17. Justice in the Global Digital Economy

Digitalization ensured a revolutionary change in the ways of delivering and consuming financial services, in particular payment services. One of the key prerequisites for the sustainable operation and development of e-payment systems is the achievement of a high level of effectiveness of e-payment services (EPS), which occurs in the global context of building a digital economy. The goal of the research is to develop the conceptual framework and identify the key areas for improving the economic effectiveness of e-payment services in a global digital economy. The theoretical framework of the research includes: the best practices in the sphere of digital technology, digitalization and digital transformations; a concept of digital economy, determining its structure, technological “core” and contours, and functional features. An enhanced role of the Internet as a general economic infrastructure, being the key for the global quality of digital economy, has been taken into consideration. The methodology of the research is based on an evolutionary approach and includes: historical, systemic and structural, functional, and comparative analysis. The results of the research are represented by a number of theoretical, conceptual and practical provisions. Above all, the essence of FinTech was clarified and the key areas of its development were identified; the crucial importance of the problem of economic effectiveness for this sphere of digital technology was substantiated. The paper identified the essence and specific features of PayTech, which transformed the ways to carry out payment transactions and provide the respective services. The purpose and key components of e-payment systems were clarified as well as the specific features to ensure EPS in various aspects. The attention was drawn to the issues of effective EPS in terms of the provider (related to ensuring mass retail payments using Internet and mobile technologies). Taking into consideration different description models of payment operation, the emphasis was laid on the technological model and functionality of e-payment systems, which demonstrated an integrated approach to achieving the high quality and effectiveness of EPS. Taking into account the external and internal prerequisites to accomplish this, the following strategic areas for improving the economic effectiveness of EPS were identified: 1) enhancing the risk management quality; 2) innovation development; 3) development of the ecosystem of EPS delivery. Every area was clarified in terms of its critical importance, relation to strategic management and marketing, which enables to advance the methodology of creating new e-payment systems or improve the existing ones. Practical recommendations on the intensification of e-payment systems include: governmental support activities for EPS providers; proposals on enhancing the innovative function of regulatory “sandboxes” and expanding the use of the technologies which ensure the compliance with regulatory standards (SupTech and RegTech). Value/originality: the paper specified and identified the focus areas and activities to improve the economic effectiveness of EPS delivery, which is of strategic importance in the global digital economy, being of particular value for future studies.

In the context of global warming and the clean energy transition, the rapid development of the digital economy, a highly technology-intensive economic form, has an important impact on the clean energy transition. Examining how the growth of the digital economy has affected the renewable energy transition has broad implications for the creation of national policies, business planning and design, and everyday human behavior. The paper uses a two-way fixed-effect model to empirically investigate the impact of the development of the digital economy on the clean energy transition based on Chinese municipal panel data from 2013 to 2022. It also sorts out the intrinsic mechanism of the digital economy affecting the clean energy transition from a theoretical level. Finally, it tests the indirect effects of technological innovation and upgrading industrial structure using endogeneity analysis and a robustness test. The study finds that (1) digital economy development effectively promotes clean energy transition; (2) the digital economy influences the transformation of renewable energy through two intermediary channels: technological innovation and upgrading of industrial structures; (3) there is geographical variation in how the digital economy affects the growth of the clean energy transformation. Lastly, policy recommendations are provided for boosting investment in digital infrastructure, strengthening the digital technology base, and deepening and broadening the interaction of the digital and real economies.

Given the increasing importance of the digital economy, competition for digital technologies and solutions, as well as the contest to influence norms, standards, and regulatory mechanisms, is escalating. This influence is distributed unevenly—digitalization leaders, primarily the key Group of 20 (G20) members, gain significant advantages, increasing their potential for shaping digital regulation through the consistent inclusion of domestic standards and norms in the documents of multilateral institutions, including the G20, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the United Nations (UN) At the same time, Russia’s impact on the most important aspects of digital economy regulation at the global and regional level is currently limited. The article presents an assessment of the influence wielded by the leading G20 members (the U.S., Canada, the UK, the European Union (EU), Japan, Korea, China and India) on the digital economy’s development and regulation. This assessment serves as the basis for recommendations on Russia’s approaches to the specific aspects of regulation (digital infrastructure development, cybersecurity, regulating digital platforms, regulating global stablecoins and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), data governance, and artificial intelligence (AI) policies) at the national level, as well as its engagement in the G20 and other multilateral institutions. The analysis indicates that the leading countries affect the digital economy mainly by determining conditions for activities in their domestic digital markets and participating in shaping new global standards and rules. In the areas of digital infrastructure development, cybersecurity, and data governance, there are growing contradictions between the approaches of the U.S., the UK, Japan and partly the EU and Korea on the one hand, and Russia, China and India on the other. Recommendations in these areas are related to strengthening coordination within the BRICS group of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa to develop common positions and collectively promote them in the G20 and other multilateral institutions. The main recommendations on other regulatory aspects include using the experience of digitalization leaders to minimize the risks posed by competitors and to strengthen Russian positions in the global digital economy.

Generative artificial intelligence (Generative AI) is one of the most disruptive technologies in the global digital economy. Its presence not only brings opportunities for innovation, but also poses geopolitical challenges, especially in the context of the fragmentation of the global digital economy known as the splinternet. Indonesia, with the largest digital economy potential in Southeast Asia, risks becoming a passive consumer of foreign technology that can weaken national sovereignty. This study aims to analyze the implications of global digital economy fragmentation on Indonesia's national sovereignty, evaluate the role of generative AI in supporting or weakening this sovereignty, and formulate policy strategies that can strengthen Indonesia's position in international digital economy governance. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with normative-empirical analysis. Data was obtained through literature studies, analysis of policy documents, and in-depth interviews with regulators, industry players, and academics. The data analysis technique was carried out by thematic analysis and content analysis of international documents and national regulations related to AI. The results of the study show that global digital fragmentation puts Indonesia in a vulnerable position as a technology adopter, with the risk of dependence on foreign platforms. This dependence has an impact on weakening data sovereignty, reduced regulatory independence, and increasing national security vulnerabilities. However, there are opportunities through three main strategies: strengthening national regulations, developing local innovations based on Indonesian data, and digital diplomacy in international forums.

IntroductionIn the era of the booming digital economy and global efforts to reduce carbon emissions, this study investigates how digital economy growth impacts indirect household carbon emissions (IHCEs). Understanding this relationship is critical, as the digital economy has the potential to both drive and mitigate carbon emissions, depending on its stage of development and regional context.MethodsUsing panel data from the 2014–2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), a fixed effects model is applied to analyze the relationship between digital economy growth and IHCEs. The study examines regional variations, levels of digital economy development, and consumption categories to identify heterogeneous effects.ResultsThe findings reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship between the digital economy and IHCEs. Initially, IHCEs rise due to increased consumption of energy-intensive products, but as digital technologies mature, emissions decline due to improved efficiency and sustainable consumption. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the inverted U-shaped relationship is more pronounced in less developed digital economy regions, while in advanced regions, the relationship is less significant. Regionally, the eastern region, with its advanced infrastructure and green technologies, effectively curbs IHCEs, whereas the central region experiences increased emissions, and the western region exhibits the inverted U-shaped pattern. In terms of consumption, the digital economy significantly impacts housing and food-related emissions, while other categories show mixed or minor effects.DiscussionThese findings highlight the dual role of the digital economy in both driving and mitigating carbon emissions. Policymakers should adopt region-specific strategies, invest in digital infrastructure, and promote sustainable consumption practices to leverage the digital economy for carbon reduction. The study underscores the importance of managing expectations and addressing discrepancies between digital economy growth and its environmental impacts, offering valuable insights for achieving sustainable development goals.

As the world grows increasingly digitally connected, digital technology is demonstrating its benefits and possibilities in an increasing number of industries. Numbers have a significant impact on the economic sector. As a result, researching the digital economy is essential and will only become more so in the following decades. Using China in Asia and the United States in North America as case studies, this essay first examines the current state of growth of the digital economies in each of these two nations. The policies that China and the US have released on the digital economy are also listed on this page, along with an analysis and comparison of them. Next, the strengths, weaknesses, possibilities, and threats of China and the US in the area of the digital economy are examined using the SWOT approach. In conclusion, this essay examines the opportunities for collaboration and rivalry in the global digital economy, highlighting the significance of candid communication and teamwork in tackling shared issues.

The digital economy has become an integral part of global GDP, and Asia is well known as an active and growing region that exhibits rapid digital economic development, and that will become the centre of the global digital economy and digital technology. This article seeks to investigate the significant factors influencing the digital economy and to propose policy measures to tackle this issue. The study’s method applies quantitative research and focuses primarily on interviewing economic experts based on real data, to gauge the factors that affect the digital economy. The authors analysed the impact of various factors on the digital economy in five large Vietnamese cities. The authors also developed and implemented the framework of the structural equation model. Based on the survey of 800 economic experts, the data sources included interviews conducted through directly administered survey tools on the basis of standardised questions. Analysis is done using software packages including SPSS version 20.0 and Amos. The results and value addition of the study suggest that there are eight relevant factors which contribute to the digital economy at a significance level of 0.01 and a range of eight accepted hypotheses. The report covers eight major drivers of the digital economy. The study underscores the critical significance of the telecommunications and information technology infrastructure to Vietnam’s digital economy. The model is also applicable to the analysis and assessment of the effect of some of the factors on the digital economy, serving as a useful reference for agencies, researchers, experts, and economic managers. The authors also recommended policy proposals to stimulate the digital economy.

The rising integration of China’s digital economy with its real economy is propelling the global economy toward a new stage of system reconstruction, profoundly affecting the economic and social development, national governance, and lives of various countries. Formulating and implementing a development strategy for the digital economy is crucial for China. However, there is a lack of research on the innovation-driven relationship between the digital economy and the real economy using authoritative statistics. This paper addresses this gap by adopting Romer’s R&D model and theories from other scholars, thereby constructing an innovation-driven analysis model. Leveraging over 10,000 authoritative statistics and econometric regression, it quantitatively assesses the innovation-driven effect of China’s digital economy on the real economy at both national and regional levels. The study concludes with empirical-based development suggestions to promote the profound integration and innovation within China’s digital and real economies, thereby offering an objective and valuable reference.

Given the increasing uncertainty in the global economy, enhancing urban economic resilience is now paramount to advancing coordinated regional development. As a key force reshaping factor allocation and economic structures, the digital economy’s role in empowering urban economic resilience holds significant theoretical and practical value, especially for closely linked riverine urban agglomeration. Using 2010–2022 panel data of 41 Yangtze River Delta cities, this paper constructs a multidimensional economic resilience evaluation system. Employing two-way fixed effects, instrumental variables, and Spatial Durbin Model, it systematically examines the impact mechanism, heterogeneity, and spatial spillover of the digital economy on urban economic resilience. The findings indicate the following: (1) The digital economy significantly enhances urban economic resilience. (2) Its empowering effect exhibits notable regional disparities, with metropolitan areas and core cities benefiting more substantially. (3) The digital economy strengthens surrounding cities through spatial spillovers, yet some peripheral cities remain trapped in “low–low” agglomeration. This paper offers important insights for global riverine urban agglomerations: promoting the digital economy should prioritize cross-regional governance, enhancing core cities’ leading role, and boosting targeted investment in digital infrastructure and innovation in peripheral areas. This approach is essential for narrowing regional differences and improving overall resilience and sustainability.

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In the context of the rapidly evolving global digital economy, higher education—particularly innovation and entrepreneurship education—faces significant challenges and opportunities. This study utilizes an exploratory multiple-case analysis to compare the innovation and entrepreneurship education ecosystems across various countries and regions, including China, the United States, and Europe. The objective is to identify similarities and differences in areas such as policy support, curriculum design, technological application, and university-industry collaboration. Our analysis highlights that while foreign universities often prioritize interdisciplinary integration and the use of digital technologies, Chinese universities demonstrate distinct advantages in policy support and entrepreneurial practice. This study distills key elements of innovation and entrepreneurship education ecosystems within the global digital economy and proposes strategies for optimizing these ecosystems in Chinese universities. The findings offer both theoretical insights and practical recommendations to enhance innovation and entrepreneurship education in China during the digital economy era, and they also provide valuable references for global education policymakers.

The Macro Frames of Microwork: A Study of Indian Women Workers on AMT in the Post-Pandemic Moment

The article focuses on the scientific positions of leading foreign and domestic scientists, in which the concepts of “digital economy” and “network economy” are considered. It is argued that although nowadays there is a debate in the academic literature about the characteristics of the digital and network economy, the transformation of economic relations in these formations is undeniable. All indicated changes should be analyzed within the concept of “new economy”. The essence of digitization and networking processes at the current stage of development of the global economy is also considered. The characteristics of digitalization and networking are studied in the context of the formation of a new type of economic relations when information and knowledge have been transformed into one of the most important economic resources. The connection of digitalization and networking with other pro – has been identified. The essence of the market of information and communication technologies as a special and specific segment of the modern global economy is considered. The positions of leading scientists regarding the role of the market of information and communication technologies in the functioning of the digital and network economy are highlighted. The factors of the development of the global market of information and communication technologies are revealed and characterized, and the place of digitization and networking processes in the formation of its quantitative and qualitative parameters is highlighted. It has been proven that due to its specific features, the ICT market fully reflects both the advantages and disadvantages inherent in digitalization and networking. It was determined that due to the development of the sector of information and communication technologies, countries can quickly change their position on the economic map of the world, as well as achieve rapid economic progress. First of all, this conclusion concerns countries with “transitive” economy (in particular Ukraine).

In economics, public or collective goods are contrasted with private goods. The enjoyment of a private good can be restricted to those who pay for it, and the consumption of a private good by one person makes it unavailable to anyone else. Markets “work” for private goods, where individuals make clear decisions about cost/benefit tradeoffs and prices are the consequences of the forces of supply and demand. By contrast, public (collective) goods are nonexcludable – shared by everybody, whether they helped pay for the good or not – and nonrival – in that one person's “enjoyment” of the good does not affect another's. People who share in a public good without paying for it are often called “free riders.” Because people can share in a public good if it is paid for by others, the usual assumptions of the market fail, and economists and social scientists generally argue that public goods need to be provided through taxation or other collective means. Public goods are an instance of the more general matter of externalities, in which one person's actions or choices affect the costs or benefits to other people who did not make the choice. Within economics, there has been a great deal of elaboration of these ideas. Some goods are nonrival but excludable (e.g. satellite television), others are nonexcludable but rival (e.g. environmental resources); both excludability and rival‐ness are continua rather than dichotomies. Public or collective goods vary greatly in important ways that affect the social dynamics of their provision, including their lumpiness and the linearity or nonlinearity of their production functions. Moreover, the same “good” (like clean air or a bridge) can be provided in different ways that have different production functions relating contributions to benefits. Introductory overviews of these issues may be found in the cited references.

From 2019, countries worldwide have been negatively affected by the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in all aspects of social life. The high-tech digital industry represented by emerging digital technologies is still vigorous, and correspondingly, the digital economy has become an important force to promote the stable recovery and re-prosperity of the national economy. The digital economy plays a memorable role in preventing and controlling COVID-19, the resumption of work and production, and the creation of new business formats and models. Urban big data (UBD) involves a wide range of dynamic and static data with high dimensions, but there are no mature and clear data classification and grading standards. Currently, it is urgent to strengthen the security protection of high-value datasets. Therefore, a UBD classification and grading method is proposed based on the lightweight (LWT) deep learning (DL) clustering algorithm. It uses a semi-intelligent path based on partial artificial to form data classification (DC) and hierarchical thesaurus, corpus, rule base, and model base. Subsequently, a big data analysis system is built for unstructured and structured data association analysis based on deep learning, spatiotemporal correlation, and big data technology to improve data value and adapt to multiscenario applications. Meanwhile, with the help of data and graphics processing tool Tableau, the present work analyzes the development status and existing problems of digital resources in China. The results show that although China's digital infrastructure is the top in the world, the trading infrastructure is still only 41.65 percentage points. This shows that China's digital economy still has a lot of room for growth in distribution and trading. The analysis of the ownership of data resources indicates that the scores of China's digital economy in accounting, privacy, and security are very low, only 2.4 points, 5.1 points, and 11 points, respectively. This study has solved the problems of distribution and trade in China's digital economy through research and put forward corresponding suggestions for the current development of China's digital economy market. Hence, a preliminary summary and suggestions are made on the development of China's data resources, to promote the open sharing of data, strengthen the management of data quality, activate the data resource market, strengthen data security, and enhance the vitality of the market economy.