低コストセラミックスを利用した汚水浄化処理試験 (第2報) 形状の変化が物理性状および浄化に及ぼす影響

Granular sludge is a biofilm process used for wastewater treatment which is currently being implemented worldwide. It is important to understand how disturbances affect the microbial community and performance of reactors. Here, two acetate-fed replicate reactors were inoculated with acclimatized sludge and the reactor performance, and the granular sludge microbial community succession were studied for 149 days. During this time, the microbial community was challenged by periodically removing half of the reactor biomass, subsequently increasing the food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio. Diversity analysis together with null models show that overall, the microbial communities were resistant to the disturbances, observing some minor effects on polyphosphate-accumulating and denitrifying microbial communities and their associated reactor functions. Community turnover was driven by drift and random granule loss, and stochasticity was the governing ecological process for community assembly. These results evidence the aerobic granular sludge process as a robust system for wastewater treatment.

Interhospital transportation of patients with severe lung failure on pumpless extracorporeal lung assist

Biofilm enhances the performances of biological wastewater treatment systems. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) pellets as novel biofilm carrier for phenol biodegradation. Two identical laboratory-scale reactors were operated with fill, react, settle, draw and idle periods in the ratio of 2:12:2:1:7 for a 24-h cycle. One reactor was supplemented with 2% (v/v) of PHA pellet and operated as sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR), whereas the other reactor was operated as sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and used as the control reactor. The performances of SBBR and SBR in degrading phenol were studied at three phases with the introduction of 300, 500 and 1000 mg L-1 phenol, respectively. The removal of phenol was found best described using zero-order kinetics, with R2 > 0.97. At all phases, the phenol removal rate during react period for SBBR (7.30 ± 0.55 to 9.33 ± 1.06 mg L-1 min-1) was found higher compared to those for SBR (4.28 ± 0.66 to 8.35 ± 0.68 mg L-1 min-1), with significance difference observed at low phenol concentration. Whereas for chemical oxygen demand biodegradation kinetics, SBRR exhibited significantly higher rate compared to SBR at all phases. From the scanning electron microscopy image, the attachment of activated sludge onto PHA pellet was observed. The results indicated the potential of PHA serving as alternative biofilm carrier in biofilm process.

The omnipresent microconstituents (MCs) in aquatic environments arouse great public concerns. This chapter describes aerobic biological treatment systems and their applications for treatment of MCs in wastewater. Aerobic biological systems/processes (e.g., activated sludge processes, biofilm processes, lagoons, constructed wetlands) are the most commonly used technologies for mitigating MCs in wastewater. In general, the removal efficiency of different aerobic biological systems varies, depending on the nature of MCs. Membrane bioreactors may carry more promise. Significant knowledge gaps exist for some MCs (e.g., hormones and their conjugates, nanomaterials and nanoparticles, microplastics). Considerable research is still needed to understand how to treat different MCs with aerobic biosystems in a more efficient and cost-effective way.

Wastewater treatment based on ecological principles is a low cost and highly desirable solution for the developing countries like Pakistan. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of biological treatment systems including Internal Circulation (IC) anaerobic bioreactor and constructed wetlands (CWs) containing macrophytes and mixed algal cultures for industrial wastewater treatment. The IC bioreactor reduced COD (52%), turbidity (89%), EC (24%) of the industrial wastewater. However, the effluents of IC bioreactor did not comply with National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) of Pakistan. Post-treatment of IC bioreactor effluents was accomplished in CW containing macrophytes (Arundo donax and Eichhornia crassipes) and mixed algal culture. The CWs planted with macrophytes lowered the concentrations of COD (89%) and turbidity (99%). CWs with algal biomass were not effective in further polishing the effluent. Inhibition of algal biomass growth was observed due to physicochemical characteristics of wastewater. The integrated treatment system consisting of IC bioreactor and macrophytes was found more suitable option for industrial wastewater treatment.

