Мир животного vs мир человека: через культурные коды к архетипическим характеристикам анималистической метафоры

The subject of this research is the typological characteristics of declension system in the Russian and Armenian languages and their diachronic changes. The author compares the modern Armenian and Grabar (classical Armenian) language, as well as Old East Slavic and modern Russian language. The goal of this article is to determine typological peculiarities of grammatical case systems of the Russian and Armenian languages in their current state, taking into account the vectors of evolutionary development of these systems in the history of the two languages. Research methodology leans on the traditional concepts of morphological typology and systemic analysis of language types proposed by G. P. Melnikov. It is established that unlike the Russian language, the Armenian declension system contains certain agglutinative and analytical features. Emphasis is placed on the detailed analysis of these phenomena and explanation of their consistent nature. The acquired results are valuable for typological description of the Russian and Armenian languages, as well as for teaching these languages to non-native speakers. The presented materials broaden scientific representations on multifacetedness of development of fusional declension on the example of two quite different languages within the same language family.

The necessity to study the derivational potential of the word in Russian territorial dialects determines the relevance of the research. The authors of the work focus on the animalistic vocabulary from Vologda dialects reflected in the published editions and the card index of the Vologda dialects dictionary. This animalistic vocabulary contains more than 850 names, with more than 300 names of pets, about 150 names of wild mammals, more than 100 names of birds as well as names of birds, fish, insects etc. We comment on the inner form of animal names, describe general language features of these words’ structure (predominance of Russian morphemes in their structure and formation of most of these words according to general language derivational models) and their local features: presence of dialect names, conservation of more archaic distribution and general language word semantics in the analyzed words, different derivational potential of all-Russian words in the standard language and the analyzed dialects. We analyze the lexical structure and derivational relations in dialect derivational word-families either formed from names of animals or including them as derivative words. We make conclusions about the specificity of modern Vologda dialects’ “zoomorphic code” based on this information and results of content analysis of statements about animals received in expeditionary observations of the speech of villagers from Vologda Oblast. This work proves that verbalization of “animal world” in Vologda dialects is a system of one-word and composite nominations, their inner form and contextual environment represent typological properties of the dialect linguistic view of the world: priority of human biological survival in harsh environmental conditions and its social adaptation in peasant community, traditionalism and expressiveness. The “animal world” in its objective, axiological and actional components is a part of the dialect linguistic view of the world, including features of inanimate nature, flora, and the human world. The “zoomorphic code” of the analyzed dialects finds its manifestation in an inseparable connection between the “animal world” and the “human world”, which is reflected in the parallel wording of the most important physiological processes (conception, pregnancy, birth of offspring; caring for children and animals; illness and death) as well as in the realization of typical schemes of the semantic transfers linking events of the “human world” and the “animal world” in a single semiotic unit. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Personal circumstances and social characteristics as determinants of landholder participation in biodiversity conservation programs

The goal of our article is to review the widespread anthropological figure, according to which we can achieve a better understanding of humans by contrasting them with animals. This originally Herderian approach was elaborated by Arnold Gehlen, who characterized humans as “deficient beings” who become complete through culture. According to Gehlen, humans, who are insufficiently equipped by instincts, indirectly stabilize their existence by creating institutions, i.e., complexes of habitual actions. On the other hand, Maurice Merleau-Ponty shows that corporeal relationship to the world is already indirect because it is based on preestablished and readjusted “standards” or “norms” of interaction with the environment. Merleau-Ponty then calls these norms “institutions” and views culture as readjustment of institutions which operate already on the level of corporeal existence. The anthropological figure of confronting humans and animals thus cannot produce, as in Gehlen, a contrast between an allegedly “direct” relationship to the world in animals and a supposedly “indirect” relationship to the world in humans. The Herderian approach can be meaningfully retained only if interpreted as an invitation to confront the norms of indirect interaction with the world in animals and in people, that is, if viewed as a comparison of their respective institutions.

