. We measured gas analyses, ionized calcium (iCa++) concentration, activated clotting time (ACT), thromboelastography and multiplate aggregometry. Repeated measure analysis of variance was used to compare the acidifying and anticoagulant properties of the three compounds. Sodium citrate did not affect the blood gas analysis. Increasing doses of citric and lactic acid progressively reduced pH and HCO3- and increased pCO2 (p<0.001). Sodium citrate and citric acid similarly reduced iCa++, from 0.39 (0.36-0.39) and 0.35 (0.33-0.36) mmol/L, respectively, at 9 mEq/L to 0.20 (0.20-0.21) and 0.21 (0.20-0.23) mmol/L at 15 mEq/L (p<0.001). Lactic acid did not affect iCa++ (p=0.07). Sodium citrate and citric acid similarly incremented the ACT, from 234 (208-296) and 202 (178-238) sec, respectively, at 9 mEq/L, to >600 sec at 15 mEq/L (p<0.001). Lactic acid did not affect the ACT values (p=0.486). Sodium citrate and citric acid similarly incremented R-time and reduced α-angle and maximum amplitude (MA) (p<0.001), leading to flat-line thromboelastograms at 15 mEq/L. Platelet aggregometry was not altered by any of the three compounds. Citric acid infusions determine acidification and anticoagulation of blood similar to lactic acid and sodium citrate, respectively.

A colloidal hydroxide solution consisted of nickel sulfate, copper sulfate, and tartaric acid was prepared as a substitute for a palladium catalyst in nickel-phosphorus electroless plating. The colloids were adsorbed on an ABS resin substrate and then reduced chemically to produce activated sites for electroless plating. After nickel-phosphorus electroless plating, the articles were used for the evaluation of the 90°peeling strength and of the initial covering velocity with the nickel-phosphorus film during the electroless plating. Results indicated the following.(1) An ABS resin substrate treated with the colloidal solution yielded an adhesion strength for the plating film as strong as one activated by a conventional coupling of tin (2+) ions as sensitizer and palladium (2+) ions as activator for the electroless plating. The ABS resin substrate, in particulars activated using a colloidal solution of pH 7.8 consisting of 0.08mol/dm3 nickel sulfate, 0.01mol/dm3 copper sulfate and 0.04mol/dm3 tartaric acid, caused cohesive-destruction with the plated nickel-phosphorus film during the 90°peeling strength test.(2) Both copper ions and copper hydroxide in the colloidal solutions served to reduce the time for the ABS resin substrate to be covered uniformly by the nickel-phosphorus film during electroless plating. However, they tended to enhance the surface roughness.

Pyrite tailings from operating industrial facilities, beyond their primary component, frequently contain valuable base metal minerals (e.g., Co, Ni, Cu) that are in constant demand and are critical for 'green energy' technologies. Despite the comparatively low concentration of Ni and Co in these tailings, their overall reserves are potentially significant. The objective of this study was to investigate the recovery of nickel, cobalt, and copper from leach sulfuric solutions derived from nickel-cobalt-bearing pyrite concentrate using solvent extraction. It was established that selective metal recovery necessitates the preliminary precipitation of iron as jarosite at a controlled pH. From the resultant iron-free solution, selective copper extraction was achieved using Acorga 5640 in kerosine at a pH range of 2.8�3.0. This was followed by the co-extraction of Ni and Co using Cyanex 272 combined with TBP at a pH of 5.0. To obtain high-purity cobalt and nickel sulfate, the optimal solvent extraction scheme was determined to be 2E+1Sc+1S (2 Extraction stages + 1 scrabbing stage + 1 Stripping stage). As a result of this research, pure iron hydroxide, along with marketable nickel, cobalt, and copper sulfates, were successfully recovered. Further concentration of the final cobalt sulfate solution requires a subsequent sorption process.

