Пандемия коронавируса COVID-19, кризисные факторы и их влияние на финансовые рынки

Introduction. A leading trend in modern development is the growing consumption of energy. Energy availability is a critical component for supporting the maintenance of living standards and stimulating industrial production. Currently, the role of critical materials required for the production of energy-saving devices and renewable energy technologies (lithium, cobalt, nickel) is growing. The global lithium market is currently growing rapidly due to increased demand for batteries, electric vehicles and renewable energy sources. Ukraine is among the countries that potentially have prospects to become a participant in lithium manufacturing chains. Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists, as well as statistical data. Results and discussion. The article identifies the most important factors influencing the development of the global lithium market. The key players in the global lithium market are analyzed in the regional context. The leaders of the global lithium products market are: USA, Australia, Chile, Canada and China. The dynamics of supply and demand for lithium in the global market in 2022-2023 with forecasts for 2024-2025 are analyzed. Based on the analysis of indicators (market volume, revenue share of the region in the structure of the world market, average annual growth rate (CAGR)), the forecast volumes of the global lithium market until 2030 are determined. Conclusions. The global market for lithium products requires sustainable supplies, including through the discovery of new lithium deposits and the introduction of innovative processing technologies. Among the countries with prospects to become a member of lithium production chains is Ukraine, which has sufficient resource, labor and scientific potential. In general, investments in geological exploration, extraction and processing of lithium raw materials, and construction of lithium battery plants in Ukraine have promising opportunities and high profitability. In addition, investors' interest in financing investment projects for the extraction and processing of lithium in Ukraine will grow due to the following reasons: availability of natural resources; the strategic role of lithium in the global economy; European integration and geographical location; possible government support; global demand for electric vehicles and alternative energy. However, the war in Ukraine could deter potential investors due to risks associated with investment security, regulatory and bureaucratic barriers.

Nuclear energy industry is currently undergoing a renaissance due to its competitiveness in the global energy market and its indispensability in the context of the energy transition and the "climate" agenda of global elites. The USA and Canada are among the leading players in the global nuclear technologies market. They possess uranium reserves and technologies for uranium extraction, conversion, enrichment, nuclear fuel production, and nuclear power plants construction. They also rely on their own well-developed nuclear power sectors, which together account for about a third of the world's nuclear power generation. However, in recent years, the United States and Canada have gradually lost ground in many segments of the global nuclear energy market. A reconfiguration of the North American nuclear industry is currently underway. To a large extent, the new institutional structure of the American-Canadian alliance in the global nuclear technology market has already crystallized around Cameco – Westinghouse Electric consortium, formed under the auspices of the investment group Brookfield, and the CANDU ecosystem. For the United States, the main priority in the field of nuclear energy today is increasing uranium enrichment capacity and overcoming dependence on Russia in this area. In addition, Washington and Ottawa aim to strengthen their positions abroad, both in the construction of new reactors and in the supply of nuclear fuel and uranium mining. They are also working on expanding their own nuclear generation capacities and developing small modular reactors. On the international stage, the institutionalization of the American-Canadian alliance in the field of nuclear energy makes it inevitable that the United States and Canada will attempt to regain market share in atomic energy technologies, nuclear fuel, and uranium raw materials. They will also work to undermine the Russian Federation’s position in these markets, reduce its export revenues, and slow down the development of its nuclear energy industry.

The article is devoted to the study of the development of China's alternative energy strategy. The article states that with the growth of the world's population and the continuous development of industry, the human need for energy is growing. It is a well-known fact that the growth of industrial production and CO2 emissions during production has caused climate change. Climate change threatens the survival of vulnerable species on earth, threatens ecosystems and biodiversity, and can threaten human survival. If the extreme weather that threatens human survival does not occur, the limitation of fossil resources will severely limit the future development of mankind. In particular, human activities since the Industrial Revolution have been a major cause of the current global warming, including emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases caused by human production and life, land use and urbanization. The article proves that the emergence of alternative energy sources gives positive results in leveling the impact of industrial development on the environment. It is a source of energy for sustainable development and plays a key and important role in global efforts to combat climate change. Its emergence has put more and more companies and industries in the spotlight worldwide. As the global energy market is politically biased, policymakers face increasingly difficult challenges to their countries' energy security. The question of how to integrate renewable energy sources and policies to improve their efficiency was explored, so that each of them can take full advantage of their own benefits to maximize benefits and make people's lives easier. With the growth of renewable energy, the influence of individuals, governments and international organizations, as well as the role played by local, national and intergovernmental policies, are becoming increasingly important. The key principles of China's alternative energy strategy were identified, how to facilitate the development of renewable energy in the right direction and integrate energy into industrial production were identified. It is proposed to further develop this strategy in accordance with the best world experience, taking into account the national interests of China.

