102 神戸市立工業高校における産学連携を活用した工業高校実践教育の試み(OS技術教育・工学教育)

The government realizes that the development of micro and small enterprises is still hampered by financing that is more expensive than conventional financing. The potential of micro, small and medium enterprises in Indonesia is inseparable from banking support in lending to micro, small and medium enterprises. Access to Islamic banking is arguably still limited compared to conventional banking. This makes micro, small and medium enterprises players sometimes choose financing from conventional banks compared to Islamic financial institutions, this can be realized through continuous synergy between Islamic banks and Islamic cooperatives. Islamic cooperatives in various regions are financial inclusion locomotives to deepen sharia-based micro, small and medium enterprises in Malang. Sharia-based micro, small and medium enterprises are micro, small and medium enterprises that only want to be served by Islamic financial institutions. So that the need to empower sharia micro, small and medium enterprises is currently very important, through entrepreneurial orientation and financial inclusion it is expected that it will increase the empowerment of Sharia micro, small and medium enterprises based on Islamic boarding schools in the city of Malang. The research objective is to improve the role of Islamic Financial Inclusion and Entrepreneurship Orientation to empower Sharia micro, small and medium enterprises in Malang City. This study uses the path analysis model. And the type of data used are primary and secondary data taken from respondents, namely Sharia micro, small and medium enterprises and Sharia Cooperatives. Based on the results of the study it was explained that Financial Inclusion of Islamic Cooperatives did not influence the empowerment of micro, small and medium enterprises. While the entrepreneurial orientation affects the empowerment of Islamic micro, small and medium enterprises in Malang. If financial inclusion is carried out well, which is supported by high entrepreneurial orientation, this will increase the empowerment of micro, small and medium enterprises.

The study examined social media marketing strategies adopted by SMEs for their business survival in Delta State, Nigeria. The research population consists of all 3,976 registered SMEs with the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria, Delta State office (SMEDAN). Three hundred and ninety-eight (398) registered Small and Medium Enterprises in Delta State were used as sample which represents ten percent (10%) of the total number of registered SMEs which is in line with keilinger recommendation of sample study. A self structured questionnaire was used for data collection titled "Social Media and SMEs Questionnaire" (SMAPSMEQ). Data were analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics. The simple percentage, frequency count, mean and standard deviation were used to analyze the data received via research questions. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to test the three hypotheses. Findings shows that there exists a significant relationship between the impact of cause marketing strategy and customer’s loyalty among Small and Medium Enterprises, as an increase in the cause marketing strategy of SMES also leads to a corresponding increase in their customer’s loyalty and vice versa. A statistically significant relationship exist between the adoption of relationship marketing as social media marketing strategy and customer’s patronage among Small and Medium Enterprises in Delta State, which implies that maintaining a good relationship with its customers will have positive influence on the customer’s patronage, encourage mutual relationship, cheaper customer acquisition of Small and Medium Enterprises. Findings also shows that there exist a significant relationship between the adoption of scarcity marketing as social media marketing strategy and the volume of sales among Small and Medium Enterprises in Delta State, which means that if a good scarcity marketing strategy is maintained by a Small and Medium Enterprises, their volume of sales would also be positively affected. Based on the findings, it was recommended that small and Medium Scale Enterprises should give adequate attention to improving their cause, relationship and scarcity marketing strategies by setting up unit committees in their organization to see that these objectives are achieved. Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria, Delta State office (SMEDAN) should continually encourage Small and Medium Scale Enterprises to uphold the use of these business strategies by using them as benchmark for raising the standard of their Enterprises across Delta State.
 Keywords: Social Media Marketing, SMEDAN, SMAPSMEQ, SMES, Strategies and Survival.

تعد المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة من أهم الركائز للتنمية الاقتصادية فى مصر وهدف استراتيجي تتبناه الدولة المصرية لما لها من دور حيوي فى التنمية الاقتصادية ومعالجة مشكلتي الفقر والبطالة فأصبح التوجه للمشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة ومتناهية الصغر أكبر محرك للاقتصاديات لتحقيق التنمية المستدامة، وتعمل مؤسسات الدولة على تبنى استراتيجية متكاملة لتحقيق نهضة حقيقية من خلال هذه المشروعات ودفع الشباب باتجاه إقامة المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة. وتناولنا من خلال هذا البحث أثر الدور الحكومي في تنمية المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة في مصر بالتطبيق على محافظة دمياط لما بها من عدد كبير من المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة في مجالات عدة فمشكلة البحث تتلخص في أنه كلما غاب أو قل الدور الحكومي الداعم لهذه للمشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة كلما أثر ذلك سلبا على تنمية هذه المشروعات. وقد قام البحث على عدة فرضيات تمثلت في الدور الحكومي في كل من التمويل وسن التشريعات والدعم الفني والتسويق في تنمية المشروعات الصغيرة والمتوسطة. كما أظهر البحث اهم التوصيات التي يوصي بها الباحث في هذه الرسالة متمثلة في توصيات تقوم بتنفيذها الجهات المختلفة بالدولة ومنها توصيات على المدى الزمنى القصير وأخرى على المدى الزمنى الطويل محددا بها جهة تنفيذ كل جهة للتوصية سواء تمويلية، أو تشريعية، أو تسويقية، أو دعم فني.

