切り花フリージアにおける育種，栽培技術および営利生産の変遷

The article considers the strategic guidelines of the logistics activities of poultry enterprises. It is noted that the strategies of minimizing logistics costs and investing in the logistics network, maximizing and improving logistics services, maximizing income and profits, increasing the competitive advantages of the enterprise, logistics outsourcing are the most widely used logistics strategies. It is proved that the purpose of creating a logistics system is to harmonize the interests of producers, suppliers and consumers. It is established that an important factor in improving the strategic activities of the enterprise is the introduction of the principles of distribution logistics. This concept involves the use of a systematic approach and integrated planning, as well as management of the entire flow of feed, materials, breeding and commercial poultry products in various areas from suppliers, through manufacturers of breeding and breeding products, distribution centers, to the final individual and corporate consumers of poultry products. The main stages of the business process of integration of a poultry enterprise in the supply chain are schematically shown. The necessity of introduction of new, more progressive forms of service in the process of goods movement can be achieved. The need to use regional distribution centers of poultry enterprises in the supply chain, which will significantly reduce the cost of delivery of their products through the formation of optimal transport batches of products from different manufacturers, its packaging and labeling.

A central objective in Verdant's mission is to develop better, more productive and more sustainable cultivars of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), rubber and other plantation crops, particularly through plant breeding. Field testing is an essential component in selecting and developing new varieties with superior performance for yield, quality, pest and disease resistance and in meeting new market demands, for example, specialised oil quality. This manual covers the basic and changing practices such as land preparation, planting and data recording of trials. Field trialling of oil palm includes breeding trials (selection within promising new genotypic combinations or germplasm), particularly by progeny testing to establish new commercial lines and identifying Ganoderma resistant/tolerant material (Ganoderma is the most important disease of oil palm in Southeast Asia, while Fusarium is in Africa). This manual forms part of a series in 'Techniques in Plantation Science', and fits 'in between' Nursery Practices in Oil Palm and Seed Production in Oil Palm. It follows on from Crossing in Oil Palm. Target audiences are plant breeders, planters, students and researchers in oil palm agriculture, along with plant breeders and end-users interested in the practicalities of producing high quality oil palm planting materials for breeding and commercial production.

SUMMARYIn response to the current needs of humanity with regard to food production, environmental disasters and climate change, it is important to define (livestock) production systems and management practices that are both productive and ecologically sustainable. We qualitatively assessed advanced silvopastoral experiences in five ecologically and culturally distinct regions in Chiapas, Mexico, given their ability to provide key services: internal (productivity and productive resiliency) and external (climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation). We propose 20 indicators that reflect management, resources, use of external inputs, availability of food, commercial products and animal feed and trees in grazing and forest areas. Sets of some indicators form criteria for dependence on external inputs, productive diversification with emphasis on food security, soil conservation, tree cover and landscape connectivity, among others. Indicators and thresholds were adjusted to critical (traffic light) levels, based on field data. Comparing the levels reached by the studied experiences, we found that most of the resulting services go hand in hand; so ‘win–win’ situations are possible to be achieved. The elements and practices that affect both internal and external services were explored. The red light critical points in each production unit were identified so that they could be attended. Experiences that presented higher levels in assessment criteria could serve as examples to enable the improvement of livestock systems under similar conditions. We propose this assessment as a tool for rapid intervention that can be widely applied to livestock systems, from conventional to organic or diversified, because of the criteria used. However, it can be more flexible, as new criteria can be added and thresholds can be adjusted for other types of production systems, always reflecting local and desired conditions. The proposed indicators can be also used as a basis for a quantitative agroecosystem assessment.

Potential functional food ingredients: Insufficient ingredient descriptions

Past research experience with Centella asiatica micropropagation suggests a very high rate of contamination during the culture establishment stage. We demonstrate protocols for successful sterilization of Centella explants prepared from field-grown plants with an abundance of fungal and bacterial contamination. Sequential steps during sterilization and explant preparation process included a dip for 30 s in 70% ethyl alcohol, weak bleach treatment for 12 min, and a 60-min soak in plant preservative mixture before establishing cultures. We also report a reproducible system for somatic embryogenesis in Centella using leaf and stolon tip explants collected from naturally growing populations. Somatic embryos were induced within 3 to 4 weeks of culture in the dark on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Initial embryogenic mass appeared as nodular callus, which eventually developed into actual somatic embryos exhibiting globular, heart-shaped, and cotyledonary stages. Leaves produced embryogenic calli at 2.26 and 4.52 μ m 2,4-D, whereas stolon tips were responsive only in the 9.04 μ m 2,4-D treatment. Withdrawal of 2,4-D/growth regulators from the induction medium resulted in the maturation and further development of the embryos into plantlets. Regular subculturing of the embryogenic calli into MS medium sustained their regenarability for more than 1 year. Somatic embryos were individually encapsulated in sodium alginate and calcium chloride-based encapsulation matrix to produce artificial or synthetic seeds (synseeds). Synseeds with 2% sodium alginate were found best for the survival and germination recorded after their storage at 5 to 8 °C for 30 and 60 days. We report protocols for C. asiatica to reduce explant contamination before establishment of cultures on somatic embryo induction medium and efficient somatic embryogenesis to facilitate conservation and mass production of elite germplasm. This may further assist rapid dissemination of superior clones needed for research and commercial production.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of structural changes in hog production manure management practices. Design/methodology/approach – The data used in this study are obtained from a large-scale nationwide hog producers’ survey in rural China conducted by the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 2010. A descriptive analysis between hog manure management and its main determinants was conducted. Based on the collected data, an econometric model on the determinants of hog manure management was constructed and used for analysis. Findings – The results of this study suggest that the scale of hog production has an important impact on the pattern of hog manure management. Moreover, the results from descriptive statistics and multivariate estimation suggest that smaller hog producers are more likely to apply hog manure to their own lands, while larger hog producers are more likely to sell the manure or find other ways to dispose of it. Originality/value – This study contributes to the existing literature by examining the impact of structural changes in hog production on hog manure management and the environment.