The research deals with the problem of bilingualism and polylingualism in the aspect of intercultural communication in the conditions of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in diachronic and synchronic aspects. Multilingualism, multiculturalism, intercultural communication has an ancient history in the republics of Central Asia, on the territory of which Arabic, Farsi, Russian functioned in different periods of history along with Turkic languages (Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Turkmen, Karakalpak, etc.). Each of these languages in different epochs fulfilled the functions of the language of state documents, the language of education and science, and communication in the process of intercultural communication. Bilingualism and transcultural practices had three sides until the beginning of the 20th century: 1. Implementation of linguistic and intercultural communication in Arabic as a result of the adoption of Islam: introduction of Muslim religious concepts, principles, rules of behavior, culture of interpersonal and social communication, school education (in maktabs), education in madrasas into everyday life. 2. Implementation of linguistic and intercultural communication in Farsi due to the functioning of the Bukhara Emirate and the prevalence of Farsi in the spheres of education, fiction, science. 3. Realization of intra-state linguistic and intercultural communication in the Turkic language by the majority of the population. After 1917, with the formation of the USSR, the Russian language was actively introduced on the state ideological basis. The total introduction of the Russian language through the system of compulsory school education, in the system of science and culture has yielded its results: by 1990 Turkic-Russian bilingualism and biculturalism had covered the overwhelming majority of the population (up to 90%, in some regions of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan - up to 100%). The varieties of polylingualism actively functioning are: Kazakh-Russian-Uzbek, Kazakh-Russian-Kirghiz, Uzbek-Russian-Tajik, Uzbek-Russian-Karakalpak, Karakalpak-Russian-Uzbek, Karakalpak-Uzbek, Karakalpak-Uzbek-Kazakh and others. At present, with the active entry of English into the education system, bilingualism and poly-lingualism with its participation are being formed: Kazakh-Russian-English, Uzbek-Russian-English, Uzbek-Russian-English and others. Varieties of bilingualism and polylingualism with the participation of English are characterized by localization in diplomacy, joint enterprises, international projects, etc. Before the arrival of the Russian language, people mainly became bilinguals in the conditions of natural functioning of bilingualism, and in the XX century - in the combination of natural non-native (Russian) language environment in Turkophone conditions with the system of school and university polylingual education. In the course of the work the comparative, intra-language comparison, deductive and inductive methods were used, which helped to determine the theoretical and practical significance of the topic of scientific research.

The life of the Hindu community in Bali cannot be separated from their religious activities and customs. The presence of Sulinggih (a Hindu priest in Bali) as the leader of the ceremony also plays an important role in religious activities in Bali. Various phenomena that occur in religious life in Bali, especially those related to Sulinggih's personal, social, and economic characteristics direct this research to examine the paradigm shift related to Sulinggih in Bali. This study aims to analyze Paradigm Changes in Personal, Social, and Economic Characteristics of Hindu Clergy (Sulinggih) in Bali. This research uses literature study and quantitative approach to describe this phenomenon. The results of this study indicate that from Sulinggih's personal characteristics in Bali, Sulinggih is currently mostly of productive age, different from those who previously generally became Sulinggih when entering retirement. From the social aspect, the changes that occur are related to the existence of various rules and prohibitions that are socially established in the community to maintain the sanctity of Sulinggih. Economically, Sulinggih's characteristics are also changing. This is related to efforts to earn income which conditions were very different in the past.

