320 柔道頭部外傷 : 事故データによる検討(事故・傷害の解析と予防)

Introduction: Accidents during sporting activities are a common cause of head injury, particularly in children and young adults. Whilst most sporting head injuries are minor, there remains a proportion which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The epidemiology of sports associated head injuries is variable based on geographical region so the aim of this study was to review the management and outcomes of sporting head injuries managed by a single neurosurgical unit in the South of England.Method: A retrospective review of the Trauma Audit and Research Network database was conducted for all patients admitted to a tertiary neurosurgical centre over a six-year period (January 2011–December 2016). Case notes were reviewed for demographics, mechanism of injury, injury severity score, intensive care admission, surgical interventions and Glasgow Outcome Score at discharge.Results: Seventy-six patients (mean age: 37.6 ± 18.4 years, male gender n = 43; 56.6%) were eligible for inclusion in this series. Horse riding accidents were identified as the most common cause of head injury (n = 31; 40.8%). Fifteen patients (19.7%) in this series had a severe head injury (GCS 3–8 on admission). Twenty-eight (36.8%) patients required admission to an intensive care unit and 26 (34.2%) patients underwent neurosurgical intervention. At discharge, 68 (89.5%) patients had a Glasgow Outcome Score 4–5.Conclusion: The majority of patients with head injuries admitted to a neurosurgical unit can expect a good functional outcome despite the need for intensive care or neurosurgical intervention. The range of sports resulting in head injury is likely influenced by geographic location; however, further national study is required for wider comparison.

A Longitudinal Study of Learning Engagement of Math and Science Gifted Students in Junior and Senior High School

BackgroundParents can experience much stress from parenting, work, and household responsibilities. Parents’ stress recovery experiences, or their lack thereof, can affect parenting practices and influence children’s behavioral problems, which may thereby lead to difficulties for children later in life. Therefore, the relationships among these three factors deserve consideration. This study tested a model of the mediating role of parenting practices in the relationship between parents’ stress recovery experiences and children’s behavioral problems.MethodsParents (N = 1,112) of 14-year-old children in the third year of junior high school in Japan completed a questionnaire, yielding 583 valid responses. To accurately determine the relationship among parents’ stress recovery experiences, parenting practices, and children’s behavioral problems, parents of children diagnosed with developmental disabilities and parents who did not respond to the required items in the questionnaire were excluded from the analysis. As a result, 536 of the 583 (89.0%) parents met the inclusion criteria. We conducted a path analysis, following the hypothesis that parents’ stress recovery experiences, via their parenting practices, are associated with children’s behavioral problems.ResultsThe path analysis results indicated that parents’ stress recovery experiences of relaxation and mastery were positively associated with positive nurturing attitudes, whereas mastery and control were negatively associated with negative nurturing attitudes. Furthermore, positive nurturing attitudes were negatively associated with externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors, whereas negative nurturing attitudes were positively associated with externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. In other words, the hypothesis that parents’ stress recovery experiences of relaxation, mastery, and control reduce children’s behavioral problems via promoting nurturing parental attitudes was supported.ConclusionsThe results indicate that the higher the level of parents’ stress recovery experiences, the lower the level of reported children’s behavioral problems. Parents’ stress recovery experiences correlated with parenting practices, which partially mediated the relationship of the parents’ stress recovery with children’s behavioral problems. The suggestion is that increasing parents’ stress recovery experiences, improving parenting practices and related behaviors, and strengthening the parent–child relationship are important measures that can be mutually beneficial for parents, children, and the overall family relationship.

Controls for second hand smoke (SHS) and adolescent smoking have been still sociomedical concerns in Japan. Restaurant smoking restrictions are associated with community social norms affecting adolescent smoking behavior, and the status in areas around Junior high schools (JHSs) in the community could be a sign of community practices on regulating SHS for adolescents. To examine whether restaurant smoking restrictions are seen especially in areas around JHSs in Japan, a survey using the direct inspection of a total of 163 restaurants (64 restaurants within and 99 outside a 1-km radius from the nearest JHSs) was conducted in May 2003 in Yonago city, Japan. We assessed smoking restriction status in each restaurant and classified them into 2 groups according to the distance from the nearest JHSs. There were only 2 (3.1%) restaurants with 100% non-smoking and 11 (17.2%) with some partial restrictions among the restaurants within a 1-km radius of JHSs. There were 1 (1.0%) restaurant with 100% non-smoking, 3 (3.0%) with complete non-smoking sections and 17 (17.2%) with some partial restrictions among the restaurants outside a 1-km radius of JHSs. Among restaurants with some partial restrictions, restriction methods were considered insufficient. The smoking restriction status was not significantly different between the restaurant groups within and outside a 1-km radius of JHSs. These results suggest that the public awareness of and attitude toward adolescent smoking problems remains low in Japan. Further SHS control actions for adolescents are needed in Japan.

