基於邏輯的《金匱要略》方證論治系統之文獻綜述

A System Perspective on Business Models

هدف اصلی این پژوهش تبیین دیدگاه‌های مختلف فیلسوفان مسلمان نسبت به آموزش عقلانی و فلسفی به کودکان، در راستای تربیت دینی بایسته می‌باشد. برای دستیابی به این هدف از روش پژوهش تحلیل محتوا و نیز روش تحلیل و استنتاج منطقی بهره گرفته شد. بنابر یافته‌های به‌دست‌آمده، رویکرد تربیت دینی مبتنی بر عقلانیت به دو شکل همگانی و نخبه پرور از یکدیگر متمایز هستند. پاره ای از آثار و اندیشه‌های ابن طفیل، سهروردی، اخوان‌الصفا، ابوریحان، مولانا، ابو علی سینا و شهید مطهری به زبانی ساده، قابل فهم و گاهی حکایت‌گو نه است که فهم آن برای همه امکان پذیر می‌باشد. این رویکرد را می توان تربیت دینی عقلانی از نوع همگانی یا توجه فیلسوفان مسلمان به فلسفه برای همگان دانست که همپوشانی زیادی با «فلسفه برای کودکان» دارد. در مقابل، رویکرد تربیت عقلانی نخبه پرور را می توان در آثار و اندیشه‌های ابن-مسکویه، غزالی، خواجه نصیر و ابن خلدون یافت که به‌طورکلی در گفتگوها و شیوه‌های آموزش فلسفی خود از مضمون‌های عقلانی و انتزاعی پیچیده برای کسانی که به درجه‌های بالاتری از فلسفه رسیده اند، بهره برده اند. این گروه چون ورود کودکان را در وادی فلسفه جایز نمی دانند، برای عوام نیز چنین اجازه‌ای را روا نمی‌دارند. بر این اساس، با پذیرش تربیت عقلانی همگانی و نیز با تقویت این رویکرد با استناد به میراث حکیمان مسلمان در طول تاریخ اندیشه اسلامی می‌توان از موضعی استوارتر به موضوع فلسفه برای کودکان در جامعه اسلامی نگاه کرد و زمینه فلسفیدن برای همه (حتی کودکان) را از طریق آموزش فرایند فلسفیدن، طرح مسائل فلسفی به شکل داستانی و ساده‌سازی مضمون های فلسفی دنبال نمود.

It was always a historical disputed case on the hypothesis of Zhang Zhong-jing, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 - 220 A.D.), was once the governor of Changsha. Based on large amount of studies on archival materials combining with unearthed relics, it can be fully ascertained that Zhang Zhongjing had been the governor of Changsha with his tenure in the year of Jian'an 7th to 10th or 12th year, ie, from 202 A.D. to 205 or 207. During this period, Zhang insisted to have clinical practice and wrote his Shang Han Za Bing Lun (Treatise on Exogenous Cold and Miscellaneous Diseases), exerting profound influence on later generations. The Zhang-gong ci (memorial ancestral temple for Mr. Zhang) was built in Changsha city in the Qing dynasty to commemorate him and the medical sage Zhang Zhong-jing is recalled and venerated deeply by the people in the city even today.

