5G-based SharkNet protocol adaptation and wireless communication links

A channel utility value computing CUVC algorithm is proposed. The channel utility value contains channel usage probability and channel stability. A high reliability and low latency wireless link weight computing algorithm RL2W is proposed. On this basis, a high reliability and low latency routing and spectrum allocation algorithm based on dynamic programming in cognitive wireless mesh networks HRL2A is proposed. High reliability and low latency route is the objective of HRL2A. Firstly, HRL2A computes the channel utility value using CUVC for constructing the high reliability route. Secondly, HRL2A uses the algorithm RL2W computing wireless link weight. Thirdly, the route of high reliability and low latency is constructed based on dynamic programming, and the wireless link channel is allocated. Simulation results show that HRL2A algorithm can achieve expectation goal. The construction route not only has higher reliability, but also has lower latency. The throughput has been increased.

Industrial IoT in 5G environment towards smart manufacturing

Background. Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) as a service offered by fifth and sixth generation (5G/6G) wireless systems is a technological response to the needs of various mission-critical applications that require reliable data transmission with low latency. These applications also include Intelligent Transportation Systems services, which, among other things, provide connectivity and autonomous vehicle control. The combination of high reliability and low latency requirements in URLLC usage scenarios creates a security problem for URLLC data transmission that cannot be solved using conventional complex cryptographic methods based on a secret key. The article discusses in detail the approach to using physical layer security mechanisms (physical layer security - PLS) as a powerful alternative to classical cryptographic security methods for URLLC, and also proposes the application of the wire-tap channel concept in URLLC with an analysis of the efficiency that can be achieved for physical layer security. Objective. The aim of the article is to provide an overview of information security solutions in URLLC usage scenarios, as well as to propose a constructive method for information protection for reliable data transmission with low latency without the use of cryptographic mechanisms based on a secret key. Methods. Theoretical research in the field of the branch channel concept was used to create solutions that allow data protection with information-theoretic stability in URLLC usage scenarios for providing IoT, connected car and autonomous driving services. Results. The article examines in detail the data security issues in ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) as a service offered by fifth and sixth generation (5G/6G) wireless systems. It is determined that URLLC is a technological response to the needs of various critical applications that require reliable signal transmission with low latency, and among these applications are Intelligent Transportation Systems services, which, among other things, provide connectivity and autonomous vehicle control. It is shown that the combination of high reliability and low latency requirements in URLLC scenarios creates a security problem for URLLC data transmission that cannot be solved using conventional complex cryptographic methods based on a secret key. The feasibility of using physical layer security mechanisms (PLS) as a powerful alternative to classical cryptographic security methods for URLLC is substantiated. The approach to applying the concept of a wire-tap channel in URLLC is considered in detail, as well as the results that can be achieved for physical layer security, and the influence of code parameters for probabilistic cryptographic transformations in accordance with the concept of a wire-tap channel on PLS URLLC. Estimates of the effectiveness of PLS URLLC for finite block length codes are provided. Conclusions. An effective way to ensure data security for ultra-reliable low-latency physical layer link (PLS URLLC) of fifth-generation 5G wireless systems in the field of connected cars and vehicles of 4-5 levels of automation can be approaches based on the concept of a tapped channel ("wire-tap channel").

Very low latency and high reliability are two of the main requirements for new applications exploiting 5G networks. This is the case for the remote operation of robots or vehicles, the autonomous interaction of equipment in a factory, autonomous driving and tactile internet applications. Although the TCP/IP stack has been sufficient as the end-to-end solution for most of the history of the Internet, a number of surveys have appeared recently presenting many different methods for managing the end-to-end communication to meet the requirements of various technologies such as that of 5G networks. In this paper, we present a novel classification of the literature focused on new end-to-end solutions and the creation of services towards the support of low latency (1 ms) and high reliability (10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> error rate) in current and future 5G networks. We specifically highlight how the proposals can be classified according to enabling technologies and the specific method used to achieve success in terms of the latency and reliability. The literature related to end-to-end solutions for reliable low-latency communications are organized according to three main topics: (i) end-to-end protocols that improve communication in terms of latency and reliability, (ii) functionality or technologies implemented on the network to support the current demands, and (iii) application programming interfaces that enhance the correct utilization of those protocols and additional technologies.

In this paper, Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system with Space-Time Block Code (STBC) technique is used to satisfy the recent demands in the wireless communication system. That means the system should support the system’s high data rate, reliability, and performance in terms of the bit error rates. For achieving high data rates and high reliability, the antennas at the transmitter and the receiver side of the communication system should increase. Here we consider the 8 × 8 system it consists of eight antennas at both transmitter and receiver side. This 8 × 8 system matrix will design based on almouti codes. This almouti code with the STBC technique gives full data rates and high reliability. So by increasing the antennas, the high data rates by splitting the among the transmitter antennas. In this system at the receiver, the linear processing of the maximum likelihood (ML) decoding technique simplifies the decoding complexity. The simulation result shows the achieving high bit error rate (BER) and the channel capacity. The (8, 8) system outperforms the previous system without increasing the receiver decoding complexity.KeywordsMIMOSTBCML decoding

With the development of new energy technologies and Internet technologies, modern power system has gradually developed into power cyber-physical system that deeply couple information and physics. The fifth-generation mobile communication technology(5G) has the characteristics of high speed, high capacity, low latency, and low energy consumption. Its key technologies can meet the requirements of the power system. Therefore, the deep integration of 5G communication technology with the distribution network has become a future research and development focus. Based on this, this paper presents a real-time power information simulation platform based on RT-LAB, embedded DSP processor and OMNET++ discrete network simulator to simulate active distribution network with 5G communication technology. On the basis of this platform, a simulation analysis of a 10kV distribution network example was performed, and the results verified the effectiveness and accuracy of the real-time simulation platform. This platform will provide platform verification for the future application of 5G technology in the power field.

This paper introduces the novel IRS-based Optimal Relay Selection (ORS-IRS) method, aimed at analyzing the performance of wireless communication systems with an emphasis on symmetry. The ORS-IRS approach presents an innovative communication algorithm that seamlessly integrates Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) with relay selection techniques. Through adaptive adjustments of reflection coefficients, IRS elements efficiently manipulate incoming signals, fostering symmetry in signal strength enhancement and latency reduction for improved signal delivery to the intended destination. This symmetrical optimization in channel capacity and transmission power ensures reliable data transmission with low latency, achieved through the seamless integration of IRS and relay selection techniques. In contrast, the Cell-Free Massive MIMO (CF-M-MIMO), with its decentralized architecture, excels in serving a larger user base and attaining remarkable capacity gains, showcasing a different dimension of symmetry. The Decode-and-Forward (DF) relaying approach demonstrates its potential in enhancing signal reliability across extended distances, contributing to the overall symmetry of the comparative analysis. This comprehensive evaluation provides valuable insights into selecting appropriate transmission strategies, particularly for applications that demand high capacity and reliability in the design of modern wireless communication systems with a symmetrical focus.

Currently, the disadvantages such as high cost, poor durability and low reliability, have made fingerprint lock difficult to achieve marketization. A design scheme of micro fingerprint lock based on STM32F103ZE is presented in the work. By using STM32F103ZE microprocessor, ATW310 fingerprint sensor and fingerprint matching algorithm, a high-performance and low-power consumption system for fingerprint lock is implemented. Experimental results indicate the system has a good prospect for engineering applications with low cost, small size, low power consumption, as well as high reliability and easy using.

PurposeIn order to maximise the utility of [11C]-PBR28 for use in longitudinal studies and clinical trials in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), there is a need to develop non-invasive metrics of tracer binding that do not require arterial cannulation. Recent work has suggested that standardised uptake value (SUV)-based methods may be sensitive to changes in translocator protein (TSPO) levels associated with neurodegeneration. However, the test-retest reliability of these approaches in AD over a time period relevant for clinical trials is unknown. In this study, the test-retest reliability of three SUV-based metrics was assessed in AD patients over 12 weeks.MethodsFive patients with mild AD and the high-affinity binding TSPO genotype underwent two [11C]-PBR28 PET scans approximately 12 weeks apart. The test-retest reliability (TRR) of the unadjusted SUV, SUV relative to cerebellar grey matter (SUVRC) and SUV normalised to whole brain activity (SUVRWB) in nine cortical and limbic regions of interest was assessed using the absolute variability and the intraclass correlation coefficient.ResultsOf the three measures, SUVRWB performed best overall, showing low absolute variability (mean −0.13 %, SD 2.47 %) and high reliability (mean ICC = 0.83). Unadjusted SUV also performed well, with high reliability (ICC = 0.94) but also high variability (mean −1.24 %, SD 7.28 %). By comparison, the SUVRC showed higher variability (mean −3.98 %, SD 7.07 %) and low reliability (ICC = 0.65).ConclusionsIn this AD sample, we found that SUV-derived metrics of [11C]-PBR28 binding showed high stability over 12 weeks. These results compare favourably with studies reporting TRR of absolute quantification of [11C]-PBR28. Pending further validation of SUV-based measures of [11C]-PBR28, semi-quantitative methods of [11C]-PBR28 analysis may prove useful in longitudinal studies of AD.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-016-0226-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

