地方政府公共支出效率之研究－以台北、高雄爲例

Facing intense inter-city competition, urban development strategies in China’s metropolises require constant adaptation. To enhance economic strength and competitiveness, the shift from labor-intensive manufacturing towards modern service and high-tech industries is actively promoted on all policy levels. This change is particularly enforced in the mega-urban region of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) which for a long time has been known as the world’s factory. The main argument of this paper is that advancement along the value chain and the implementation of industrial upgrading processes require new institutional arrangements. Following an analytical governance approach, these are described taking the development of Guangzhou Science City as case study. Innovative components such as strategic urban planning and the increasing inclusion of non-state actors in development processes indicate a shift towards more marketoriented modes of urban governance. These modes allow the municipal governments a higher degree of flexibility and the implementation of a pro-growth-regime within a highly competitive urban environment.

Assessing the economic impact of public investment in Malaysia: a case study on MyRapid Transit project using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model

The paper aims to evaluate the impact of main good governance indicators on GDP per capita and FDI in Eastern European Transition Countries. Empirical results confirm that Government Efficiency and Rule of Law have a positive impact on GDP per capita growth while Control of Corruption harms GDP per capita growth, so a reduction in corruption generates GDP per capita growth. The results also show that government efficiency has a positive impact on increasing the flow of foreign investment and that an increase in corruption somewhat reduces FDI flow.

This paper analyzes the impact of government expenditure and efficiency on economic growth of Sub Saharan African low income countries. The paper uses a panel data of 25 Sub-Saharan African low income countries spanning from 2002 – 2015 which are obtained from World Development Indicators (WDI) database. The paper executes panel unit root tests by using Im- Pesaran-Shin and Fisher ADF tests. The paper also uses Pedroni test to accomplish panel cointegration tests. Finally Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) is applied to answer the two research questions. The results demonstrate that increasing government expenditure accelerates economic growth of low income countries in Sub Saharan Africa. However, when government expenditure is interacted with government efficiency we find no evidence for government efficiency to boost the impacts of government expenditure on economic growth. Fiscal policy makers in Sub Saharan African low income region should consider the rationale for using their spending to accelerate economic growth. Keywords: Government expenditure, efficiency, economic growth, Sub Saharan Africa

This study aims to understand the effect of independence, leadership style, organizational commitment, and an understanding of good governance on the performance of government auditors. Data obtained by distributing questionnaires to government auditors who worked in Central Java BPK Representative Office. Questionnaires were spread to 50 respondents, only 40 respondents that the data can be analyzed and processed research data analysis using multi-linear regression analysis with SPSS Windows version 16.0 program. This study consists of dependent and independent variables. The dependent variable is the performance of government auditors, and the independent variables is independence, leadership style, organizational commitment, and understanding of good governance. The results show that the independence, leadership style, organizational commitment is not a positive influence on the performance of government auditors. Simultaneous test results that independence, leadership style, organizational commitment does not have a positive influence on the performance of collective government auditors. Only variables of good governance has a positive effect on the performance of collective government auditors.

The study explores the role of Si-Shihjia Lion Dance Festival in cultural governance, which contributes to Kaohsiung city governance in two aspects: space and politics. As a cultural commodity, Si-Shihjia Lion Dance Festival is in the effort to allow central and regional governments to benefit from both sides and ultimately reach the goal of aestheticisation of politics. Nevertheless, Si-Shihjia Lion Dance Festival needs to be preserved and connect life and emotion with local residents without losing the spirit of culture.