Promotional policy and perspectives of usage renewable energy in Lithuania

The purpose of the article is to show the role of RES in the European energy system. The article presents the role of renewable energy sources (RES) in the production of electricity in the European Union (EU). The position of Europe in comparison to other countries in the global renewable energy market is shown. The latest statistical data was used for this purpose. The analysis covered the years 2004-2017. The article also includes a forecast of electricity production from renewable sources by 2050.

The Persian Gulf is a major stakeholder in a global energy system that depends on oil and gas for 65 percent of its energy requirements. It is also a critical transportation artery for trade in oil and petroleum products, of which 60 percent is seaborne. Changes in the global energy system will therefore impact the role of the Persian Gulf as a supplier and transport corridor. The success of the strategies they implement during the next one or two decades will partly determine whether Gulf economies, societies, and ruling regimes face “existential threats” or continue to thrive and prosper in a low carbon era. Keywords: Energy; Persian Gulf; oil; gas; global markets.

SummaryThe environmental characterization of the charging infrastructure required to operate electric vehicles (EVs) is usually overlooked in the literature. Only rudimentary life cycle inventories of EV charging facilities are available. This lack of information is especially noticeable in environmental studies of the environmental performance of electric two‐wheelers (E2Ws), none of which have included an analysis of charging facilities, even though they constitute the most successful electric‐drive market in the world. This article focuses on characterizing the life cycle of the global warming potential (GWP) and primary energy demand (PED) of two conventional charging facility designs that are widely implemented for charging E2Ws in public spaces. The relative environmental relevance of charging facilities per kilowatt‐hour (kWh) supplied to E2Ws is determined by considering a range of use scenarios (variability in the service ratio) and the effect of upgrading the electricity mix to include more renewable energy sources. Savings of over 3 metric tons (tonnes) of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions and 56 equivalent gigajoules can be achieved by implementing an optimized charging facility design. The internalization of the relative environmental burden from the charging facility per kWh supplied to E2Ws can increase the GWP of E2Ws’ use phase from 1% to 20% and the PED from 1% to 13%. Although the article focuses on one particular case scenario, the research is intended to provide complementary criteria for further research on the life cycle management of electric mobility systems. Thus, a series of factors that can influence the environmental performance of EV charging networks at the macro scale are discussed.

Wind power has major benefits including providing for an increasing energy demand while tackling climate change problems. Detailed planning processes such as technical, social, environmental, various agents, and political concerns are essential for the development of wind energy projects. The objective of the present study is to develop a visualization that combines Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and implementation for Kayseri, Develi in Turkey as a case study. For the analyzes, CORINE CLC 2000 and other data sources were employed for data acquisition to unlock fragmented and hidden onshore data resources and to facilitate investment in sustainable coastal and inland activities. Several factors were determined in the wind power plant installations such as wind potential, roads, water sources, and these factors were analyzed based on their buffer zones. After detailed analyses, sites near the Havadan (7.87 MW) and Kulpak (9.22 MW) villages were found to be the most suitable locations for the installation of a potential onshore wind farm. The method suggested in this study can be used to analyze the suitability of any region at the regional level for onshore wind power plant and the results of the study can be used to develop based on public perception, renewable energy policies, energy political rules.

The study states that energy today has a significant impact on the economy and other industries, and it represents the state of the couontry’s energy security and sustainable development of the state in the future. It is established that the problem of providing the Ukrainian economy with energy resources is not limited exclusively to economic levers and mechanisms and requires increased attention in connection with the critical dependence on the import of energy carriers and powerful transit lines and international transport corridors. A number of definitions of the category «state’s energy security» in normative documents and scientific works have been given. It is noted that along with geographical factors and the volume of available resource reserves, it is important to understand the status and position of the state on the global energy market. It is determined that the field of energy security covers five levels (global, collective, national, regional and business entity level), within which organizational structures and institutional components are distinguished within each of the levels. It has been established that the processes of globalization significantly affect the sphere of state’s energy security, in particular, they change the structure of the modern world, affect national systems of public administration and strategies in various spheres of life of society and the state, but national interests should still prevail in state policy, covering directions for reformatting the energy profile of Ukraine by greening the industry, using renewable energy sources and finding new non-traditional energy sources, actively implementing innovations and training an energy-literate domestic consumer with a conscious understanding of the objective need for energy saving and energy efficiency. Two key negative trends in the field of energy security are indicated: inefficient use of fuel and energy resources by consumer and producer countries and untimely or incomplete satisfaction of the required volumes in fuel and energy resources of the national economies of consumer countries as a tool in influencing state policy by countries -producers of such resources. The author notes that the state of war on the territory of Ukraine, the period of post-war reconstruction, new challenges and threats will require the adjustment of state policy priorities in the field of energy security.