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">In the 1980s, studies of technology transfer in dual-use industries have suggested a slow down in military technology spillovers to the civilian sector. This paper takes an econometric approach to measuring the bilateral spillover effect using the airframe manufacturing industry as a case study. The diffusion of technology benefits the industrial art regardless of where technological innovation is originated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>When horizontal spillover is measured as a bilateral flow of technology transfer regardless of the direction of the flow, i.e., either from military to civilian or from civilian to military, we find no evidence of a slow down, in airframe manufacturing at least, between 1961 and 1985, a period of rapid technological change in both military and commercial aircraft production</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: Courier;">. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">We also trace the flow of technological development in aircraft engine and measure its effect downstream on aircraft manufacturing productivity to obtain an estimate for any vertical spillover.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>We find a negative relationship between upstream innovation and downstream manufacturing cost, but the linkage effect is statistically insignificant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>We suggest that further study should be pursued in a framework incorporating some concepts from organizational theory to better understand the differences in institutional structure that affect the adaptation and development of dual-use technologies, and the social setting that become necessary to achieve dual-use.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span></span></span></p>

Meat is a primary source of protein consumed in the world and secondary source of protein in India. India produced 10.25 million tonnes of meat in 2023-24. Telangana is the fourth largest meat producing state accounting for 10.85% of India’s meat production. The present study attempts to analyse the growth pattern, regional variations, sources of growth and instability in production of meat from different types of meat animals (buffaloes, sheep and goats) at the district level by using Compound growth rates, Coefficient of variation, Coppock’s Instability Index (CII) and Hazell’s decomposition analysis for the time series data from 2014-15 to 2023-24 on no of animals slaughtered, yield and meat production. Between 2014-15 and 2023-24 average meat production in Telangana has increased by 120.32% from 505.05 to 1112.73 thousand tons with an average of 800.4 thousand tons. Telangna’s share is increasing in all types of meats except sheep meat where it is showing slight decreasing trend in its share. Category wise analysis shows that poultry meat occupies major share of 46.12% and 43.27% of average meat production in Telangana and India respectively. Telangana accounts for an average share of 9.8% of meat animals and 9.4% of meat production. Its share is increasing for both production and animals for all types of meats. Meat production in telangana shows increasing trend for all types of meat, milch animals and yield. Overall Telangana meat production is stable with low instability index of 2.71% which is less than 15%. This indicates high production is associated with high instability. Rangareddy emerged as leading producer of meat in Telangana accounting for 14.13% of Telangana’s average meat production. Region wise, South Telangana accounts for 50.26 % of Meat production followed by Central Telangna (35.15%) and North Telangana (16.6%). Decomposition analysis showed that animals have contributed to change in average meat production in Telangana during 2014-15 to 2023-24. In North Telangana, where production potential is more, emphasis should be on marketing infrastructure like increasing no of slaughterhouses, livestock markets, road connectivity and encouraging commercial livestock production where as other regions needs to focus on production constraints like green fodder availability. Since the buffalo meat production whose share is less in total meat is predominant in North Telangana encouraging commercial poultry in North Telangana will increase meat production.

A wide array of environment-friendly plant bio-regulators (PBRs) has received attention of researchers in horticulture. Bio-regulators, alternatively known as plant growth regulators (PGR) are natural or synthetic chemicals that affect the expression of biological responses in plant tissues. PBRs are used more extensively in tree fruit production than in any other horticultural or agricultural commodity, and they are essential for effective and profitable production. It plays an important role in growth and development of horticultural crops by sustaining their productivity and improving the quality of produce. The efficient utilization of plant bio-regulators can provide a dramatic change in fruit production despite all success in high density planting and improving quality yield and storage life of the fruits without any spoilage. Different plant bio-regulators like CPPU, salicylic acid, brassinosteroides, strigolactones, jasmonates, etc ., have wide scope for exploration and application but are not widely accepted in commercial fruit production despite of their immense usefulness coupled with low hazard to human health.