Citric acid and sodium citrate effects on pink color development of cooked ground turkey irradiated pre- and post-cooking

The copper-coated polyester fabric can be used to prepare electromagnetic shielding materials. At present, electroless copper plating mainly using formaldehyde as the reducing agent. But the stability of the bath is poor and it is also volatile and toxic. Using hypophosphite as reducing agent has more advantages for its stability and the plating process does not release any toxic gases. In this paper, The copper-coated polyester fabric was prepared by electroless plating with the sodium hypophosphite as reducing agent. The roughening condition before plating and the deposition process were optimized through orthogonal test. The surface resistances of conductive polyester fabrics, the deposition rate and the coating adhesion were investigated respectively. The optimum roughening conditions obtained are as following: sodium hydroxide concentration of 250g/L; temperature 70 D; time 15min, and the lightweight rate of the plating layer is 0.43% under the experimental conditions. The optimum conditions of electroless copper plating using sodium hypophosphite as reducing agent are: copper sulfate 8g/L; nickel sulfate 1.0g/L; sodium hypophosphite 35g/L; citric acid 20g/L; boric acid 30g/L; pH 9.0; temperature 75D. With these conditions, the deposition rate reaches 1.274g/(m2·min) and the uniform and compact copper layer with excellent electro-conductivity was obtained.

The study included 300 samples collected from 150 clinical and 150 hospital environmental sources. Only 43 (14.3%) isolates belonged to Ps. aeruginosa. The isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 7 types of heavy metals (HM) namely Copper Sulfate, Silver Sulfate, Mercury chloride, Lead nitrate, Zinc sulfate, Cadmium sulfate, and Nickel sulfate. The screening test for ability of the isolates to resist HM was detected using lead nitrate in concentration of 400μg/ml. Results revealed that 37/43 were resistant to lead nitrate (400μg/ml). The MIC of 7 HM was detected by agar dilution and pouring method. Results revealed that most of the isolates were resistant to 7 HM in some of concentrations. The plasmid content was investigated for all 37 isolates of Ps. aeruginosa (34 clinical and 3 environmental). Results revealed that most isolates 32/37 harbored large (mega) plasmid. Biofilm production of Ps. aeruginosa isolates was investigated; results showed that 20/43 (47%) of isolates had biofilm. This study concluded that the increase of HM resistance was correlated with biofilm production for some HM used. The bacterial curing is proceeding for one isolate of Ps. aeruginosa (Ps.3). The results showed survived resistance to all HM used, which may be due to HM resistance trait was carried out on bacterial chromosome rather than plasmid.

Study on the diamond-like carbon multilayer films for tribological application

Effects of dietary supplements on the availability of minerals in fish meal; preliminary observations

The metabolism of citric acid and potassium, sodium and calcium salts of citrate in rats was investigated by single-dose oral administration. The per capita daily intake of citric acid and its salts in Japanese was estimated to be 37.78mg/kg by Ito et al., so 37.78mg/kg was chosen as the low dose and 1, 889mg/kg (50 times more) as the high dose. The urinary excretion of citrate, expiratory carbon dioxide (CO2), and the blood concentration and tissue distribution of citrate and/or its metabolites were investigated in fasting rats. A large proportion of administered citric acid and its salts was excreted within 24 hours, i. e., 76.7 to 88.9% as expiratory CO2, 3.8 to 11.2% in urine, and only a small amount in feces. In the rats given the high dose of potassium or sodium citrate, the absorption rate of citrate decreased while the urinary excretion increased. The times at which the urinary excretion of citrate and the blood concentration of citrate and/or its metabolites reached the maximum were different for citric acid and its salts. The absorption rates of citric acid and its salts were considered to be in the following order: citric acid>potassium citrate≥sodium citrate>calcium citrate. The distribution in the gastrointestinal tract was 37.6 to 64.3% after 30 minutes but less than 2.7% after 24 hours. Therefore, it is clear that a large proportion of administered citric acid and its salts is absorbed, metabolized and excreted mainly as CO2, and that the difference in metabolism between citric acid and its alkaline salts is negligible.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to establish the parameters of concentration, time andmode of application of citric acid and sodium citrate in relation to rootconditioning. Material and MethodsA total of 495 samples were obtained and equally distributed among 11 groups (5for testing different concentrations of citric acid, 5 for testing differentconcentrations of sodium citrate and 1 control group). After laboratorialprocessing, the samples were analyzed under scanning electron microscopy. Apreviously calibrated and blind examiner evaluated micrographs of the samples.Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed to analyze the data obtained.ResultsBrushing 25% citric acid for 3 min, promoted greater exposure of collagen fibersin comparison with the brushing of 1% citric acid for 1 minute and its topicalapplication at 1% for 3 min. Sodium citrate exposed collagen fibers in a fewnumber of samples. ConclusionDespite the lack of statistical significance, better results for collagen exposurewere obtained with brushing application of 25% citric acid for 3 min than withother application parameter. Sodium citrate produced a few number of samples withcollagen exposure, so it is not indicated for root conditioning.

