전자해도용 GML을 위한 응용 스키마 개발연구

The objective of this paper is to address two issues of current Internet Geographic Information Systems (GIS) programs – interoperability and graphic image output issues – using standard-based technologies, specifically, the Geography Markup Language (GML), Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) and the OpenGIS Web Feature Service (WFS) Implementation Specifications developed by the OpenGIS Consortium (OGC). A strategy is proposed to use GML as a coding and data transporting mechanism to achieve data interoperability, SVG to display GML data on the Web, and WFS as a data query mechanism to access and retrieve data at the feature level in real time on the Web. Two case studies are reported to implement this strategy. Our case studies show that the combination of GML, SVG, and WFS has an immense potential to achieve interoperability while not requiring considerable changes to existing legacy data. Data can be in their original formats and still be retrieved using WFS and transformed into GML in real time. SVG can produce superior quality vector maps on a Web browser. More research is needed to explore the full potential of these new standards and to test them in real-world situations.

This paper presents a schema mapping technique for XML-based geodata translation/transformation. XML is becoming the universal language for data exchange over the Internet. For geodata exchange, OGC defined the XML-based GML(Geographical Markup Language). Defining XML-based data format alone is not enough for data exchange. Associated techniques are equally important. The proposed schema mapping technique enables to a large extent automatic generation of geodata translator/convertor. Given a pair of source and target data schemas, a user specifies elements correspondence between them in a declarative way. The proposed schema mapping processor takes the schema mapping specification as input and generate geodata translator as output. Due to the automatic generation, semantic reconciliation between source and target schemas is very much facilitated.

Smart city digital twins can provide useful insights by making effective use of multi disciplinary urban data from diverse sources. Whilst these insights provide new information that helps cities in decision making, verifying the authenticity, integrity, traceability and data ownership across various functional units have become critical characteristics to ensure the data is from an authentic and trustworthy source. However, these characteristics are rarely considered in a digital twin ecosystem. In this research we introduce a novel framework, namely, ‘SIGNED: Smart cIty diGital twiN vErifiable Data framework’ that is designed on the basis of data ownership, selective disclosure and verifiability principles. Using Verifiable Credentials, SIGNED ensures digital twin data are verifiably authentic i.e., it covers provenance, transparency, and reliability through verifiable presentation. A proof of concept is designed and evaluated based on a smart water management use case to demonstrate the effectiveness of SIGNED in securing verifiable exchange of digital twin data across multiple functional units. The proof-of-concept demonstrates that SIGNED successfully allows the exchange of data in a trusted and verifiable manner at negilgible performance cost, thus enhancing security and alleviating privacy issues when sharing data between various functional units in a smart city.

Series Introduction. Foreword: Michael F.Goodchild. Preface. Contrubutors. Down to the Sea in Ships: The Emergence of Marine GIS - Dawn Wright. Working on the Frontiers of Science: Applying GIS to the Coastal Zone - Darius J. Bartlett. Part One: Conceptual/ Technical Issues Data Models for Marine and Coastal Geographic Information Systems - Rongxing Li. An Algorithmic Approach to Marine GIS - Christopher Gold. Representations of Variability in Marine Environmental Data - Anne Lucas. Applying Spatio-Temporal Concepts to Correlative Data Analysis - Herman Varma. Linear Reference Data Models and Dynamic Segmentation: Application to Coastal and Marine Data - Andrew G. Sherin. Spatial Reasoning for Marine Geology and Geophysics - Dawn J. Wright. 2.5 and 3-D GIS for Coastal Geomorphology - Jonathan Raper Part Two: Applications Real-time GIS for Marine Applications - Gerald A. Hatcher Jr. and Norman Maher. Electronic Chart Disply and Information Systems (ECDIS): State-of-the-art in Nautical Charting - Robert Ward, Chris Roberts and Ron Furness. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Vents Program GIS: Integration, Analysis and Distribution of Multidisciplinary Oceanographic Data - Christopher G. Fox and Andra M. Bobbitt. Integrated Geographical and Environmentally Remotely-Sensed Data on Marginal and Enclosed Basins - Vittorio Barale. Mapping Submarine Slope Failures - Brian G. McAdoo. Applications of GIS to Fisheries Management - Geoff J. Meaden. A User-Friendly Marine GIS for Multi-Dimensional Visualisation - Yafang Su. Active Techtonics: Data Acquisition and Analysis with Marine GIS - Chris Goldfinger Part Three: Institutional Issues Managing Marine and Coastal Data Sources: A National Oceonographic Data Centre Perspective on GIS - Bronwyn Cahill, Theresa Kennedy and Orla Ni. Significance of Coastal and Marine Geographical Information Systems within the Context of the United States National Geospatial Data Policies - Millington Locakwood and Cindy Fowler. GIS applications to Marine boundary Delimitations -Harold Palmer and Loin Pruett Information Quality Considerations for Coastal Data -Nancy Von Meyer, Kenneth E Foote and Donald J Huebner Epilogue - Darius J. Bartlett and Dawn J. Wright overview, brief history. Part 1: Conceptual/Technical Issue. Part 2: Applications. Part 3: Institutional Issues.