Previous research on high school tracking has neglected students' course enrollments and students' course grades as possible selection criteria for curriculum assignments and as possible mechanisms whereby track membership exercises its influence on school outcomes. The present study extends the Alexander, Cook, and McDill (1978) curriculum process model to include detailed information on students' coursework patterns over the junior high school and senior high school years. We find that traditional academic criteria, including relevant prior coursework and grade performance, are quite influential in determining students' high school track placements. We also find, however, that previous studies have overstated the potency and pervasiveness of curriculum's influence owing to their neglect of such selection criteria. Curriculum's actual influence is restricted to students' orientations toward postsecondary education, and it apparently has little to do with the sorts of educational treatments that justify curriculum differentiation in the functionalist perspective. We discuss these results in light of claims for curriculum's efficacy as an organizational intervention and conclude that much of what is observed in high school studies of school achievement processes simply reflects achievement trajectories set in motion years earlier. Attention is directed to experiences in the primary grades as a high priority for future research.

One significant change in the latest curricular guidelines in Japan for junior high schools is that students are intended to learn grammar and vocabulary through language activities. This study describes the experience of carrying out language activities in junior high school English classrooms from the perspective of student teachers, focusing on the perplexities, or conundrums, that they encounter. These perplexities were identified through an analysis of the critical incident reports written by 172 student teachers between 2016 and 2024. The reports described incidents during the student teachers’ junior high school English teaching practicums that went against their expectations. The critical incidents were coded using thematic analysis, and five perplexities extrapolated from the coding are described. Two perplexities relate to activity facilitation: Creating a shared understanding of activity participation with students and Managing oneself, learners, and time. The remaining perplexities relate to facilitating language learning: Dynamicity of language instruction, The unpredictable nature of student language use, and The difficulty of using English. Exploratory Practice, which prioritizes deep understanding of issues over quick solutions, informs the discussion of this study. Based on the discussion, this paper proposes a longitudinal process for exploring perplexities student teachers face.

Aims: The aims of the study are to find the incidences, types, sides and sites of mandibular fracture accompanied with head injuries in Ninavah Governorate. Materials and Methods: Data of trauma cases were collected from general, local, private hospitals and health sectors in Ninavah Governorate with a head injury and mandibular fracture for one year duration from June 2006 to May 2007. Age, etiology, types, hospitals, sides and sites, distribution were arranged in tables, chi square and P value used for statistic analysis. Results: The total number of head injury cases was (5828). The total num-ber of fractures mandible with and without head injury was (282) cases means (4.84%) of total number of head injury cases, while mandibular fracture with head injury cases incidence was (76) cases (1.3%) of total number of head injury cases . Conclusions: Children were the most common age group affect-ed by head injury, while geriatric age group was the least. Male showed high percentage than female in a ratio about 2:1. Low incidence of association between head injury and fracture mandible which means that there is no need for delaying maxillofacial treatment. Falls from height and bullet injuries were the common cause of head injury and fracture mandible (dentoalveolar fractures showed high incidence followed by body fractures).

英語教育における文字の位置付け : 就学前,小学校,中学校を例として

This article contributes to theoretical discussions about beginning teachers’ work being both relational and emotional. Specifically, we have examined the tensions that frequently characterise the relationships between beginning and senior teachers. Our research material consisted of narrative interviews with seven beginning teachers and seven senior teachers working at the same junior high school in Japan. Through thematic analysis, we have identified three categories of tensions: (1) tension between dependence and independence, (2) tension between obedience and assertiveness and (3) tension between loyalty to one’s students and loyalty to one’s colleagues. These tensions are meaningful for both beginning and senior teachers, but they view them in different ways and connect them to different expectations regarding appropriate actions and attitudes. These tensions are also related to wider cultural expectations and general principles that are often concretely realised through different practices within the micropolitical environment of a school.

On-English Textbooks Used at Junior High Schools in Japan

To clarify the incidence of predictive risk factors for poor mental health status in Japanese adolescents. In 2010, baseline surveys of first-year junior and senior high school students were conducted at 10 randomly selected junior high schools and 14 senior high schools in Japan. After 2 years, follow-up surveys were conducted on the same students. For both surveys, a self-administered questionnaire about mental health status and lifestyle, General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12), was provided to the students. In total, 1,304 junior and 4,383 senior high school students were enrolled at the start of the study, and 776 junior and 2,697 senior high school students responded to both surveys. The new incidence of poor mental health status (GHQ-12 ≥ 4 points), determined by changes between the baseline and follow-up surveys, was 17.1% (95% CI, 13.9% to 20.3%) of junior high school students and 22.6% (95% CI, 20.5% to 24.7%) of senior high school students. According to the multiple logistic regression analysis, in junior high school students, factors associated with the onset of poor mental health were not participating in sports activities (adjusted odds ratio, 3.13; P = .035) and spending ≥ 2 hours per day studying outside of school (2.18; P = .010). In senior high school students, factors associated with the onset of poor mental health were female sex (2.51; P < .001), difficulty initiating sleep (3.38; P < .001), poor sleep quality (1.83; P = .034), poor appetite (3.43; P = .011), spending less than 2 hours per day watching television (1.37; P = .038), being a victim of bullying (2.46; P = .011), and not having a sympathetic supporter (1.72; P = .006). The findings of this study are valuable for formulating approaches aimed at addressing adolescent mental health.