Jeff Magee and Jeff Kramer John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY, 1999, 374 pp. ISBN 0471987107, $64.99 The book is an introductory text to the ideas, concepts, and topics of concurrency. The text focuses on understanding concepts and techniques, and problems of concurrency, not on the implementation or language. The author's overall goal is that by a combination of learning and doing using Java should make the process of acquiring the skills relating to concurrency interesting, enjoyable, and challenging. The Java language is thus used only for illustration and programming experience of the reader. The book is intended for a computer science student or software developer. A background in programming is expected, as well as some familiarity with the essential concepts of object-oriented programming. Knowledge of the Java programming language and operating systems concepts is beneficial but not required. After reading the text, a reader can expect to have a broad understanding of the concepts of concurrency, the problems that arise, methods to emphasis desirable properties in a concurrent system, and ways to avoid the undesirable ones. The text provides a systematic treatment of concepts, as means to rigorously specify and model concurrent systems, with Java examples to animate and illustrate the concepts discussed. The book is organized into twelve chapters, with three appendices. The first eight chapters provide a concise and comprehensive foundation of concurrency, with the remaining four chapters focusing on more advanced concepts. The latter four chapters are somewhat supplemental and can be read at the discretion of the reader. The content of the text is self-contained, with no reliance upon external references. The authors provide a concluding set of notes and further topics which reference external works, but these are not used in the chapter contents. The introduction provides the foundation for the book, and an idea of what will follow in the rest of the text. The basics of modeling and Java are covered. Authors follow with the concepts of processes, threads and with the idea of concurrency. The emphasis is on using Java, and on the notation used to define a concurrent process or thread. The discussion continues covering interleaving and asynchronous concurrency. Various details about composition of parallel processes and finite state processing modeling are presented. The programming of concurrent execution using Java is then examined via the concept of multiple threads. Here, sharing objects among Java threads is also discussed. The concept of conditional synchronization is covered next, and is used to construct a monitor. The methods of the base object in Java is used, and a waiting queue associated with a Java object is discussed and implemented. This discussion is followed by introduction of deadlock. Authors show the conditions necessary for a deadlock to occur and present an analysis of a concurrent system establishing that such a system is deadlock-free. The classic Dining Philosopher's problem is used to illustrate the distinction between finding deadlocks in models and in programs. The presentation continues with the safety property (that asserts that nothing bad happens), and the liveliness property (that asserts that nothing good happens). Here, authors use the material on model-based design to consolidate many of the concepts previously discussed. No one modeling method or design methodology is emphasized. Then creation and elimination of threads in a running program is covered next. The dynamic starting and stopping of Java threads is presented. The discussion moves then to messaging passing. Asynchronous and synchronous messaging is presented with Java programming examples. The concept of a rendezvous, allowing for interaction in a messaging system, is also presented. Based on the concepts developed so far filter-pipeline, supervisor-worker, and announcer-listener concurrent architectures are examined. Java programs demonstrating how the elements of each model interact at runtime are developed. The presentation completes with modeling and implementing of timed systems. Time is signaled by the passage of successive time ticks. The authors then elaborate on a system that is event-based rather than thread-based. Java programs are used to illustrate in implementation the concepts discussed. The three appendices provide a reference, specification, and listing of semantics for the finite-state modeling algebra used by the authors throughout the book. The text is ideal for teaching in a classroom environment, or for a motivated reader to use for self-paced learning. Its organization follows a logical train of discussion and thought, with each chapter building successively on the other, with the more difficult concepts and topics withheld until later. This gradual approach makes the material flow smoothly and cohesively from the beginning to the end. The book is intended as a textbook, so does organize the material and discussion as one, but does not become too dry or bland to stifle the reader's interest in the material. The examples are inter-mixed with the discussion to highlight and emphasize essential points the authors make in each chapter. The text illustrates concepts well under discussion, and does not become a long-winded recital of theory. The topics examined are fundamental to concurrency, and are well illustrated and discussed, but no one topic is examined extensively. The code examples are well written concerning the programming style, indentation and comments. A CD is provided, containing the codes from the book. In addition supplementary material consisting of presentation slides and an errata is provided on the author's WWW site, as well as on the CD. The book is up to date both on the topics of concurrency, and with the Java applets, code, and programs used to illustrate them. Later, as the Java language evolves, the examples may need to be updated, but for the time being the text well represents that state of the Java language. William F. Gilreath, Micron Technology, Inc., Boise Idaho

The aim of this literature review, conducted as part of the START project, is to deepen the understanding of transitions across ECEC settings – and between these and CSE settings – by critically analysing the findings of empirical studies carried out in EU Member States over the last decade. In conducting this review, a systematic approach has been adopted in order to provide a comprehensive overview of existing research: both English language studies and studies written in the languages spoken in the countries participating to the project (Italian, Dutch and Slovenian) were included. Compared to literature reviews previously published on this topic (Dockett & Perry, 2013; Peters, 2010), the added value of the literature review conducted within the START project is the specific focus on EU-based research and the inclusion of studies published within edited books and monographies. Up to date, existing reviews on transition practices and approaches have included mostly findings derived from the analysis of publications retrieved through international research databases or indexed journals. This might imply that the findings derived from studies published within monographs, edited books and national scientific journals – which are the most typical forms of research dissemination in the EU landscape – tend to be overlooked and left at the margin of mainstream international debates. By shedding light on the findings derived from such publication sources, this literature review offers valuable insights in terms of investigating the multiple understandings and approaches underlying transition practices across a variety of policy contexts, educational systems and pedagogical traditions typical of EU Member States.