The article considers optimizing methods for wastewater treatment systems. Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) are discharged from the river basin of the northwest Russia. Disruption of ecological safety and healthy state of water basins takes place when excess amount of nitrogen and phosphorus is discharged from wastewater. This results in eutrophication that is increased growth of seaweeds and, therefore, in ecological system disruption. The cities of the northwest region are short of funds for renovation of water treatment systems. However, the new solution lies in improvement of biological water treatment system by means of chemical injection. The main research task is implementation of methods for enhanced biological phosphorus removal from domestic sewage. The problem of recycling and ecological safety of rivers within the northwest of Russia and the Baltic Sea is not solved completely. That is why for wastewater dephosphorization, the authors suggest using sulfuric acid production waste at chemical plant "Ammophos," Cherepovets (ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O and phosphogypsum СаSO4·Р2О5), as reagents. The advantage of these reagents is their low cost. The authors show the efficiency of the new optimal reagent's combination. Filtering the wastewater through sand filters after secondary settlers increases the total phosphorus removal efficiency up to 90%. The high effect of all types of phosphorus and total nitrogen removal from wastewater can be resulted from the features of micelle creation during coagulation.

Nowadays, the population is increasing as a result, there is more demand for consumer goods and transportation. At the same time, the industry needs to expand its production base to meet the needs of the population. It causes pollution and heavy metal contaminants in the wastewater that is harmful to life and the environment. One of the dangerous heavy metals is manganese. Therefore, the researcher is interested in studying the removal of manganese from wastewater to reduce toxicity before it is released into the environment. The objective of this research was to study manganese removal efficiency with a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) system using bio-sludge from an excess bio-sludge storage tank of a central sewage treatment plant, Bangkok, Thailand (Sripaya plant). It is the microbial sludge from the activated sludge treatment system type of stabilization. SRB system is a biological treatment system that requires less treatment space and low cost because the aeration system and the sedimentation tank are the same tank. For manganese-contaminated wastewater, it is the smooth synthetic wastewater from metal castings industry. The results showed that the SBR system was oxic: anoxic under hydraulic retention time (HRT) at 3 days and mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) at 2,000 mg/L was able to remove up to 96.1% of manganese. It was also able to remove 95.2%, 94.3%, and 92.0% of BOD, COD, and TKN, respectively.

Genomics allows the tracing of origin and evolution of cancer at molecular scale and underpin modern cancer diagnosis and treatment systems. Yet, molecular biomarker-guided clinical decision-making encounters major challenges in the realm of individualized medicine, consisting of the invasiveness of procedures and the sampling errors due to high tumor heterogeneity. By contrast, medical imaging enables noninvasive and global characterization of tumors at a low cost. In recent years, radiomics has overcomes the limitations of human visual evaluation by high-throughput quantitative analysis, enabling the comprehensive utilization of the vast amount of information underlying radiological images. The cross-scale integration of radiomics and genomics (hereafter radiogenomics) has the enormous potential to enhance cancer decoding and act as a catalyst for digital precision medicine. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current framework and potential clinical applications of radiogenomics in patient care. We also highlight recent research advances to illustrate how radiogenomics can address common clinical problems in solid tumors such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and glioma. Finally, we analyze existing literature to outline challenges and propose solutions, while also identifying future research pathways. We believe that the perspectives shared in this survey will provide a valuable guide for researchers in the realm of radiogenomics aiming to advance precision oncology.

Wetlands protection programs, as a relative new approach in surface water and ground-water protection The types of Wetlands, theirs mechanism of removal nutrients and other pollutants from water are shown in this work paper. Wetland restoration, the renewal of natural and historical wetlands that have been lost or degraded, is a growing activity. Constructed wetlands, as treatment systems that use natural processes, are very adequate and highly efficient, low cost way in wastewater treatment for small communities, point pollution sources, depending, of course on conditions and adequate land spaces near those places. Some examples from Serbia of this way and approach are shown.

The emissions produced by diesel engines are detrimental to human health, and the environment. To reduce these harmful emissions, engine manufacturers have used exhaust after treatment systems. The main objective of these after-treatment systems is to reduce exhaust emissions with minimal impact on an engines performance. The increase in emission regulations resulted in the need for a portable device to measure emissions. Portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) are used to ensure engines comply with regulations in the real world. Although these systems are portable and can be installed on a vehicle they are bulky, expensive and time consuming to install. More recently a compact version of the PEMS based on lower cost, smaller sensors have come to market. These devices are not recognized for in-use compliance but potentially have a use for rapid testing of a larger fleet of vehicles. The main objective of this study was to perform a sensor-based emissions measurement comparison of the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particle number (PN) emissions collected between the NTK Compact Emissions Meter (NCEM) and a Horiba OBS-ONE GS with PN analyzer unit. The NCEM is a newly marketed device that measures exhaust NOx and Oxygen (O2) concentrations through the use of a zirconium-oxide sensor, and PN with a diffusion-charging type sensor. Using the Horiba OBS-One PEMS as the reference to the accuracy of the NCEM at different operating conditions was examined. The Horiba OBS-One PEMS is compliant with the Code of Federal (CFR) regulations, Title 40, Part-1065, Subpart J, which details in-use emissions compliance testing for a vehicle equipped with heavy-duty engines. Both units were installed on a heavy-duty on-highway Mercedes Benz Actros cab-over truck. This truck was tested over a number of different routes, that included various terrain, and traffic situations. One of the test routes was created to satisfy the European Union (EU) Real Driving Emissions (RDE) characteristics. This route was repeated three times. This test route included stop and go, low speed constant flow, and highway operation. The second test route consisted of highway driving an elevation change of 400 meters to examine altitude on the analyzers. The third and final test route was a highway route with relatively constant altitude. All data sets were subsequently analyzed using linear regression, and binning technique