In the treatment of this subject I shall confine myself to those schools only that require a grammar school diploma, or its equivalent, for admission, that have a four year’s course, and that are manual training or technical high schools as distinct from the “trade” school. I have confined my investigation, mainly, to public high schools, for with the institutions supported by the public the problem is more vital, and demands the attention of the public school teacher to a far greater extent than that of private institutions.

A conceptual methodology to screen and adopt circular business models in small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs): A case study on child safety seats as a product service system

In this article, the current state of management of human resources in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in India is explored. The owner-managers play important roles in managing human resources in SMEs. The direct involvement of the owner manager also leads to ad hoc and informal HR practices. However, formal HRM systems can help increase performance. This study specifically examines the level of formalisation of human resource management in small and medium enterprises in India. Formalisation is defined as the extent to which regular and written-up procedures exists, a stated policy is in place, and a specialist designs and executes the HR systems. Data were collected using a questionnaire from 89 small enterprises and 54 medium enterprises on the level of formalisation of twelve HR functions. It was found that the level of formalisation of HRM systems in SMEs was low and owner-managers played a central role in the HR functions of their enterprises. Compared to small enterprises, the level of formalisation was found to be higher for medium enterprises. The level of formalisation increased with increase in employee strength. An inverse relationship between the extent of involvement of the owner-manager in managing human resources and the existence of a formal policy for HRM was evidenced. Implications of decisions by owner-managers to keep HR functions informal or formal in small and medium enterprises are discussed. It is necessary for SMEs to find ways in which formal and flexible systems can co-exist.

<span>This research measures the relationship between financial inclusion and the sustainability of financing small and medium enterprises in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the methodology of the research is based on the use of data at the level of companies, where there are 267 thousand small and medium enterprises in the Kingdom, 68% of which are managed by expatriates. The number of micro-enterprises reached 1.5 million, in addition to 230 thousand small enterprises and 37 thousand medium enterprises, all representing 99% of the number of enterprises in the Kingdom in mid-2015, and about 996 thousand small enterprises with a localization rate of less than 13.37%. From 2009 to 2019. Through the adoption of statistical analyzes, the effect of financial inclusion on the availability of financing for small and medium enterprises was analyzed and studied. This research showed that there are positive results for the financial inclusion of credit available to listed small and medium companies, and that promoting financial inclusion helps in the survival and sustainability of small and medium companies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.</span>

This study aims to measure the differences in technical efficiency of technical schools and general high schools that operate in the same neighbourhood in Athens city-centre. We choose ten pairs by nearby schools in distance or co-location including one technical school and one general high school per pair. The schools were divided into two groups; ten technical schools and ten high schools. Because of the heterogeneity across two groups of schools we used data envelopment metafrontier analysis. The results indicate that the group scores are high for high and technical school and the metafronier score of technical schools is very low. The results also indicate that the meta-technology ratio of high schools is higher than meta-technology ratio of technical schools proving the need for setting clear different objectives, processes and outcomes for the two types of schools of the Hellenic Educational System. The realized correlation analysis demonstrated the relation between the inputs and the metafrontier scores. Also, by defining the strong leading group (SLG) to be the the group of the general high schools have been developed some useful theoretical approaches on the performance evaluation of schools.

This study aims to determine the management of working capital in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Tiga Dara, Banawa District, Donggala Regency, and to find out the contribution of working capital management efficiency to operating profits in Tiga Dara Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises District of Banawa, Donggala Regency. This research is quantitative research with a descriptive approach using secondary data in the form of financial reports for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Tiga Dara consisting of a profit and loss report and a balance sheet for January to June 2021. The data analysis technique in this study uses ratio analysis consisting of Level Ratio Working Capital Turnover (TPMK), Return on Working Capital ratio, Return On Assets ratio, Gross Profit Margin ratio, and WratNet Profile Margin. This study shows that the level of efficiency in managing working capital at Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Tiga Dara, Banawa District, Donggala Regency, is assessed from the assessment of the ratio of the level of turnover of capital working (TPMK) and the ratio of return working capital for the production of Banana Chips period months January-June 2021, is within the assessment criteria which is good so that the management of working capital for micro, small and medium enterprises is considered to be efficient. The results of the profitability analysis of Micro, small and medium enterprises in Tiga Dara Sub-district Banawa Donggala Regency show that when viewed and assessed from the ratio of Return on assets, it is in the category of poor assessment, while x x when viewed and assessed from the ratio of gross profit margin and net profit margin are in the good rating category. This means that the profitability performance of micro, small, and Medium Enterprises in Tiga Dara, Banawa District, Donggala Regency is assessed as having an inefficient return on asset ratio. In contrast, the profitability performance of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Tiga Dara, Banawa District, Donggala, is assessed from the ginxmarx profit ratio as efficient. For this reason, efficiency is urgently needed in difficult times like today, namely the Covid 19 pandemic. Therefore, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Tiga Dara, Banawa District, Donggala Regency must maintain and improve their business efficiency by utilizing existing resources to the maximum extent possible for maximum profit.