El propósito de este trabajo consiste en analizar críticamente las implicancias de la ontología del lenguaje y el aprendizaje transformacional para la educación y la reproducción del orden social. Se sustenta la hipótesis de que estas formulaciones pueden ser entendidas como un nuevo dispositivo de subjetivación neoliberal que interioriza la noción de rendimiento a partir del reduccionismo lingüístico. Se inscribe esta crítica en el debate sobre los procesos de construcción de la subjetividad neoliberal y la acción colectiva. Se contrastan las premisas fundantes de la ontología del lenguaje con experiencias de aprendizajes críticos de universitarias y universitarios militantes chilenos y con experiencias educativas desarrolladas por el movimiento de Trabajadores Rurales sin Tierra de Brasil. Los resultados muestran que vivimos un proceso de intensificación de una nueva racionalidad dominante, la cual es necesaria para justificar las transformaciones del capitalismo contemporáneo en todos los órdenes de la existencia humana. Se observa que la nueva interpretación del ser humano y del mundo pregonada por la ontología del lenguaje, niega el propio mundo sobre el cual se sustenta esta noción, al considerar al individuo como valor central de la sociedad y al lenguaje como fuente de su transformación. De esta manera, se promueve una ideología relativista posmoderna que encuentra en lo subjetivo —y su potencial de transformación— una nueva tecnología del yo para consolidar la noción del individuo-empresa. Se concluye que la ontología del lenguaje significa, en definitiva, la interiorización de la lógica del mercado en la constitución del ser-en-competición, con lo cual se busca reproducir la ideología neoliberal.

Dear SCPE Reader, We present a selection of papers which are extensions of papers presented at the 7-th International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Computing, 1–5 July 2008, in Krakow, Poland. The motivation for publishing the selection in the SCPE Journal was, on the one hand, to present the flavour of the research reported at the conference and on the other hand to present some of the most relevant topics currently focused on the research on parallel and distributed computing in general. The selection contains only 6 papers out of about 60 presented at the conference, and thus, is far from covering all relevant topics represented at the ISPDC 2008. This is because not all of the invited authors were patient enough to accept a fairly long paper publishing process. Nevertheless, we hope that the presented papers will bring you closer to the research covered by the ISPDC conferences and will encourage you to participate in future ISPDC editions. The first paper ``The Impact of Workload Variability on Load Balancing Algorithms'' is by Marta Beltran and Antonio Guzman from King Juan Carlos University in Spain. It concerns an important topic of load balancing in cluster systems, namely adaptativity of the load balancing algorithms to changes of the workload in the system. Adequate accounting for additional load in the hosting system is of great relevance for correct optimization effects. The paper presents a thorough formal analysis of the workload variability metrics and their influence on the quality of load balancing algorithms. Four basic activities appearing in load balancing algorithms are identified, and based on them some algorithmic solutions are proposed to correctly deal with workload variability in system load balancing. The problem of dynamic load balancing algorithms robustness has been discussed. Two different robustness metrics sensitive to the applied type of opimization: local task-oriented or a global one enable selecting task remote execution or migration as load balancing operations. The proposed approach is illustrated with experiments. The second paper ``Model-Driven Engineering and Formal Validation of High-Performance Embedded Systems'' is by Abdoulaye Gamatie, Eric Rutten, Huafeng Yu, Pierre Boulet, Jean-Luc Dekeyser, from University of Lille and INRIA in France. The paper is concerned with a very advanced methodology of designing correct parallel embedded systems