Adsorption and desorption of polydimethylsiloxane, PCBS, cadmium nitrate, copper sulfate, nickel sulfate and zinc nitrate by river surface sediments

This article describes the results of a study of Cu/Ni multilayer coatings applied on a monocrystalline Si(100) silicon substrate by the deposition magnetron sputtering technique. Composed of 100 bilayers each, the multilayers were differentiated by the Ni sublayer thickness (1.2 to 3 nm), while maintaining the constant Cu sublayer thickness (2 nm). The multilayer coatings were characterized by assessing their surface topography using atomic force microscopy and their mechanical properties with nano-hardness measurements by the Berkovich method. The tests showed that the hardness of multilayers was substantially influenced by the thickness ratio of Cu and Ni sublayers and by surface roughness. The highest hardness and, at the same time, the lowest roughness was exhibited by a multilayer structure with a Cu-to-Ni sublayer thickness ratio of 2:1.5.

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated citric acid [ 77‐92‐9 ] and its alkali metal salts, considering all toxicological endpoints. The critical effect of citric acid is the irritation of the respiratory tract with an acute LOAEC of 225 mg/m 3 in humans and 81 mg/m 3 in guinea pigs. At this concentration coughing is induced due to the lowering of the pH value. The NOAEC in guinea pigs is 31 mg/m 3 , the corresponding NOAEC in humans is not known. Studies with repeated inhalation are not available. Therefore, the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) has been set by analogy with the MAK value for phosphoric acid of 2 mg/m 3 as inhalable fraction. Since a local effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category I is designated. The excursion factor of 2 is set by analogy with phosphoric acid. The alkali metal salts of citric acid are not irritating, which precludes setting the same MAK value for the salts as for citric acid. However, a higher MAK value cannot be established because the systemic NOAEL is unclear. Therefore, no MAK value can be set for the alkali metal salts of citric acid. The oral NOAEL for developmental toxicity in rats, mice, rabbits and hamsters is higher than 200 mg citric acid/kg body weight, which after toxicokinetic scaling corresponds to more than 200 mg/m 3 at the workplace. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and citric acid is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C. Citric acid does not possess a relevant genotoxic potential in vivo. The same is assumed for its alkali metal salts. There are no valid carcinogenicity studies with citric acid. A tumour promoting effect of sodium citrate but not citric acid in the rat urinary bladder is due to excessively high sodium concentration in the urine and is therefore not relevant for humans at the workplace. According to skin absorption models, percutaneous absorption of citric acid does not contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. The same is assumed for its alkali metal salts. Citric acid and its alkali metal salts are not sensitizing to skin or airways.

Noncoagulated, Exponential-Phase Cultures, and Preacidified Skimmilk for Decreasing the Setting Time for Manufacturing Cottage Cheese