Is There Discrimination Against Women Entrepreneurs in Formal Credit Markets in Nigeria?

Leasing as an Alternative Source of Finance for Small and Medium Enterprises in Nigeria

The fact that entrepreneurship education phenomenon has attracted enormous attention all over the world from almost all sectors is now trite knowledge. Many initiatives are taken at various levels to accommodate and ultimately generate successful entrepreneurs but at the same time, problems in entrepreneurship education phenomenon and performance of small and medium scale enterprises still remain. The aim of this paper is to empirically explore the relationship between entrepreneurship education phenomenon and performance of small and medium scale enterprises in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. With the aid of statistical package for social sciences version 25, data collected through primary sources were analyzed using mean, aggregate mean, standard deviation, and spearman rank correlation coefficient. Affective education was found to significantly relate to profitability in the light of which the study concludes that there exists a significant relationship between entrepreneurship education phenomenon and performance of small and medium scale enterprises. It recommends that because entrepreneurship education aims at providing expertise, entrepreneurial abilities and inspiration amongst entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship education centres for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) should be set up in Nigeria, where small and medium enterprises managers can have courses in entrepreneurship education and financial literacy. For example, if financial literacy coaching is acquired, SMEs would adopt riskier ventures, diversify investments and raise capital for growth and transformation into stronger companies.

The study examines the effect of government policy on the growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Anambra State. The study was anchored on the business growth theory. Descriptive survey design was adopted. The Population was 1,200 SME operators in Anambra State. The sample size of 300 SMEs was employed using Yamane’s formula. Questionnaire was the major instrument of data collection used in the study. Regression was used to analyse the formulated hypotheses in the study. The study discover that government credit policy granted, government tax policy and government licensing policy has a significant positive effect on the growth of small and medium enterprises in Onitsha North Local Government area, Anambra State. The study concludes that government policy has a positive significant effect on the growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises. The study recommends among others that government should reassess its various policies put in place to alleviate negative effect on credit policy on the growth of SMEs in Anambra State, Nigeria. Government should develop a system for tax payment so as to enhance efficiency in tax collection and payment

The research objective is to offer protection for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises products that are not registered with the Director General of Intellectual Property Rights. Using normative research based on the Legislative Approach and Conceptual Approach. Through this research the author offers the importance of brands in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises and the protection of a product of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises that has not been registered. There are a lot of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia, moreover Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia are very influential in the Indonesian economy. Not only developing domestically, but Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia are also very developed abroad. The number of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia has also led to the emergence of many products and brands. One Micro Small and Medium Enterprise with another Micro Small and Medium Enterprise may not have the same brand name. If there is a problem then in this case it will be a problem who first uses the brand name. The Constitutive System in Indonesia lacks legal certainty regarding trademark rights, in Indonesia it should use legal protection "Proving that the mark has been used in trade activities" and "Willing to be used in trading activities". And Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises must know how important the mark is to get a protection and the government must socialize the registration of the mark

The rising popularity of performance management systems (PMSs) as a means of navigating the uncertain competitive landscape shaped by the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent economic crises and armed conflicts is a well-documented phenomenon in the field of managerial studies. A substantial body of research has been dedicated to examining the role of PMSs in facilitating decision-making processes, strategy implementation, and management efficiency within large organizations. However, a clear discrepancy exists between theoretical and practical perspectives on the implementation and utilization of PMSs in medi-um, small, and micro-enterprises. This article relies on 26 in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs and accountants involved in performance assessment in medium, small and micro-enterprises in Italy. The results demonstrate that the unprecedent-ed levels of uncertainty brought about by the advent of the COVID-19 and the subsequent periods of economic crisis have stimulated a more intense and com-prehensive use of PMSs among medium and small enterprises. In contrast, micro-enterprises have not been affected in their reconsideration of performance moni-toring. This work aims to provide scholars, managers, financial advisors, and con-sultants with a more precise overview of PMS in small and micro enterprises. It also strives to complement the limited number of studies on this topic by providing valuable theoretical and practical implications that both scholars and practitioners can leverage. Additionally, future research avenues are provided.