Measurement and analysis of local government efficiency is important; however, it is also difficult. To measure government efficiency, this paper employs the relative measurement method described in the research literature. It develops and applies an index to measure and rank the government efficiency of 31 provincial governments in China (including autonomous regions and municipalities) from 2001 to 2010. This permits a comparative analysis of provincial government efficiency and of the factors that influence it, among China's eastern, central, and western regions. The findings suggest a high association between the degree of economic development and local government efficiency, and in this respect, a large disparity has been observed between central and western regions on the one hand and the eastern region on the other. It is argued that provincial governments in the central and western regions should focus on improving residents' welfare, the quality of regional economic growth, and the level of social development by constantly enhancing government efficiency, optimizing the supply of public services, controlling the size of government, and thus improving residents' disposable income. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Despite the promising application of cloud computing within government organisations, determining the barriers to the successful implementation of cloud computing remains a major challenge. Often, government organisations face formidable barriers to fully adopting cloud computing functions. These barriers include organisational culture issues, a weak application of service-level agreements (SLAs), compliance issues, interoperability and integration issues, the lack of an organisational strategy, cost calculation methods, cloud service availability, and cloud data security and privacy, as well as insufficient trust in providers. Tackling these barriers while meeting the specifications of government cloud computing involves architectural requirements and mechanisms. In addition, the nature of cloud ecosystem operation and its alignment with appropriate strategies are known to be complex, also considering the growing desire for governance solutions. Although researchers and organisations have recognised cloud computing obstacles prior to the cloud implementation stage, fewer efforts have been made to investigate cloud barriers in-depth during and after cloud implementation projects or when introducing governance solutions. This might partly be attributable to inadequate enterprise requirements for addressing cloud barriers, the complexity of government cloud specifications, and the lack of involvement by cloud stakeholders, such as providers and consumers. Thus, the aim of this dissertation is to develop a governance method consisting of the generation and testing of architectural requirements to overcome dominant cloud barriers and improve cloud computing functionalities in the implementation stage. To achieve this, the roles of related cloud providers and consumers have been investigated. The study was guided by activities of The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) Architecture Development Method (ADM) to design related architectural requirements that would provide best practices for the development of the governance method. Using a sequential, exploratory mixed method, multiple qualitative case studies on the role of cloud providers were conducted to explore which and how architectural requirements are suitable and applicable for addressing the identified cloud barriers. Afterwards, a quantitative survey study was performed to examine and validate the findings from the qualitative phase and to discover the role of cloud consumers in tackling cloud barriers. The utilisation of dual perspectives, from cloud providers and consumers, to design and measure the suitability and applicability of the architectural requirements is a substantial theoretical contribution in the field of enterprise information systems and cloud governance. Both cloud providers and consumers in the selected research context balanced their roles in the composition of cloud ecosystem projects, reducing complexity and enabling cooperative solutions for handling cloud barriers with different levels of emphasis and prioritisation. The results of this thesis provide significant guidance in eliciting architectural requirements as well as in their successful contribution to addressing the 10 identified cloud barriers in the selected context. Seeking a cloud provider’s perspective through multiple case studies resulted in 24 confirmed, newly emerged architectural requirements and 48 sub-requirements for best practices to support Information Technology (IT) managers and practitioners during the implementation of government cloud projects. From the point of view of the cloud service consumer, statistical evidence showed that the architectural requirements proved to be relevant and applicable and resulted in the validation of only eight important cloud constructs with a scale of 36 architectural requirements. The results at the governance level also produced a clear method that can enhance the realisation of value when business/IT strategies and EA governance practices both take place in cloud projects. The governance method also consists of a set of architectural requirements to support managing and controlling cloud computing implementation projects with related stakeholders and change management initiatives. The architectural requirements have been modelled via the ArchiMate 3.0 modelling language as unique and beneficial contributions for the enhancement of enterprise architecture practices. This thesis thereby introduces a novel cloud governance method with clear mechanisms and practices to serve as crucial resources for related organisations, decision-makers, business practitioners and researchers.

The research was to identify and analyze whether or not the assignment of authorities in governance of mining affairs from the City/Regency Government to Provincial Government or National Government has been consistent with the objectives of local autonomy policies and identify and analyze the implications of the assignment of authorities in governance of mining affairs from the City/Regency Government. It was a normative research adobting legal approach, historical approach and conseptual approach. With reference to the research findings, it was concluded that (1) the assignment of authorities in governance of mining affairs from the City/Regency Government to Provincial Government or National Goverment was not consistent with the objectives of local autonomy policies, and (2) the assignment of authorities in governance of mining affairs form the City/Regency Government to Provincial Government or National Government brought implicationts to modification of institutional structures in the City/Regency, adjustments to prevailing law and regulationts, loss of authority to issue Mining Business Permit, modifications to development plans, decrease of City/Regency revenues, and trigger of conflicts among City/Regency Government, Provincial Government and National Government.