In parallel with technological developments, the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) in forestry is becoming more important day by day. Therefore, the activities of the units under the General Directorate of Forestry and the position, attitude and behaviour of technical staff employed in rural units in the presence of these developments are fairly important. This study was designed to find out the views of technical staff regarding the use of GIS software technologies, efficient use of them and their development and widespread use in Regional Forest Directorates under the General Directorate of Forestry. Survey method was used in the study. Research was carried out on 210 forest engineers who work in Istanbul, Antalya, Izmir, Ankara, Izmir and Adana Regional Forest Directorates. The data obtained through surveys on the attitudes and views of forest engineers on GIS, whether it is used effectively in their units or not and personal information of the participants were calculated as percentage and frequency, presented in graphs and interpreted. In the study that the using of GIS software has come into prominence, study has been done to promote the use of sufficiently GIS and emphasized the importance of GIS education at the undergraduate level.

El Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) como la agencia geográfica de México, tiene por objetivos el producir datos e información geoespacial con la finalidad de suministrar a la sociedad y al Estado información de calidad, pertinente, veraz y oportuna, a efecto de coadyuvar al desarrollo nacional. Esto ha derivado a que el INEGI genere grupos de datos geográficos cuya utilización permitan apoyar en la toma de decisiones de alcance nacional como la prevención y atención de desastres, seguridad nacional, ordenamiento territorial, desarrollo urbano, diseño y planeación de edificaciones, delimitación de zonas naturales protegidas, hidrografía e hidrología, medio ambiente, energía, comunicaciones y transportes, construcción de infraestruc- tura y en diversos proyectos, objetivos, actividades y fines, cuyo propósito es que sean útiles para el diseño, la implementación y la evaluación de políticas públicas para el avance y desarrollo de la República Mexicana. Entre la diversidad de datos geográficos que produce el INEGI se encuentran los correspondientes al relieve conti- nental e insular y las imágenes del territorio, estos datos digitales alcanzan su poten- cial máximo cuando son relacionados espacialmente en sistemas de información geográfica para ofrecer a los usuarios y especialistas un abanico de opciones en el modelado y análisis topográfico del territorio con una gran aproximación a lo real y con las variantes y ventajas que ofrece la tecnología informática hoy en día aplicada a la geografía digital. En este trabajo se dan a conocer los procesos para la determi- nación de los cauces de cuencas hidrológicas de la zona de Tixtla, Guerrero, mediante el uso de los datos digitales del relieve y ortoimágenes con la utilización de sistemas de información geográfica, ya que éstos tienen una importancia no solo en la combi- nación e integración de datos geoespaciales, sino en la capacidad que tienen para extraer información referente a los cauces o escurrimientos de agua necesarios para realizar un modelado hidrológico, esto mediante operaciones espaciales usadas en algoritmos para tal fin mediante el uso de los modelos digitales de elevación de tipo terreno que permiten modelar la interacción entre la forma del terreno y sus procesos de transporte de agua y sedimentos. Esto permitirá obtener información geográfica para analizar el entorno de la cuenca hidrológica de Tixtla, y en su caso disponer de elementos ante la posibilidad de conocer los posibles riesgos que pueda tener ante la presencia de fenómenos hidrometeorológicos que causen inundaciones, logrando con ello promover una cultura de la seguridad y autoprotección para que se fortalezcan en la propia ciudadanía, logrando avanzar hacia mejores condiciones de vida, facili- tando la capacidad de respuesta de las propias comunidades ante la presencia de cual- quier fenómeno o agente perturbador que pudiera afectar la seguridad de la población de Tixtla, Guerrero.