At present, due to the speed and intensity of modern life and the high stressfulness of events and situations, scientific interest in the study of stress and factors that allow to constructively overcome them has seriously increased. Purpose: to study the contribution of personal and social characteristics to the perception of stress in senior adolescence. Hypothesis: boys and girls manifest the parameters of stress perception differently: overstrain as an emotional component and hardiness to stress as an instrumental component. For girls, the perceived stress is more closely related to their personal characteristics, and for boys it’s associated with social ones. In general, in the period from 15 to 17 years, personal characteristics contribute more to the ability to reduce or increase intensity of stress, and social characteristics contribute to the activation of efforts to counteract stress. A sample of 90 senior adolescents aged 15–17 was divided into two groups: 45 boys and 45 girls. Methods: the scale of perceived stress (ShVS-10, adaptation by Ababkov et al.); the scale of personal anxiety A.M.Prikhozhan; S.Muddy’s hardiness questionnaire (Leont’ev, Rasskazova’s adaptation); K.Riff ’s psychological well-being scales (Troshikhina, adaptation by Zhukovskaya); G. Sommer and T.Fydrich’s perceived social support questionnaire (adaptation by Kholmogorova, Petrova). Correlation and regression analysis was carried out. The study showed gender characteristics and differences in the perception of stress, which are manifested in a subjectively more intense and active experience of stress by girls compared to their peers boys. Data have been obtained on the greater contribution of individual-personal characteristics to the perception of stress in general and to such a component as overstrain in particular. It is also shown that in counteracting stress, along with personal characteristics, the factor of social support also plays a significant role.

The article examines the vocabulary of the coronavirus pandemic as a reflection of the evolution of society. The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the continuous expansion of the lexical field reflecting the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the development of mankind. The aim of the study is to identify the specifics of the representation of the evolution of society in the language through a comprehensive analysis of the neologisms of the coronavirus pandemic. The study of the vocabulary of the coronavirus pandemic allows us to trace the vectors of socio-cultural transformations in both synchronic and diachronic aspects – the tasks of this work include both the analysis of the collision of opposing trends in the perception of the pandemic and the identification of changes in the perception of the “coronavirus era” by society. The research material is a sample of neologisms of the coronavirus pandemic recorded in the network space. The research methods were semantic, contextual, linguistic and axiological, sociological analyses, which allow considering both psycholinguistic and extralinguistic factors in creating the vocabulary of the coronavirus pandemic. The analysis of the vocabulary of the coronavirus pandemic revealed the multidimensionality of the impact of the pandemic on the development of society – the variability of the vocabulary of the coronavirus pandemic is explained by the significant evolutionary potential of the pandemic’s impact on most aspects of public and private life of mankind during the fight against the spread of coronavirus.

The article is devoted to the analysis of language policy and language competition in the Republic of Tajikistan in synchronic and diachronic aspects. The phenomena and factors influencing the modern language competition are analyzed. A comparative description of the activities performed by Russia, the United States and China to promote the Russian, English and Chinese languages in the Republic of Tajikistan is presented. An overview of the measures taken by the government of Tajikistan to accelerate the implementation of the “Law on Language: of October 21, 1997 is presented along with the characteristics of the language situation in Tajikistan. The problems of promoting the Chinese language in Tajikistan are identified and reasonable solutions are proposed to increase the competitiveness of the Chinese language. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the language situation in Tajikistan represents a complex social and communicative system, where a multicomponent model of language policy operates, combining a competing language policy with different varieties of the Tajik, Russian, English and Chinese languages.