A long-standing issue in politics and administration is how politicians and bureaucrats perceive themselves in their roles and relationships with their counterpart in the process of governance and development and which factors affect or configure the orientation or perception of the politicians and bureaucrats regarding politics-bureaucracy relationship in the political system. Like many other developed and developing countries, bureaucracy is the post-colonial reality of governance in Bangladesh. The elected politicians and non-elected official bureaucrats are the integral part of the administration in both the central and local government in Bangladesh. Probably the most elemental and theoretical debatable issue here is that - what will be the apt relationship between politicians and bureaucrats? And what are the relational effects on local governance and development? Thus, this inquiry empirically investigated the views and perceptions of the elected politicians and official bureaucrats to politics-bureaucracy relations and its effects on governance and development of Bangladesh in the context of local governance and development following the survey and case study methods. This study endeavored to undertake a theory based empirical research to figure out the theoretical paradigmatic perspectives from the existing literature on politics-bureaucracy relationship and an attempt has been made to identify “dichotomy” and “mutuality” as the major two models of the theoretical perspective by discussing the key variations and effectual deficiencies among the existing models, providing the argument that existing theoretical models are not identical and their characteristics are overlapping with either dichotomy or mutuality. Consequently, it also wanted to propose a logical modification of the existing relationship models by explaining some underpinning variables which underpin the relationship between politicians and bureaucrats in the process of governance. This study tried to develop a prospective third model of politics-bureaucracy relations focusing the light on symbiotic relationship between politicians and bureaucrats that is argued in this thesis as an interface between dichotomous and mutual relation, and an essential precondition or rational choice model of politics-bureaucracy relations for proper local governance and development as the theoretical construct. The empirical data and observation reveals that the theoretical models that already been discussed in the theoretical and conceptual framework cannot be found exactly in the context of politics-bureaucracy relations at the local government of Bangladesh. According to the perceptions of respondents and the empirical data, the relation is neither normatively dichotomous with political neutrality nor abundantly cohesive or mutual-interactive. However, some conditions of both dichotomy and mutuality are present in the relationship of local elected politicians and bureaucrats. In spite of that, empirical data reveals that the relation between local elected politicians and bureaucrats is conflicting and it is influenced by many components. The role perceptions and the patterns of relationships varies with the degree of social characteristics, alignment of interests, role perceptions, self-image and mutual interaction between local elected politicians and the official bureaucrats, which ultimately influence the level of local governance and development. The colonial and semi-colonial legacy, dominant attitude of the politicians and bureaucrats, politicization, distinctive self-image and mutual interaction are highly associated to the conflictual relationship. Moreover, the increased fusion of the political and administrative roles of the bureaucracy has complicated the perceptions of the bureaucracy in Bangladesh. The results of the empirical observation and statistical analysis demonstrate that the relational perceptions of politicians and bureaucrats are almost opposite and bureaucrats trend to dominate local governance and development by marginalizing the local elected politicians and thus conflict occurred between them which ultimately affect local governance and development significantly. In this milieu, this research propose the symbiotic model of relation that would be the rational choice for proper governance and development as the necessary conditions of symbiotic model are existing in the perspective of politics-bureaucracy relations at the local government in Bangladesh.

Public Private Partnerships in a Multi-Level Governance Setting: A Study of the Indonesian PPP Program in the Water Sector

Urban flooding disasters endanger people’s lives and property while causing significant economic damage to cities. To further improve the efficiency of urban flooding governance and promote the optimal allocation of resources, this article selects the number of people in flood control, medical and health security, financial expenditure on flood control, affected population, and direct economic loss as evaluation indicators from the input–output perspective; it measures the efficiency of urban flooding governance in 30 provincial capitals in China from 2012 to 2021 using the DEA model and Malmquist index method and identifies the key factors affecting the efficiency of urban flooding governance. The research results show that in 2021, the average value of the comprehensive technical efficiency of flood disaster governance in 30 provincial capitals in China was 0.408, the development trend was not optimistic, and the constraint factor was scale efficiency. The interannual average value of the total factor productivity index of urban flood disaster governance from 2012 to 2021 was 0.976, and the overall trend was decreasing year by year, during which some cities were able to achieve a yearly increase in governance efficiency, but most cities still faced a severe situation in flood disaster governance. The total factor productivity index varied enormously across towns with the variation in annual precipitation; the greater the annual precipitation, the greater the total factor productivity index of urban flooding disaster governance in the urban agglomerations, and the comprehensive technical efficiency change was consistent with its trend change. This consistency has a positive contribution to the total factor productivity index of urban flooding disaster governance.