What lies beneath?—issues in the representation of air quality management data for public consumption

Introduction. This study focuses on the development and evaluation of a geoinformation approach for analyzing sustainable development conditions in mountainous regions through the integration of remote sensing data, digital terrain models, and infrastructure information. Mountain territories are characterized by complex topography, high environmental vulnerability, and uneven distribution of infrastructure and population, which complicates spatial planning and resource management processes. Traditional territorial analysis methods based on fragmented statistical and cartographic data often fail to capture the spatial relationships between natural and socio-economic factors. The application of modern geoinformation technologies and spatial analysis methods provides new opportunities for comprehensive investigation of territorial systems and for evaluating the factors affecting the sustainability of mountain region development. Methods. The research methodology is based on the use of geographic information systems and spatial analysis techniques to integrate environmental and infrastructural data into a unified model for assessing development conditions in mountainous areas. The mountainous districts of the Republic of Adygea located in the north-western part of the Greater Caucasus were selected as the study area. The spatial database was formed using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 satellite imagery, SRTM digital elevation data, statistical information on population and infrastructure, and transportation network data from OpenStreetMap. Spatial data processing was performed in ArcGIS Pro and QGIS environments. The study included morphometric terrain analysis, transportation accessibility assessment, land-use structure analysis, and evaluation of settlement distribution patterns. Indicator normalization and a weighted integration approach were used to calculate an integral development index. Additionally, geostatistical analysis and k-means clustering were applied to identify spatial patterns and typologies of territorial development conditions. Results. The results revealed a pronounced spatial heterogeneity of environmental and infrastructural conditions in the studied mountainous region. The elevation range varies from 180 to 2860 m above sea level, with an average elevation of approximately 980 m. The mean slope is about 21.7°, while around 38% of the territory has slopes greater than 20° and approximately 12% exceeds 35°. Analysis of the transportation network showed that the total length of roads in the study area is about 1180 km, and nearly 21% of the territory is located more than 5 km away from major roads. A total of 126 settlements were identified within the region, with an average population density of about 18 persons per square kilometer. Land-use analysis demonstrated that approximately 61% of the territory is covered by forest ecosystems, 18% by mountain meadows, 9% by agricultural land, and about 12% by rocky landscapes. The calculated integral development index varies from 0.15 to 0.84. Geostatistical analysis showed that around 31% of the territory belongs to favorable development zones, 37% has moderate conditions, and approximately 32% is characterized by limited development potential. Cluster analysis identified four main types of territories differing in environmental and infrastructural characteristics. Conclusions. The results confirm the effectiveness of geoinformation technologies for the comprehensive analysis of natural and socio-economic factors influencing the development of mountainous territories. The developed geoinformation model makes it possible to identify spatial patterns of territorial development, evaluate the suitability of different regions for infrastructure expansion, and provide an analytical basis for strategic decision-making. The proposed approach can be applied in spatial planning, environmental management, infrastructure development, and sustainable regional policy. Future research directions include the integration of machine learning techniques, time-series analysis of remote sensing data, and the development of digital platforms for monitoring and managing mountain territory development.

The use of geographic information systems (GIS) allows for a very efficient analysis of spatial hydrologic data for water resources projects especially for water control studies. In this respect, flood hydrographs for Mogan basin, Turkey for different durations and return periods are determined by using Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method. The basic parameter of the SCS method, curve number (CN), is evaluated by using GIS employing digital land use and hydrologic soil group data derived from analog maps. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Mogan basin is constructed by making use of topographic maps with a scale of 1:25,000. Flood hydrographs for these three productive subbasins of Lake Mogan are attached and superimposed to obtain the total flood hydrographs. Total flood hydrographs entering into Lake Mogan are routed by Puls Method to determine the outflow hydrographs from the lake; then, associated lake levels are computed. Furthermore, inundation maps of Lake Mogan are obtained; these results are presented by GIS techniques.

In the socioprofessional as well as the educational context, hybrid communication has experienced an explosion and exerted strong influence not only on our psychic but also on our physical existence. In this context, cybernetics makes it possible to exploit the mechanism of control and interaction among people in continuous motion. With the integration of digital media in all aspects of human life, the exchange of digital data is continuously spreading without neglecting that these new modes of communication and collaboration can also determine our senses as well as our behavior by exerting influence not only on our perceptions and thoughts but also on our mentality. On the other hand, human capacities linked to psychomotor factors make it possible to cultivate critical thinking, sense of responsibility and cooperation. However, the risk of disturbances could lead to a gap of psychomotor investment. Above all, it is necessary to take into account social cognition and the role of memory in online interactions and learning techniques with the uses of computer systems, because the memorization of actual experiences becomes profound, if we perceive each situation in a state of strong emotional involvement.