for intensive data-parallel computing. In their previous research, the authors of the paper designed the GASPARD embedded system design framework. It is based on the hardware/software co-design approach through model-driven engineering. The framework is based on an UML-like model specification language in which hardware and software elements are modelled using a component approach with special mechanisms for repetitive structures. This paper tries to combine the modelling framework of GASPARD with the mechanisms of synchronous languages to achieve design verifiability provided for such languages. The paper shows how GASPARD models can be translated into synchronous models based on data flow equations in order to formally check their correctness. The proposed approach is illustrated with an example of a video processing system. The third paper ``Relations Between Several Parallel Computational Models'' is by Stephan Bruda and Yuanqiao Zhang from Bishop’s University in Canada. The paper is concerned with theoretical aspects of shared memory systems described by the parallel random access machine PRAM model and aims in studying performance properties of different types of PRAM systems. The attention is focussed on analysing the computational power of two more sophisticated PRAM models (Combining CRCW and Broadcast Selective Reduction), which include data reduction in case of concurrent writes. The paper shows that these two models have equivalent computational power, which is a new result comparing the existing literature. The performance of both models applied to reconfigurable multiple bus machines was studied as a possible architectural solution for current VLSI processor implementations. It was shown that in such systems under reasonable assumptions concurrent-write does not enhance performance comparing the exclusive-write model. Another result important for the VLSI technology is that the Combining CRCW PRAM model (in which data of concurrent writes are arthmetically or logically combined before write) and the exclusive-write on directed reconfigurable busses perform in equivalent way under strong real-time requirements. The fourth paper ``Experiences with Mesh-Like Computations Using Prediction Binary Trees'' is by Gennaro Cordasco, Biagio Cosenza, Rosario de Chiara, Ugo Erra and Vittorio Scarano from the University ``degli Studi'' of Salerno and the University ``degli Studi della Biasilicata'' of Potenza in Italy. The paper concerns optimization methods for mesh-like computations in clusters of processors. The computations are perfomed assuming a phase-like program execution control using a tiling approach which reduces inter-processor communication. A temporal coherence is also assumed, which means that task sizes provide similar execution times in consecutive phases. Temporary coherent computations are structured in a Prediction Binary Tree, in which leaves represent computing tiles to be mapped to processors. A phase-by-phase semi-static load balancing is introduced to the scheduling algorithm. The scheduling algorithm is equipped with a predictor, which estimates the computation time of next phase tiles based on previous execution times and modifies the tiles to achieve balanced execution in phases. For this, two heuristics are used to leverage on data locality in processors. The proposed approach is illustrated by the example of interactive rendering with Parallel Ray Tracing algorithm. The fifth paper ``The Influence of the IBM pSeries Servers Virtualization Mechanism on Dynamic Resource Allocation in AIX 5L'' is by Maciej Mlynski from ASpartner Limited in Poland. The paper concerns a very up-to-date problem of system virtualization and presents the results of research carried on IBM pSeries servers. IBM is strongly developing the virtualization technique especially on IBM pSeries servers enabling an improved and flexible sharing of system resources between applications. The paper investigates novel facilities for dynamic resource management such as micro-partitioning and partition load manager. They enable dynamic creation of workload logical partitions of system resources and their dynamic mangement. It includes run-time resource re-alocation between logical partitions including setting of sharing specifications as well as run-time adding/removing/setting parameters of resources in the system. It remains an open question how to properly tune parameters of the operating system using the provided virtualization facilities to obtain the best efficiency for a given application program. The paper presents the results of experiments which study the effects of tuning the disk subsystem parameters under the IBM AIX 5L operating system with the use of the provided virtualization facilities on the resulting application execution performance. The results show that even small deterioration in the resource pool status requires an immediate adaptation of the operating system parameters to maintain the required performance. The sixth paper ``HeteroPBLAS: A Set of Parallel Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms Optimized for Heterogeneous Computational Clusters'' is by Ravi Reddy, Alexey Lastovetsky and Pedro Alonso from University College Dublin in Ireland and Polytechnic University of Valencia in Spain. The paper concerns the methodology for parallelization of linear algebra computations for execution in heterogeneous cluster environments. The design of the HeteroPBLAS library (Parallel Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms) for heterogeneous computational clusters is presented. The main contribution of the paper is the automation of the parallelization and optimization of the PBLAS, which is done by means of a special user interface and the underlying set of functions. An important element is here a performance model that is based on program code instrumentation, which determines parameters of the application and the executive heterogeneous platform relevant for execution performance of parallel code. The parameter values specified for or returned by execution of the performance model functions are next used for generation and optimal mapping of the parallel code of the library subroutines. The proposed approach is illustrated by experimental results of execution of optimized HeteroPBLAS programs on homogeneous and heterogeneous computing clusters. Marek Tudruj

There are eight tones in the south of Fujian Province language, and seven or six tones with Hakkas language, including ”high, low, up, down, raising, long, short, strong, weak, flat clear, turbid ”! -etc.. Tone of Taiwanese characters have logic rules and mild beautiful language sounds. It shows that among those tone of words and sounds, all be able to sing. No matter in single character or the words and phrases, read or say or chant, ”the tone of Taiwanese characters ” and ”the musical sound of the language”, both are with inalienable wonderful ”singing” relations. While singing, besides should pay attention to the basic ”sounding method”, everyone should pay more attention to the pronunciation at the language one, the tones, the sounds level, and the foundations of rhyming etc.. Study in details of relations between musical sound of characters and words, could sing ”the song of Taiwan” in performing, make audiences appreciate with enthusiasm and move too. This essay describes ”outline of singing methods” the Taiwanese song at first. Which includes the structure of language, musical sound of a language, and then explain grasping and studying to the harmonious sounds while singing. With the song of ”A Blade Grass” did more research on ”the meaning of song”, ”sing by skill”, and ”comments”. The research of this paper expects that the singer is while singing ”the song of Taiwan”, except paying attention to ”the sounding method”, must follow logic and concise singing skill of ”language competent” of ”word, tone, and phrase” even more. The writer of this article also asks every text writer and composer of Taiwanese song to follow the linguistic principles and rules of word, text, and phrase when they compose a song. So, an excellent performance and a beautiful creation could be perfectly presented through the song, and all singers may enjoy the beauty of songs and share the supreme artistic state of ”The Taiwanese song.”

This thesis provides an assessment of language policy (Spolsky, 2004) in Alicante, one of three provinces in the Valencian Community in the south east of Spain. The Valencian Community was founded in 1982 during Spain’s transition to democracy. Its Statute of Autonomy (Corts Valencianes, 1982), which was created in the same year, declares Castilian (the language of the state) and Valencian (a geographic variety of Catalan) as co-official in the autonomous community. Prior to this, Franco’s regime (1939-1975) had prohibited the public use of regional varieties such as Valencian. Yet, whilst the two languages now share equal official status, there is disparity between official language statements and de facto language policy (Shohamy, 2006). This project contributes to the growing research areas of language policy and language revitalisation. The findings of this study are positioned in the context of Catalan-speaking territories, Spain, and the wider European setting. This thesis provides a localised view of language policy in Alicante and uncovers the complexity of the current sociolinguistic setting. In order to present such a nuanced view of local language policy, this project draws upon qualitative and quantitative data collected during the administration of fieldwork questionnaires in 2014 in the towns of Sant Vicent del Raspeig and La Vila Joiosa. Both towns are in the province of Alicante; Sant Vicent del Raspeig is in the comarca (county) of L’Alacanti whilst La Vila Joiosa is in La Marina Baixa. This thesis examines a number of themes that emerged from the data, including the evolution of the composition of linguistic repertoires and the perception and construction of Valencian identities. This project also discusses the closure of the Valencian public broadcaster Radio Televisio Valenciana (RTVV) and examines how external factors, in addition to internal components, contribute to language policy. Data revealed that there is not one clearly identifiable language policy in Alicante; rather multiple layers of language practices, language management and language beliefs operate and intersect at various levels to contribute to a complex local language policy. This complexity is due in part to the social, linguistic, cultural and historical change experienced since the transition to democracy. Of particular significance is the increased access to Valencian which has resulted from the introduction of language legislation and the inclusion of Valencian in the education system (Blas Arroyo, 2002). As such, more language users are able to acquire standard Valencian, and its surrounding ideologies (Milroy, 2001; 2007), and also literacy. Consequently, language policy continues to evolve to reflect such changes as more language users are exposed to Valencian. However, data suggest that previous conditions and consolidated ideologies inherited from the past also continue to be influential and contribute to current language policy. This range of language practices, management and beliefs informs a complex and dynamic language policy. This project presents the case of language policy in Alicante and contributes to current research in Hispanic Studies and Sociolinguistics. The findings of this study further our understanding of language policy and its development in response to changing sociolinguistic conditions, such as increased access to minority languages in the present European context as a result of language revitalisation efforts. The findings presented here should encourage further research and debate, not only in the context of Spain, but also in other European contexts where a minority language has undergone language revitalisation, which has resulted in a change to traditional sociolinguistic order.

This work is an attempt to extend and strengthen missiological method from an evangelical perspective in the area of contextualisation. My thesis is that a missiological methodology that is governed by Scripture, while also drawing from the church Fathers, the social sciences and practical theology, is not only consistent with the nature of evangelicalism but also consistent with the nature of missiology itself. The critical observation that the contextualisation debate has been predominantly driven by insights gained from the social sciences (particularly anthropology) and practical theology, with comparatively little insight drawn from Scripture or the writings of the church Fathers has informed this thesis. The investigation here challenges the imbalance of the relative contributions of these four disciplines for contextualisation and offers new ways of thinking about mission, with implications for future evangelical missiological praxis. My thesis is tested through an examination of contextualisation from missiological, biblical, and historical perspectives, seeking to identify and develop contextual principles that are consistent with the nature of evangelicalism. A survey of the literature on contextualisation reveals many contextual principles that have informed missiological praxis over since the word was first introduced into missiological vocabulary in 1972. A biblical examination of representative passages from the book of Acts of the early church engaged in contextualisation to both Jewish and Gentile audiences reveals various contextual principles which confirm, critique, or are unique to those identified in the literature. Following the establishment of the legitimacy of John Chrysostom informing the contextualisation debate, an examination of representative homilies of Chrysostom reveals contextual principles which confirm, critique, or are unique to those identified in the literature or in the study of Acts. The research’s conclusion is that an examination of contextualisation that draws from biblical studies, the church Fathers, the social sciences, and practical theology is consistent with the nature of the discipline of missiology from an evangelical perspective.

This thesis consists of four independent papers. In the first paper, joint with Kechris, we study the global aspects of structurability in the theory of countable Borel equivalence relations. For a class K of countable relational structures, a countable Borel equivalence relation E is said to be K-structurable if there is a Borel way to put a structure in K on each E-equivalence class. We show that K-structurability interacts well with various preorders commonly used in the classification of countable Borel equivalence relations. We consider the poset of classes of K-structurable equivalence relations for various K, under inclusion, and show that it is a distributive lattice. Finally, we consider the effect on K-structurability of various model-theoretic properties of K; in particular, we characterize the K such that every K-structurable equivalence relation is smooth. In the second paper, we consider the classes of Kn-structurable equivalence relations, where Kn is the class of n-dimensional contractible simplicial complexes. We show that every Kn-structurable equivalence relation Borel embeds into one structurable by complexes in Kn with the further property that each vertex belongs to at most Mn := 2n-1(n2+3n+2)-2 edges; this generalizes a result of Jackson-Kechris-Louveau in the case n=1. In the third paper, we consider the amalgamation property from model theory in an abstract categorical context. A category is said to have the amalgamation property if every pushout diagram has a cocone. We characterize the finitely generated categories I such that in every category with the amalgamation property, every I-shaped diagram has a cocone. In the fourth paper, we prove a strong conceptual completeness theorem (in the sense of Makkai) for the infinitary logic Lω1ω: every countable Lω1ω-theory can be canonically recovered from its standard Borel groupoid of countable models, up to a suitable syntactical notion of equivalence. This implies that given two theories (L,T) and (L',T'), every Borel functor Mod(L',T') → Mod(L,T) between the respective groupoids of countable models is Borel naturally isomorphic to the functor induced by some L'ω1ω-interpretation of T in T', which generalizes a recent result of Harrison-Trainor, Miller, and Montalban in the case where T, T' are ℵ0-categorical.

There was a long debate on the question of the study of the Book of Songs. In that debate, there were two main theses. One of them was to revere the study in the Han Dynasty and to follow the point of Mao Heng and Cheng Hsuan then affirming the value of the foreword of the Book of Songs; other one was to revere the study in Sung Dynasty and to follow the point of Chu Hsi then refute the value of the foreword of the Book of Songs. Ku Tungkao was deeply worried about this situation. He comprehend all the theses then write Mao shih ting ku and Mao shih lei shih to the use of correcting the misunderstanding and inducting. These two books plated a carrying on and inspiring role in the study of Book of songs in the early Ching Dynasty. This paper was focused on the analysis of Ku’s study of the Book of Songs to investigate its characteristics, value and influence. There are six chapters in this paper. The first chapter is the introduction to expound the intention to research, the method of research and the commentary on the resent research. The second chapter is the investigation into two points. One is the growing of the study of the Book of songs; other one is the formation of the fashion of textual study. The study of the Book of songs was diversified by these two points. Then, the most important influence of the textual research of the Book of songs was caused by its scholium. This chapter is also the investigation into the importance of the study of things and systems in the early Ching Dynasty for it caused a deep influence of the academic approach in Ching Dynasty. The third chapter is about Ku’s brief biographical sketch, study, literary works, friends and teachers so that we can know more about him and his academic research. In this chapter, the second paragraph is about these two books, Mao shih ting ku and Mao shih lei shih. Through the versions and general form of these two books, I describe Ku’s intension to write; through the analysis of these two books, I understood Ku’s writing method. The forth chapter is about Ku’s explanation method to the Book of songs. It’s about how he quoted many words of others, checked everywhere to find the main point of the Book of songs. In this chapter, I investigated Ku’s point of view about the study of Book of songs in Mao shih ting ku. The fifth chapter is the investigation of Ku’s stubby of things and systems in Mao shih lei shih. He quoted many people’s words to find the true meaning of the Book of songs. His investigation was well-knit and with original discovery. The last chapter is the conclusion. This chapter is about Ku’s research result, academic achievement in the study of the Book of songs and contribution.

One More Death from Visceral Leishmaniasis Has Gone by Unnoticed. What Can Be Done?

Generic programming is likely to become a new challenge for a critical mass of developers. Therefore, it is crucial to refine the support for generic programming in mainstream Object-Oriented languages — both at the design and at the implementation level — as well as to suggest novel ways to exploit the additional degree of expressiveness made available by genericity. This study is meant to provide a contribution towards bringing Java genericity to a more mature stage with respect to mainstream programming practice, by increasing the effectiveness of its implementation, and by revealing its full expressive power in real world scenario. With respect to the current research setting, the main contribution of the thesis is twofold. First, we propose a revised implementation for Java generics that greatly increases the expressiveness of the Java platform by adding reification support for generic types. Secondly, we show how Java genericity can be leveraged in a real world case-study in the context of the multi-paradigm language integration. Several approaches have been proposed in order to overcome the lack of reification of generic types in the Java programming language. Existing approaches tackle the problem of reification of generic types by defining new translation techniques which would allow for a runtime representation of generics and wildcards. Unfortunately most approaches suffer from several problems: heterogeneous translations are known to be problematic when considering reification of generic methods and wildcards. On the other hand, more sophisticated techniques requiring changes in the Java runtime, supports reified generics through a true language extension (where clauses) so that backward compatibility is compromised. In this thesis we develop a sophisticated type-passing technique for addressing the problem of reification of generic types in the Java programming language; this approach — first pioneered by the so called EGO translator — is here turned into a full-blown solution which reifies generic types inside the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) itself, thus overcoming both performance penalties and compatibility issues of the original EGO translator. Java-Prolog integration Integrating Object-Oriented and declarative programming has been the subject of several researches and corresponding technologies. Such proposals come in two flavours, either attempting at joining the two paradigms, or simply providing an interface library for accessing Prolog declarative features from a mainstream Object-Oriented languages such as Java. Both solutions have however drawbacks: in the case of hybrid languages featuring both Object-Oriented and logic traits, such resulting language is typically too complex, thus making mainstream application development an harder task; in the case of library-based integration approaches there is no true language integration, and some “boilerplate code” has to be implemented to fix the paradigm mismatch. In this thesis we develop a framework called PatJ which promotes seamless exploitation of Prolog programming in Java. A sophisticated usage of generics/wildcards allows to define a precise mapping between Object-Oriented and declarative features. PatJ defines a hierarchy of classes where the bidirectional semantics of Prolog terms is modelled directly at the level of the Java generic type-system.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with various pathological states for which there is no effective treatment. First documented in the Eastern Han Dynasty's medical classic, "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" (200-210 Anno Domini), Banxia Xiexin Decoction (BXD) stands as a quintessential approach to treating spleen ailments. Recent studies have shown BXD's effectiveness in mitigating memory impairment associated with AD. Yet, the precise mechanisms underlying BXD's action against AD require further exploration. To explore the important components of BXD in exerting anti-AD effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms using network pharmacology, metabolomics analysis, and in vitro and in vivo validation strategies. Initially, candidates for BXD's application in AD therapy were identified through extensive database searches, followed by an analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPI). To elucidate BXD's therapeutic pathways in AD, we engaged in Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) assessments. Further, we delved into BXD's primary constituents through ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with Q Exactive mass spectrometry and molecular docking techniques. Finally, AD-associated Aβ42-SY5Y cells and APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice models were utilized to further determine the activity and mechanisms of BXD through various molecular or phenotypic assays and metabolomics analysis. Our findings identified the PI3K/Akt signaling pathways as central to BXD's effects. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we found the activity of BXD against AD to be mediated by the suppression of neuroinflammation and apoptosis, accompanied by activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Finally, we observed robust changes in metabolite levels in the plasma of BXD-treated APP/PS1 mice. Through systematic data analysis and experimental validation, the therapeutic advantages and fundamental molecular mechanisms of BXD in treating AD were revealed. These findings underscore the promising prospects and compelling potential of BXD, which targets the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and inflammation, apoptosis, as a therapeutic strategy for improving AD.