The taxation-accountability theory broadly states that if governments are dependent on taxation, they will become less corrupt and more accountable to citizens. The need to raise tax revenue is said to spark incentives that lead to mutually beneficial bargaining between government and citizens. Citizens agree to make tax payments in return for more accountable governance and increased influence in government decision-making. Several scholars have shown empirical evidence in support of this taxationaccountability theory at the national level, yet few have studied it at the local government level. This paper explores this theory in the context of Mexican municipal governments using a mixed methods research approach. It first surveys the relationship between taxation and accountability using econometric analysis and then employs a comparative case study of six urban municipalities that are under considerable pressure to raise their tax revenue. The latter is based on several months of field research conducted in the states of Guerrero, Tabasco, Baja California Sur, Aguascalientes, Yucatán and Coahuila. It reveals the processes that evolve from revenue pressure, whether they lead to tax bargaining, and the extent to which greater accountability can be expected as a result. The findings provide some evidence of tax bargaining and positive correlations between the importance of taxation in a government’s budget and accountability. However, the causal link to greater accountability is not straightforward and is greatly hindered by the institutional framework surrounding local government. While implicit agreements between government and citizens showed that equilibrium between taxation and accountability was consistently maintained, restrictions on local power and other institutional factors stood in the way of increased local taxation sparking greater local accountability. These factors may be remedied by reform.

Determinants of CEO pay and its alignment with firm performance have been a topic of considerable debate for over a decade. Thus far, the evidence examining the effectiveness of governance mechanisms on CEO pay is mixed at best. As such, the aim of this study is to provide an alternative explanation by investigating the joint effects of director interlocks, measured as firm centrality, and corporate governance quality on CEO pay. This is supported by combining agency and resource dependence theories, thus providing a joint theoretical lens to study determinants of CEO pay and its alignment with firm performance. A large sample, comprising 4,859 firm observations across the US S&P1,500 from 2007 to 2010, was collected from Compustat, ExecuComp, and RiskMetricks databases. Four separate proxies for firm centrality were measured: Degree, Eigenvector, Betweenness, and Closeness centrality. Thomson Reuters ASSET4 Corporate Governance Index (TRACGI) was used to measure governance quality. The resulting unbalanced panel data were then analyzed using random effects mixed models. Results show that director interlocks are positively associated with CEO pay. This association is moderated by corporate governance quality. The study shows that in low governance conditions, there is a more significant positive association between network centrality and CEO pay when compared to high governance conditions. Thus, governance quality attenuates the positive association between firm interlocks and CEO pay. A number of additional analyses were conducted, confirming that results are not dependent on extraneous factors such as the impact of the global financial crisis or firms operating in the finance sector. This study makes several contributions. First, it contributes to theory by providing a new theoretical lens resulting from the interconnection of two theories to studying determinants of CEO pay. Second, it contributes to practice by informing governments, policy makers, and auditors of the significant impact of director interlocks on CEO pay in addition to corporate governance. Finally, this study makes a methodological contribution by applying a more comprehensive measure of corporate governance to studying CEO pay and director interlocks than that incorporated in prior research.

The failure of a national critical infrastructure may seriously impact the health and well-being of citizens, the economy, the environment, and the functioning of the government. Moreover, critical infrastructures increasingly depend on information and communication technologies (ICT) or, in short, cyber. Cyber security and resilience are therefore seen as increasingly important governance topics and major challenges for today’s societies, as the threat landscape is continuously changing. Sharing cyber security related information between organisations – in a critical sector, cross-sector, nationally and internationally – is widely perceived as an effective measure in support of managing the cyber security challenges of organisations. Information sharing, however, is not an easy topic. It comes with many facets. For example, information sharing spans strategic, tactical, operational and technical levels; spans all phases of the cyber incident response cycle (proactive, pre-emption, prevention, preparation, incident response, recovery, aftercare/ follow up); is highly dynamic; crosses the boundary of public and private domains; and concerns sensitive information which can be potentially harmful for one organisation on the one hand, while being very useful to others. This Good Practice on information sharing discusses many of these facets. Its aim is to assist you as public and private policy-makers, middle management, researchers, and cyber security practitioners, and to steer you away from pitfalls. Reflect on the earlier lessons identified to find your own effective and efficient arrangements for information sharing which fit your specific situation.