Background. The article is devoted to the semantic and word-formation evolution of Proto-Slavic dialectal verbal onomatopes. Being a linguistic universal, onomatopoeia are realized in words that have a national specifics due to idioethnic characteristics, cul-ture and traditions of the speakers of Slavic languages and dialects. The analysis of on-omatopes was carried out taking into account the attention paid of modern Slavic studies to changes in the semantic structure of the word, their causes and local characteristics. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to study the vocabulary of the Proto-Slavic age, to classify its semantic transformations in synchronic and diachronic aspects. Purpose. To establish regularities of semantic and derivational evolution of Proto-Slavic dialectisms on the material of onomatopoeic fragment of vocabulary; analyze se-mantic history of Proto-Slavic onomatopoeic word stems and specifics of acoustic sig-nals reflection in proto-lingual dialects. The object of research is Proto-Slavic local-isms, motivated by verbs of onomatopoeic origin with proto-stems *l’uх- / *l’uš-, *gъd-, *loр- / *lар-, *lob- / *lаb-, *lup-, *ba-, *kle(p)-, *tor-, *cvik-, *bux-, *rju- / *re-. The paper mainly focuses on the linguistic zones of Slavia, which have retained the lexemes unchanged from the common proto-language to the present day. One of the ways to reconstruct the dialectal structure of the Proto-Slavic language is to recreate the Proto-Slavic dialectisms – reflexes of proto-language concentrated in the peripheral zones of Slavia, which have retained their phonetic, morphological and semantic fea-tures unchanged. Results. The regularities of formation of Proto-Slavic dialectal ono-matopoeic vocabulary in semantic, derivational and linguo-geographical aspects are re-vealed in the work; systematization and comparison of Proto-Slavic deverbatives are improved; the semantic, derivational and localization approaches to modeling of ono-matopes are combined in a fundamentally new way; new information on the participa-tion of dialect vocabulary in the conceptualization of the sound reality is obtained. Most of the proto-lingual onomatopes have gone through the deriva-tional path from the onomatopoeic elements of the proto-language to the verb stages and, with the help of suffixes, to the names of subjects, objects, definitions and pro-cesses. Bulgarian onomatopoeic reflections of the Proto-Slavic language are concentrated mainly in the western region, Croatian – in the southern, Macedonian – in the peripheral areas of the northern and eastern regions of the country. The zones of dis-tribution of local onomatopes of the eastern Slavia are most often recorded in the north-ern east of european part of Russia and the north of Belarus. Separate semantic components of the South Slavic dialectal derivation show a specific relationship with the dialects of other Slavic areas. Outside of their area, the Proto-Slavic reflexes correlate with the Lithuanian, Latvian and Germanic equiva-lents. The obtained data can form a basis for the reconstruction of the Proto-Slavic lan-guage. Key-words: Proto-Slavic dialectism, deverbative vocabulary, semantic transformations, models of semantic derivation, isoglosses, onomatope. Dal', V. I., 1981. An explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language, 1–4. 8-e izd. Moskva: Russkij yazyk. (In Russian) Zhelehovskij, Ye. ta Nedyilskij, S, 1886. Malorusko-nyimeckij slovar, 1–2. Lviv. (In Ukrainian) Melnychuk, O. S., Kolomiiets, V. T., Lukinova, T. B., Pivtorak, H. P. ta in., 1982–2012. Etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language, 1–5. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. (In Ukrainian) Fasmer, M., 1987. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language, 3. Moskva: Progress. (In Russian) Trubachev, O. N., Varbot, Zh. Zh., Zhuravlev, A. F., Kurkina, L. V. ta іn., 1974–2014. Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages: Pre-Slavic lexical fund, 1–39. Moskva: Nauka, IRYA RAN. (In Russian) Erhart, А. and Havlová, Е., eds., 2006. Etymological dictionary of the Old Slavic lan-guage, 13. Praha: nakl. Československé akad. vĕd. (In Slovak) Skok, P., 1973. Etymological dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian language, 3. Za-greb: JAZU. (In Croatian)

Introduction. The article considers the identification of the ways of plant nomination in the dialects of the Khanty language. The aim of the research is to classify the principles of flora nomination in the Khanty language, taking into account dialectal features. The object is the vocabulary of the plant world, which provides rich material in synchronic and diachronic aspects, since it belongs to the most archaic layers of vocabulary. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that until now the principles of plant nomination in this language have not been studied. Materials and Methods. The material for the article was the floristic vocabulary of the Khanty dialects. The linguistic material was collected during the field work and direct communication with the speakers of the dialects. The work employs a complex of research methods such as: descriptive, including the identification and classification of material, the method of component analysis, as well as individual elements of etymological analysis. Results and Discussion. As a result of the analysis, it identifies various and numerous principles of plant nomination in the Khanty language and its dialects, such as “consumption of plants by animals and birds as food”, “place of growth”, “color”, “function”, “edibility for humans”, etc. Conclusions. The process of naming plants is based on certain characteristics that reflect both the characteristics of the plants themselves and the specifics of the culture of the people. In the Khanty language, the most representative motivational features for the nomination of plants are the correlation with objects of the animal world, place of growth, color, specificity of economic use.