The main objective of matrix acidizing is to create deep channels(wormholes) that bypass the damaged zone around the wellbore, which eventually, will increase the productivity or injectivity of the well. HCl-diesel emulsified acid is used to achieve that goal as well as other objectives such as prevention of tubing corrosion. The cost of HCl-emulsified acid could be lower by reducing the cost of either the surfactant (emulsifier) or the continuous phase (diesel). Hence, in this study, a low-cost, more efficient emulsified acid is proposed, with cheaper solid stabilizer (nanoparticle) instead of surfactant, and less expensive continuous phase; waste oil instead of diesel. Rheology, stability and coreflooding experiments were performed at high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) of a typical reservoir conditions in the Middle East. This study addresses the feasibility of a novel waste oil emulsified acid system in acid stimulation treatment. In particular, rheology and stability of the emulsion and reactivity with limestone reservoir rock at HPHT were investigated. The reactivity was carried out through a series of core flow experiments at HPHT and compared with the conventional diesel emulsified acid. Stability experiments were conducted at 375 °F. Coreflood experiments were conducted using Indiana limestone 12″ cores and 1.5 in diameter. The initial permeability of the cores was in the range of 2-4 md. The pressure and temperature were 3000 psi and 275 °F, respectively. Four injection rates were used 0.5, 2, 5, and 10 ml/min. For better comprehension for resulted wormhole characteristic from both stimulation fluids under investigation, the CT-scan image for the Indiana limestone cores after injection of both waste oil and diesel emulsified acids were performed and analyzed through a high resolution imaging and visualization software. From the laboratory results, the novel waste oil emulsified acid system showed a good potential as a stimulation fluid. For instance, it achieved lower pore volume of acid to break through (PVBT) compared to both conventional diesel emulsified acid and plain HCl. Moreover, diesel emulsion presented a better performance at lower injection rates whereas waste oil emulsion performed superiorly at higher rates. Thisindicates that, diesel emulsion is still better in terms of stimulation efficiency, however, waste oil emulsified acid still could be recommended in acid stimulation since it has low cost and acceptable performance. Furthermore, CT scan analysis shows that waste oil emulsified acid was capable of achieving narrow, branch-free, and deep wormhole which are the desired characteristic for any potential stimulation fluid. The novelty of this work comes from the fact that waste oil emulsified acid performance for carbonate acid stimulation has not been addressed before and hence this work to fill in the gap.

Constructed wetland (CW), an ecological wastewater treatment technology, is low cost and easily to operate. Vertical flow constructed wetland (VF-CW) systems have been used to treat various wastewaters across the world. The present work exhibits the detail study of five type's multi-layered vertically constructed wetlands operated at 24h hydraulic retention time under semi-continuous vertical flow mode. Except N-NO3-, all the pollutants were sufficient removal in iron scraps constructed wetland (ISs-CW). The highest average pollutant removal efficiency achieved in ISs-CW was 85.04%, 77.57%, 85.99%, 62.01% and 88.91% for N-NH4+, N-NO2+, total nitrogen, total phosphate and sulphate respectively. The present CWs planted with Eichhornia crassipes is a promising system for municipal wastewater treatment. The first-order kinetic modelling was best suited for the removal rate since it presents higher R2, rate constant (k) and B values.

Constructed wetland systems for wastewater treatment have been proven to be effective, low cost and sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment technologies. This paper is about the Austrian experience in constructed wetland systems.

Improving the efficiency of small-scale wastewater treatment by pneumatic agitation

A facile, flexible, and multifunctional thermo-chemotherapy system for customized treatment of drug-resistant breast cancer