Head injury is defined as sudden injury due to an external force that affects the functioning of brain. It may beeither caused by sudden blow or impact (closed head injury) or by an object penetrating the skull (Penetrating injury).The common causes of head injury include road traffic accidents, fall from height and assault. The mortality fromhead injury is reported to be between 1-2% of death from all the causes. Not only it is one of the major causes ofdeath in young adults but also may cause permanent disability in survivors. The importance of head injury as a publichealth problem cannot be overstated. In the studies of Road Traffic accidents provide valuable data for implementingeffective emergency services to reduce the trauma related mortality and strengthening legal measures in peak hoursof fatal accidents. We aimed to study, pattern of injuries especially cranio- cerebral injuries occurring in vehicularaccidents. Patients case records with history of head injury and MLC records of victims of road traffic accidentreported to Saveetha hospital, Chennai from 1st Jan 2019 to 31st Dec 2019 period were analysed retrospectively.Out of total 1846 Road Traffic Accidents cases reported to Emergency Medicine department, SaveethaMedical college hospital, Chennai, 10.40% cases had history of head injury. The male/female ratio was9:1. Commonest age group affected was between 21-40 years involving 126 (65.62%n=192) cases. Fataltraumatic brain injuries were seen in 178 (92.70%, n=192) cases. Amongst 192 head injury cases, scalpinjury noted in 167 (86.97%) cases, most common bone fractured was temporal bone 94(48.95%), followedby other bone parts. The commonest variety of intracranial haemorrhage was subdural haemorrhage 173(n=192, 90.10%) followed by Subarachnoid haemorrhage and Extradural haemorrhage. In 26 (13.54%)patients of head injury, craniotomy surgery was done. The timings between 3PM to 6PM showed the highestnumber of cases accounting to 61.7% of the cases followed by 26.0% of cases between 6PM to 9PM. Thetwo-wheeler accidents accounted for 69.9% of the head injury cases followed by that due to other vehicles(16.7%)

Purpose: To clinically correlate the various ocular findings with the neurological status in cases of closed head injury and between ocular involvement and mortality rate. Study Design: Prospective study. Methods: In 189 patients with closed head injury, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Revised Trauma Score (RTS) were applied to grade the severity. A detailed ophthalmological examination was carried out within 12 h of sustaining injury. Ocular neurological signs, GCS and RTS were then used to prognosticate the outcome. Apart from suturing of laceration, patients were managed by a multidisciplinary approach. Conclusion: Ocular complications occurred in 129 of 189 (68.3%) head-injured individuals with 172 cases, (91%) male and 17 cases (9%) female in the age range 3-75 years with a mean of 28.68 years. Young adult males (16-30 years) were more vulnerable to head injury. Road traffic accident was the most common cause of head injury in 130 cases (68.8%) leading to soft-tissue injuries to the globe and adnexae in maximum no. of patients. The most frequently encountered neuro-ophthalmic manifestation was pupillary involvement, followed by papilloedema and optic nerve trauma. The association between ocular signs and the outcome was significant (P = 0.003). All the patients that died had ocular signs of neurological significance. There was a significant co-relation of the GCS, neurodeficit and the ocular signs with the outcome. Pupillary abnormalities, papilloedema and lateral rectus palsy pointed towards a poorer outcome. The GCS, neurodeficit and ocular signs contribute significantly to the prediction of outcome.

It all started in an innocent, non-psychiatric way. I grew up in the highly melodic period of the late 1920s and 30s when Berlin, Kern, Gershwin, Porter and Rodgers were writing much of their best music. Each of their new musicals was an event, and to the extent possible the music was purchased, played, and evaluated. Several members of my family were musical and there was excitement in the air. My collecting must have started when I was young, for one song now in my collection was published when I was 13 years old and has the special way I then used to sign my name, and the collecting continued during junior and senior high school years. I also played Rhapsody in Blue before a school assembly, composed a school alma mater, and began a lifelong habit of going to many operas and concerts and listening to classical records.

During the Cultural Revolution, it was advocated that “the school system should be shortened and education should be revolutionised”, so I studied for five years in primary school, two years in junior high school, two years in senior high school and graduated from senior high school in nine years.