The article examines the socio-pedagogical potential of tourism in the formation of leadership qualities in children and adolescents. Tourism activity is revealed as one of the promising tools of social education, which has a powerful potential for socialization and personality development. The need to take into account the unique conditions in which children and adolescents learn to overcome difficulties, work in a team, develop emotional stability and the ability to manage group processes is substantiated. Leadership qualities are defined as a set of personal, social and psychological characteristics that ensure the ability of an individual to effectively influence others, organize group activities, make responsible decisions and inspire the team to achieve common goals. The formation of leadership qualities in children and adolescents is a systematic organized socio-pedagogical process aimed at the development of personal and social characteristics that allow a child or teenager to effectively influence others, make responsible decisions, organize group activities, motivate and lead the team. It is noted that the formation of leadership qualities occurs in stages – from the development of basic skills of self-regulation and communication, learning through practice to reflection. The factors influencing the formation of leadership qualities are analyzed: age characteristics; social environment; socio-pedagogical influence that stimulates the development of qualities necessary for leadership. Methods for the formation of leadership qualities are proposed: group activities; interactive technologies; situations of choice. The conclusions are drawn that the development of theoretical and practical principles for using the sociopedagogical potential of tourism in the formation of leadership qualities in children and adolescents is important for modern social pedagogy and meets the needs of society.

Forty years ago, Lehrman (1971) identified 2 orientations to the study of animal behavior. The natural history orientation conducted field and lab research designed to reveal how animals cope with the circumstances of their natural environment. Such research reveals the diversity among different types of animals and differences between the world of animals and the world of humans (i.e., "poetry"). In contrast, the anthropocentric orientation studies animals either to generate animal-derived general laws applicable to humans or to provide experimental information that, for ethical and practical reasons, cannot be acquired from human research. The primary motivation for the anthropocentric orientation is to provide workable models for investigating specifically human problems (i.e., "engineering"). Evidence is presented from the study of bird song that demonstrates the contribution that the "poetic" approach can make to anthropocentric ("engineering") concerns.

“The Animal in the Synagogue,” Franz Kafka’s only story set in a recognizably Jewish world, is an unfinished parable, a parable without a moral, about a pale bluegreen marten that inhabits a small, dying synagogue and has done so for as long as anyone can remember. The animal in Kafka’s synagogue is a stubbornly opaque figure, resisting all interpretation by the congregants who mull over its origin, motives, appearance, and proclivities and by the reader, who searches in vain for what this animal, as a literary figure, might “symbolize” or mean. Yet precisely because it resists meaning, the animal is an engine that generates narratives, speculation, dogma, law, and finally ritual---tradition, in other words, in what Walter Benjamin calls its “transmissibility” rather than truth. “The Animal in the Synagogue” reflects Jewish tradition-making not only in its diachronic aspect, in the movement from one generation to another, but also in its synchronic aspect, in the socially differentiated mechanisms by which tradition is constructed at a given moment in time. The interpretations that arise around the animal, in the absence of other information, are shaped by the particularities of the architecture within which the marten moves: “The animal does not dare to go down below where the men are, it has never yet been seen on the floor.

This study examines Russian Language Textbooks (RLT) published in China since 1949 to uncover the changes that have happened to the Status of Russian Language Education in China in various historical periods since 1949.The study explores the major differences throughout these historical periods regarding Russian Language Education in Chinese Normal Universities and the factors have contributed to these changes. The study has examined the changes of Russian language textbooks in different Chinese political, economic, social and cultural contexts and found a tendency of the textbooks to move from collectivist ideologies, serving mainly the interests of the country in the 1950s to individualist ideologies that concern the interests of the learners in the 2000s. In addition, the learners for whom the textbooks were designed were being socialized into the identity of Chinese citizens (socialist patriots) in the 1950s but global citizens in the 2000s. The functions of Russian language in China, in turn, shifted during this time from facilitating communication for scientific, business and travelling purposes, to enhancing cross-cultural understanding in the 21 st century. The study was concluded with a discussion of the implications of the research on textbooks for Russian language education. Article visualizations: