3D Screen Printing technology — Opportunities to use revolutionary materials and machine designs

2016 Eleventh International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), 6-8 April 2016, Monte Carlo, Monaco

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has arrived and is changing a philisophy of “management.” A 3D-printed product is made from a powder or resin and can virtually shape any item from a digital graphics file. This new printing device, however, poses several unforeseen questions. The 3D printing technology calls for time and cost considerations. Once a private firm actually begins to operationalize the new technology, it will have to measure both merit and demerit in terms of a ‘before-and after adaptation’ perspective, in addition to a future prospect of further advantages the device might bring. Similarly, perhaps this is the most important, the use of this new technology might part away with the significant role and function of the core technology in production of different matters. Considering these topics, this study attempts to focus on the 3D printing technology and its influence on technology management. It specifically discusses the impact of 3D printing technology applied to manufacturing companies on their cost, time, quality and activities. To answer this question, a cost structure is developed using the IDKKH method. The cost calculation is also considered using the Cost-Matrix method. After making model and matrix, possibilities are shown as research collaborators and outsourcing selection to organize with the concept of technology management. Through these analyses, problems are clarified, and the discussions indicate the results of introducing 3D printing technology, R & D innovation, and technology management

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies enables fast prototyping of complex 3D objects with ever improving printing qualities. To date, 3D printing has been found useful in areas such as manufacturing, industrial design, aerospace, dental and medical industries, and many others. In this article, we review recent advances of 3D printing technologies for terahertz (THz) applications. Different 3D printing technologies and printable materials are first discussed and compared. 3D-printed THz components and devices, which are categorized as waveguides/fibers, antennas, and quasi-optical components, are further demonstrated. It is found that the performances and functionalities of 3D-printed THz devices have been greatly enhanced, while the operating frequencies have been increased from the lower end of THz range to over 1 THz region. With further development of novel materials and printing techniques, it is believed that 3D printing technologies will play an important role in the realization of THz components for efficient control and manipulation of THz waves.

For decades we have used printers to print superheroes on the pages of comic books but could printing technologies actually be used to print real life superheroes? 3D and functional printing technologies have advanced greatly in recent years and even though these technologies cannot be used to print heroes themselves, they can certainly be used for equipment manufacturing. One character that could or may use 3D printing to rapidly produce prototypes and final versions of new technologies is Tony Stark. As the inventor and primary user of the Iron Man suit, Stark has designed a wearable suit that is not only a weapon but also protects him. However, in battle the suit can become damaged and require urgent repairs. To aid in these repairs, Tony Stark could turn to 3D printing technologies to produce new components for the suit. In this paper we will outline 3D printing technologies and describe their current applications. We will then discuss how 3D printing is being used to print electronics and the ramifications for Tony Stark, his Iron Man suit and the potential use for a real Iron Man suit.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies are transforming the design and manufacture of components and products across many disciplines, but their application in the construction industry is still limited. Material deposition processes can achieve infinite geometries. They have advanced from rapid prototyping and model-scale markets to applications in the fabrication of functional products, large objects, and the construction of full-scale buildings. Many international projects have been realised in recent years, and the construction industry is beginning to make use of such dynamic technologies. Advantages of integrating 3D printing with house construction are significant. They include the capacity for mass customisation of designs and parameters to meet functional and aesthetic purposes, the reduction in construction waste from highly precise placement of materials, and the use of recycled waste products in layer deposition materials. With the ultimate goal of improving construction efficiency and decreasing building costs, the researchers applied Strand 7 Finite Element Analysis software to a numerical model designed for 3D printing a cement mix that incorporates the recycled waste product high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The result: construction of an arched, truss-like roof was found to be structurally feasible in the absence of steel reinforcements, and lab-sized prototypes were manufactured according to the numerical model with 3D printing technology. 3D printing technologies can now be customised to building construction. This paper discusses the applications, advantages, limitations, and future directions of this innovative and viable solution to affordable housing construction.

Design and operation analysis of electrical machines can be performed by using either full-size or different scale models. This paper deals with the development of electromagnetic field analysis and electrical circuit models of geometrically similar electrical machines based on similarity theory and scale factors. The proposed methodology can be exploited for the design of micro and nano scale electrical machines used in medical and other applications, as it allows the construction of up-scale models more suitable for laboratory measurements.

The noise footprint of aircraft at airports is one of the major reasons, why many of these facilities are located on the outskirts of cities instead of near the city centre. One approach to reduce this footprint is to increase the lift coefficient by using electrically powered high-lift systems (EPHLS) which are located near each wing's flaps. Each system consists of a turbo compressor which is directly driven by a permanent magnet synchronous machine at a maximum rotational speed of 60,000 rpm and a maximum required power of 80 kW. Current investigations focus on the enhancement of the aircraft's take-off and landing which limit the operating time of the EPHLS to a maximum of 240 s. This paper will highlight the design of the three main components of the EPHLS, namely SiC converter, electrical machine, and turbo compressor. The machine design is significantly influenced by the short operating time, thus moving the critical thermal parameters to the transient regime of the temperature characteristics. The thermal parameters for this machine design will be discussed and iterated for several scaled power levels, as the EPHLS consists of several turbo compressors along the wing span with different ratings. These are thermally characterized and compared to conclude what the scaling of electrical machines for short-term operation means for the thermal characteristic parameters. In the end, a different reference design point for the electrical machine is identified, a fast and simple way for the scaling of electrical machine designs for short-term operation with respect to power is found and conclusions for the design and scaling of combined power electronics, electrical machine, and turbo compressor systems are drawn.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is becoming a promising method for fabricating highly complex ceramics owing to the arbitrary design and the infinite combination of materials. Insufficient density is one of the main problems with 3D printed ceramics, but concentrated descriptions of making dense ceramics are scarce. This review specifically introduces the principles of the four 3D printing technologies and focuses on the parameters of each technology that affect the densification of 3D printed ceramics, such as the performance of raw materials and the interaction between energy and materials. The technical challenges and suggestions about how to achieve higher ceramic density are presented subsequently. The goal of the presented work is to comprehend the roles of critical parameters in the subsequent 3D printing process to prepare dense ceramics that can meet the practical applications.

Food 3D printing technology holds significant potential for personalized nutrition and the customization of 3D structures with specific shapes and textures. This emerging technology is driving significant innovations in food processing and manufacturing. This article reviews the current research and development opportunities in food 3D printing, with a focus on various types of 3D food printing technologies. We offer novel insights into the behavioral characteristics of various 3D printing techniques during the printing process, while also highlighting that the successful development of 3D-printed food products relies on four critical factors: (1) adaptability, (2) printability, (3) food safety, and (4) consumer acceptance. Special emphasis is placed on the application and potential challenges of 3D printing technology, aiming to foster technological breakthroughs and industrial applications, ultimately offering consumers safer, smarter, and more personalized food choices.

Background: Using 3D printing technology, novel items can be created from various materials, including edible ones, addressing the growing importance of sustainable food chains and personalized nutrition. As the latest advancement in additive manufacturing, 3D printing meets diverse customer demands by producing customized food items tailored to individual nutritional needs. Objectives: This literature evaluation focuses on the applications, technical advancements, and future possibilities of 3D food printing. By assessing recent developments, the study explores its adaptability and transformative potential in addressing global issues such as sustainability and personalized nutrition. Methods: To include up-to-date and relevant data, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched for research on "3D Food Printing," "Food Technology," "Food Formulation," and "Customized Diet" from 2018 to 2024. Data extraction and synthesis were conducted on 31 reports selected from 687 search results after removing duplicates and applying filters. Discussions: The study highlights the use of 3D food printers for creating dairy products, fish and meat, pasta, biscuits, chocolates, and cereal-based foods. Applications span industries such as space food, elderly and school children's nutrition, military food, hospitals, and restaurants. Future research directions include food characterization through color analysis, moisture content, water activity, physiochemical properties, and microbiological studies. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential advantages of 3D food printing technology, including healthier food options, novel dining experiences, and diet customization. It underscores its transformative capacity to impact the global economy while addressing sustainability and personalized nutrition challenges.

Recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offer immense potential in fabricating scaffolds and implants for various biomedical applications, especially for bone repair and regeneration. As the availability of autologous bone sources and commercial products is limited and surgical methods do not help in complete regeneration, it is necessary to develop alternative approaches for repairing large segmental bone defects. The 3D printing technology can effectively integrate different types of living cells within a 3D construct made up of conventional micro- or nanoscale biomaterials to create an artificial bone graft capable of regenerating the damaged tissues. This article reviews the developments and applications of 3D printing in bone tissue engineering and highlights the numerous conventional biomaterials and nanomaterials that have been used in the production of 3D-printed scaffolds. A comprehensive overview of the 3D printing methods such as stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and ink-jet 3D printing, and their technical and clinical applications in bone repair and regeneration has been provided. The review is expected to be useful for readers to gain an insight into the state-of-the-art of 3D printing of bone substitutes and their translational perspectives.

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has rapidly emerged as a transformative tool in medicine, enabling the conversion of two-dimensional scans into highly accurate 3D models. This technology, especially when combined with artificial intelligence (AI) and advanced materials, offers numerous applications in surgical planning, simulation-based training, and patient-specific care. Methods: This review examines current literature and case studies on the use of 3D printing technology in various fields of medicine, especially in surgical specialties. Key applications include surgical planning, mock surgeries, biopsy guide creation, and customized implant fabrication across various surgical fields. Results: 3D printing is transforming surgery by enabling precise visualization of tumors and critical structures, significantly enhancing preoperative planning for conditions such as bone, soft tissue (e.g., neuroblastomas), renal, and maxillofacial tumors. In reconstruction surgeries, patient-specific 3D-printed implants ensure better anatomical compatibility, particularly in maxillofacial, neurosurgical, and vascular applications. Puncture guides improve procedural accuracy in interventions like percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. Detailed anatomical models aid in simulation-based training, increasing preparedness for complex procedures. Additionally, patient-specific implants and AI-integrated decision support systems are paving the way for more personalized and efficient surgical care. Conclusions: 3D printing technology, especially when combined with AI, is reshaping modern surgery by improving both accuracy, safety, and personalized healthcare. Its applications extend across multiple specialties, offering new possibilities in surgical planning, training, and patient-specific treatments. As AI and bioprinting continue to evolve, the potential for real-time applications, such as live-printed tissue implants and enhanced decision support, could drive the next phase of innovation in various fields.

With the growing interests and high requirements in low-speed linear drives, the linear machines possessing high force density, high power density and high efficiency feature become in great demands for the linear direct-drive applications. There are many available linear machine topologies, but their performances for exhibiting the high-force density capability dissatisfy the industrial requirements. In order to solve this problem, the new machine topologies emphasizing on high force density are explored and studied. The objective of this thesis is to present the design, analysis, and application of permanent magnet (PM) linear machines which can offer a higher force density at the same magnetic loading and electric loading than the conventional machines.\n\n\n\nAlthough in recent years there are many emerging advanced PM rotational machines for direct-drive rotational drives, the development of advanced PM linear machines for direct-drive linear drives is sparse. In spite of the motion type of electric machines, the inherent operating principle is the same. By studying and borrowing concepts of the high torque density rotational electric machines, the linear machine morphologies of the promising candidates are designed and analyzed. The problems and side effects resulting from the linearization are discussed and suppressed.\n\n\n\nTwo main approaches for machine design and analysis are developed and applied, namely the analytical calculation and the finite element method (FEM). By analytically solving the magnetic field problem, the relationships between the field quantities and the machine geometry are unveiled. With the use of analytical calculation, the machine design and dimension optimization are conveniently achieved. With the use of FEM, the machine design objective and its electromagnetic performance are verified and evaluated.\n\n\n\nFinally, the proposed low-speed PM linear machine is applied for direct-drive wave power generation. By mathematically modeling the wave power, generation system and the generator, the conditions for maximum power harvesting are determined. By using the vector control, the generator output power is maximized which is verified by the simulation results.

Summary form only given. In China, there is a 1000 MW thermal power generator in operation. Large electrical machines are popular in power generation. However, large electrical machines are facing more challenges than small ones due to their features. They have high voltage, high current and high losses, which increase design difficulty in control, insulation and cooling. Moreover, the high torque in large machines will introduce challenges in mechanical designs. It's usually costly to manufacture and maintain the large machines due to their high weight and large volumes. As a result, design of large electrical machines is a complicated process. A review of the general design process of large electrical machines is presented. Firstly, the specifications of the machine should be keep in mind, such as working environment, machine type, electromagnetic performances and so on. Then the topology and parameters of the machine should be selected by optimal design. In addition, stator cooling methods, including air and water cooling, and mechanical supporting of rotor and stator, should be carefully designed respectively.In recent years, large permanent magnet (PM) machines are widely used in wind power, ship propulsion, railway traction, etc. As the capacity of electrical machines increases, there are more and more challenges in design of PM machines. When a PM machine is built and tested, it is often found that the test results do not match predictions well. A set of practical design considerations gained from industrial application experiences are presented, which should be considered during design phase, but often ignored by many machine designers. They are categorized into topology, electromagnetic (EM) performance, loss and efficiency. The causes and effects of some issues are analyzed and some solutions are suggested. They can help machine designers to narrow down the gap between design predictions and test results and build large PM machines with expected performance and high reliability. Superconducting direct-drive generators are new candidates for multi-megawatt class wind generators. Superconducting machines are famous for low weight, small size, and high efficiency. Challenges for large superconducting electrical machines are addressed. In order to find out the suitable topology for multi-megawatt-class direct-drive wind turbine generators, various designs of superconducting machines are compared; advantages and disadvantages are discussed; and a few ways to benefit from their advantages are pointed out. Moreover, characteristics of high and low temperature superconducting materials are concluded. At present, as the current cost of low temperature materials is much lower than high temperature materials. In addition, electromagnetic, mechanical and thermal challenges, including magnet design, excitation system, rotor screen, torque tube, cryogenic cooling system etc., are discussed for superconducting machines.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology allows foods to be shaped into unique and complex. Chocolate is frequently used in food printing due to its extrusion melting capacity and attractiveness. In this study, chocolates enriched with ω-3 were produced with 3D printing technology. Using electrospraying, ω-3 was encapsulated within sodium alginate (SA) microparticles, and 3D printed chocolates were coated with those microparticles. Then, the ω-3 blend and ω-3-SA coated chocolates were compared. Before printing, the rheological properties of chocolate were analysed. In addition to their characteristics, the printed chocolates were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, and ω-3 release profile. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that ω-3 was successfully incorporated into the SA particles. According to the mechanical testing, the chocolate structures coated with ω-3-SA exhibited higher compressive strength than structures mixed with ω-3. The results revealed that the incorporation of alginate into pure chocolate scaffolds through the coating process resulted in an increase in compressive strength. The TPC and antioxidant capacities of ω-3-SA microparticles (NP) coated and ω-3 mixed chocolate samples were also significantly increased compared to those of pure chocolate after in vitro digestion. ω-3-SA NP-coated chocolate appeared to have a lower quality release profile. The faster release of encapsulated ω-3 at a pH value of 7 may be attributed to the fact that sodium alginate particles dissolve faster in high pH environments. This study revealed that 3D printing technology could be actively leveraged to create food-based products with the necessary ingredients to meet consumer demand.