The thesis analyses the urbanization of Bolgatanga, the regional capital of the Upper East Region of Ghana, identifying the main forces that shaped this process. The main argument is that the commercial and political prominence that the town acquired in the region at the beginning of the 20th century created the conditions for its urbanization. The thesis explores the changes in the settlement pattern, economic trends and political organization that affected the urban landscape of Bolgatanga in this period. The thesis intends to present endogenous changes in the actual production and conceptualization of urbanity. It focuses thus on the processes that led to a radical change in the town’s settlement pattern from the end of the 19th century up to the moment in which people began to commodify their land and ceded their compound farms to new settlers in the late 1930s. This moment represents a rupture with past land tenure practices and, at the same time, the start of a new way of conceptualizing and occupying space. The study of Bolgatanga’s urbanism is framed in the thesis through three broad, and interrelated layers of growth of the town. The first of these layers concerns spatiality and indigenous concepts of belonging. It is devoted to the study of historical changes in the settlement pattern of the people who lived in Bolgatanga. The second layer takes into consideration the dynamism of the town’s political landscape, analysing how the local figures of power interacted with colonialism. The study of the economic networks that connected Bolgatanga with the rest of West Africa represents the third layer of town development. The thesis demonstrates thus that by following the three layers interrelations, it is possible to create a solid analytic outline to explain the urban process that transformed Bolgatanga in the 20th century.

There has been an increasingly well-documented, rapid rise in tobacco production over the last couple of decades in Mazowe, Zimbabwe, despite growing public health concerns about lung cancer and nicotine’s addictive capacities in the wealthier countries of the West – even affecting the South African market. This has been accompanied by a shift away from its production almost completely on large-scale farms towards predominantly small-scale farms. To date, less consideration has been given to the implications of climate change for tobacco production. Given the hopes that it can make a serious contribution to poverty reduction and food security, it is of increasing importance to understand these implications, to identify the most relevant and/or effective adaptation options and to assess the viability of their successful adoption. This paper presents a fine-grained, qualitative bottom-up analysis of the implications for commercial tobacco production of climate change impacts in Zimbabwe.

Decapod crustaceans, commonly utilised for pure or applied scientific research and commercial food production, have generally remained outside ethical debate. However, in the last decade many parts of the world have seen an increase in public interest in the welfare of decapod crustaceans and statutory legal protection has been introduced in several countries. Although still limited to a small number of countries and remaining relatively unharmonised, relevant legislation could be increasingly broadened to include decapods in further jurisdictions. Much existing legislation, originally intended for protecting terrestrial vertebrates during scientific study, might be unsuitable for aquatic invertebrates such as decapods. Indeed, precedence with many fish species and cephalopods suggests detail is lacking with respect to fundamental guidance. Therefore, similar inclusion of decapods into such legislation could make welfare or scientific goals more challenging to achieve unless relevant guidance is available, particularly to animal care practitioners. This horizon paper aims to summarise existing decapod legislation, and the considerations required should decapods be included in current conceptual frameworks and scientific legislation.

Chapter 16 - Future Developments

Cyanobacterial blooms are increasing worldwide and have negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and the services they provide to human societies. A lack of long-term environmental monitoring data, however, has prevented the development of a baseline perspective against which drivers of the increasing frequency and severity of cyanobacterial blooms can be identified. In this study, we evaluate application of spectroscopy-based models to infer historical trends in cyanobacterial abundance from lake sediment cores. Using an amendment series (n = 15) of a sediment matrix spiked with increasing amounts of mixed cyanobacterial culture from 0 to 50 parts per thousand (‰), taxonomically diagnostic carotenoids were measured using visible near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (VNIRS) and conventional but more costly and time-consuming high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A partial least squares regression model was developed to correlate amendment series VNIR spectra to ‰ of added cyanobacteria. Despite challenges in differentiating carotenoid pigments because of overlapping absorption peaks, applications of the resulting 2-component model (r2 = 0.93, RMSEP = 0.23‰) to sediment cores from four Ontario lakes yielded temporal trends that were significantly correlated with downcore HPLC measures of cyanobacterial pigments in three out of four cases. Although our method is simplistic and may be improved in the future with more complex algorithms employing derivative analysis, we present our results as a possible stepping-stone towards spectral reconstruction of cyanobacterial production. Our study provides proof-of-concept that refinement of a method applying VNIRS to detect cyanobacterial carotenoids in lake sediments has the potential to be an important, rapid and non-destructive assessment tool for research and management of cyanobacterial blooms.

Changes in stable isotopes, lignin-derived phenols, and fossil pigments in sediments of Lake Biwa, Japan: Implications for anthropogenic effects over the last 100 years