Nowadays, the world is increasingly recognizing the limitations of non-renewable energy resources such as oil and fossil fuels. The continued reliance on these finite resources poses a significant risk of energy shortage in the future. As a result, there is a growing emphasis on promoting renewable energy sources like wind energy, solar energy, and other non-polluting alternatives. In this article, the focus is on the development of the photovoltaic (PV) industry in China and the United States, with a specific emphasis on photovoltaic energy. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the current state of the PV industry in both countries, taking into account various factors such as PV power generation, installed PV capacity, and policy support. By conducting a comprehensive assessment of these aspects, the research findings reveal that the PV industry in China has experienced remarkable growth and has surpassed the United States in terms of competitiveness. China has emerged as a global leader in the PV industry, with significant advancements in technology and manufacturing capabilities. The country's PV power generation has witnessed substantial expansion, contributing significantly to its renewable energy targets. Moreover, China's installed PV capacity has experienced rapid growth, supported by favorable government policies and incentives that have stimulated investment and innovation in the sector. In contrast, the United States, while still a prominent player in the PV industry, has faced certain challenges in keeping pace with China's progress.

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that aggressive US policy in the global energy market not only refutes the energy transition theory but also undermines the development of the global natural resource market (particularly oil) in both the near and long term, which confi rms Jay Forrester’s resource cycle theory. The objective of this study is to analyze possible scenarios for the development of the global oil market in 2026 and subsequent years, taking into account aggressive US policy in natural resource markets. The scientifi c novelty of the results obtained lies in the assessment of the expected results of the redistribution of the global oil market in the near and strategic future, taking into account aggressive US actions against Venezuela and Iran, as well as plans to acquire natural resources (including not only hydrocarbons but also rare earth metals and others) in other territories, including the Arctic, Antarctica, Greenland, etc., without regard to international law, including the rights of countries to sovereignty and territorial integrity. It has been shown that the main goals of US aggression against the largest oil-producing powers today are: expanding its geopolitical presence, demonstrating its power as a global hegemon, coercing countries to purchase US-made goods, displacing Russian and Chinese companies from countries targeted for US-dominated aggression, and increasing pressure on Russia by complicating its foreign economic activity. The practical signifi cance of these results lies in their potential use in implementing Russia’s energy strategy, economic security strategy, and national security strategy.

The evaluation of renewable energy policies across EU countries and US states: An econometric approach

Wind electricity in Greece: recent developments, problems and prospects

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has presented us with an unprecedented global emergency that severely threatens the lives of millions of people around the world. In response to this existential crisis, state governments have taken drastic containment measures to limit the spread of the coronavirus. The consequential lockdowns have disrupted production and economic activity and had profound impacts on major industries. The heightened financial risk has significantly slowed down new investments while stoking fears of a looming economic recession. Indeed, the pandemic-induced strong reduction in global demand has resulted in sharp falls in energy prices leading to a temporary market distortion that may impede progress in the deployment of new renewable energy projects. Besides, some countries could be at risk of falling short of their 2020 national binding targets given the lack of effective policies required to facilitate new renewable energy investments. Considering the present impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global energy market, there are opportunities to highlight the important role of renewables while making the case for clean energy investments, especially in the electricity sector. This review aims to provide important insights by analyzing the significant impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global energy market. On the other hand, sustainable energy strategies are also discussed in detail. Finally, lessons learned amidst the costly battle against this invisible enemy could help policymakers and government leaders in identifying the appropriate renewable energy paths for their countries in a post-pandemic future.

China has now emerged into the world's largest consumer of energy that might account for a quarter of the world's carbon dioxide emissions. As a result, it tugs on the global energy market and may draw out vast results from introducing energy. In order to solve the various energy problems, it is important above all things for China to maintain good relations in common with the other countries of the world diplomatically, economically and socially. It may be said that the stability of international relations and characteristic openness of using energy domestically is the first step to solving energy problems. In fact, there are many places that are not sufficiently maintained in the global energy market. In order to maintain such, should the world not be expecting China to pour out its power? This issue goes beyond Japan and China, but the whole world needs to deal with.