BackgroundComprehensive cancer networks have been established to deliver high-quality care for patients with cancer. Logistic challenges are faced, when patients need to be referred for specialized treatments. Despite strengthened privacy legislations, digital platforms are increasingly used to consult specialists from dedicated liver centers or refer patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) for local treatment strategies. This qualitative study aimed to explore the perspectives of patients with CRLM regarding e-consultation of transmural specialists.MethodsA focus group study was conducted. Patients referred from regional hospitals to an academic liver center for treatment of CRLM were asked to participate. Focus group discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. A thematic content analysis of data was conducted, comprising open, axial, and selective coding of the transcripts. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) were used.ResultsTwo focus groups were held, involving 11 patients and 8 relatives. Three major themes were identified with regard to e-consultation in transmural care: ‘data management’, ‘expertise’, and ‘information and coordination’. Confidence in the expertise of physicians appeared most important during the course of treatment, as patients experienced uncertainty after diagnosis of cancer. Despite the privacy risks, use of digital communication platforms to contact experts in the field were strongly endorsed to improve eligibility for potentially curative treatment. Moreover, e-consultation of specialists may reduce waiting times, due to effective coordination of care.ConclusionInitiatives to improve medical data transfer between care providers were encouraged to achieve effective coordination of oncological care. The potential hazard of privacy violation associated with digital data exchange is accepted by patients and their relatives, provided that use of digital data improves patient’s own health care, research or education.

Tuvalu is one of the smallest and most remote countries in the world. Due partly to its geography, the limited availability of human resources for health, infrastructure weaknesses, and the economic situation, Tuvalu faces many health systems challenges to delivering primary health care and achieving universal health coverage. Advancements in information communication technology are anticipated to change the face of health care delivery, including in developing settings. In 2020 Tuvalu commenced installation of Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT) at health facilities on remote outer islands to allow the digital exchange of data and information between facilities and healthcare workers. We documented the impact that the installation of VSAT has had on supporting health workers in remote locations, clinical decision-making, and delivering primary health more broadly. We found that installation of VSAT in Tuvalu has enabled regular peer-to-peer communication across facilities; supported remote clinical decision-making and reduced the number of domestic and overseas medical referrals required; and supported formal and informal staff supervision, education, and development. We also found that VSAT's stability is dependent on access to services (such as a reliable electricity supply) for which responsibility sits outside of the health sector. We stress that digital health is not a panacea for all health service delivery challenges and should be seen as a tool (not the solution) to support health service improvement. Our research provides evidence of the impact digital connectivity offers primary health care and universal health coverage efforts in developing settings. It provides insights into factors that enable and inhibit sustainable adoption of new health technologies in low- and middle-income countries.

Tuvalu is one of the smallest and most remote countries in the world. Due partly to its geography, the limited availability of human resources for health, infrastructure weaknesses, and the economic situation, Tuvalu faces many health systems challenges to delivering primary health care and achieving universal health coverage. Advancements in information communication technology are anticipated to change the face of health care delivery, including in developing settings. In 2020 Tuvalu commenced installation of Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT) at health facilities on remote outer islands to allow the digital exchange of data and information between facilities and healthcare workers. We documented the impact that the installation of VSAT has had on supporting health workers in remote locations, clinical decision-making, and delivering primary health more broadly. We found that installation of VSAT in Tuvalu has enabled regular peer-to-peer communication across facilities; supported remote clinical decision-making and reduced the number of domestic and overseas medical referrals required; and supported formal and informal staff supervision, education, and development. We also found that VSAT’s stability is dependent on access to services (such as a reliable electricity supply) for which responsibility sits outside of the health sector. We stress that digital health is not a panacea for all health service delivery challenges and should be seen as a tool (not the solution) to support health service improvement. Our research provides evidence of the impact digital connectivity offers primary health care and universal health coverage efforts in developing settings. It provides insights into factors that enable and inhibit sustainable adoption of new health technologies in low- and middle-income countries.

This paper describes the first year's progress in a three–year U.S. Air Force research project aimed at defining and summarizing the shape of the human face. These types of data are needed to enhance the fit and performance of protective equipment designed for the human body. Described are three–dimensional laser measuring systems, subject alignment and coordinate reference systems, angular statistical methods for summarizing points in space, principal component analysis of head cross sections, and data display and computer graphics development.

Aerial photography has been routinely used for several decades by natural resource scientists and managers to map and monitor the condition of forested landscapes. Recently, along with the emergence of concepts in managing forests as ecosystems, has come a significant shift in emphasis from smaller to larger spatial scales and the widespread use of geographic information systems. These developments have precipitated an increasing need for vegetation information derived from other remote sensing imagery, especially digital data acquired from high-elevation aircraft and satellite platforms. This paper introduces fundamental concepts in digital remote sensing and describes numerous applications of the technology. The intent is to provide a balanced, nontechnical view, discussing the shortcomings, successes, and future potential for digital remote sensing of forested ecosystems.