One of the trends in the development of modern wireless systems is the application of the terahertz frequency range. The terahertz range occupies an intermediate position between the well-studied microwave and optical ranges of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. The transition to the terahertz range solves both the issue of increasing the data rate transmission by using of wider frequency bands and the issue of electromagnetic compatibility ensuring between wireless communication systems, as well as elimination of intentional interferences. In recent years, the number of basic and applied research on this topic has increased sharply. The aim of this paper is to inform about the results of investigation and development in the terahertz range which completed by the authors in order to determine the possibilities and prerequisites for solving the fundamental problem of wireless communications systems development using world and domestic experience in microwave telecommunications. The paper substantiates the necessity of the terahertz range application in the deployment of wireless communications systems and considers the main factors that lead to the occurrence of signal fading. It is shown that in the terahertz range the main influence on a radio link energy potential exerted by the electromagnetic waves attenuation in hydro meteors and gases. The terahertz frequency range sections that are most suitable for use in radio links are determined. The results of functional design, simulation and experimental research of the receiving and transmitting devices of terahertz wireless communication system with a gigabit data rate in the 130–134 GHz frequency range are presented. A prototype of simplex digital radio relay system of 130–134 GHz band with digital gigabit modem was fabricated and tested. It provides channel data rate up to 1200 Mbps within 1 km distance between corresponding stations. The concept of creating a software-defined radio technology based on Wi-Fi which could be used in order to ensure high data rates, reliability and security of transport distribution networks of the 5G mobile systems in the terahertz range was proposed. The parameter impairments of a DVB-C standard multi-channel signal during its transmission through the terahertz transceiver prototype of 130 GHz band investigated. The paper also presents the simulation results of wireless data transmission and reception in the 130.4–131.5 GHz frequency band by using impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) signals. The results of investigation presented in this paper may be useful for scientist and wireless communication equipment manufacturers.

A compelling need for Real Time decision making with detection, diagnosis &#x0026; resolution of key industry related parameters from Industrial assets enabled with Digital Twins in hyper connectivity with IoT &#x0026; low latency requirements as a primary driver for digitization of private industry. Focus on Industrial Revolution (IR) 4.0 with industry Digital Transformation solution is architected on Connectivity, Command, Control, Compute and Cyber Secure enabled industrial process control operations (5C Solution). 5G technology is chosen for its inherent high bandwidth capability and low latency features enabled by Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) and cloudification architecture with virtualization-based solution. Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) metrics with high reliability and high availability architectures are chosen as critical features. 5G New Radio - Unlicensed (NR-U) spectrum considered for realizing dense Radio Access Network (RAN) solution with Inter-site Distances (ISD) varying from 500mtrs to 1km with Rx sensitivity of upto &#x2212;95dBm to enable the connectivity to distributed oil &#x0026; gas field assets. 5G coverage design of the network is done with focus on interference minimization, neighbor relation management, load balancing and parameter optimization. Converged Connectivity Network with Industrial Automation Bus (IAB) based architecture is proposed to be realized with Digital Communication network Gateway (DCG) covering the functions of Operational and Information Technology (OT/IT). Oil &#x0026; Gas industry&#x0027;s 3Rs (Rigs, Reservoirs &#x0026; Refineries) with varying bandwidths - 10kbps to 1Gbps is supported by 5G NR-U RAN with Adaptive Antenna System (AAS) and beamforming technology using 4&#x00D7;4 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), 40/80MHz channel Bandwidth, 256 DL-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and latency requirements from - 100msec to 1msec enabled by MEC are met with use cases of process sensors, drones, Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV), Industrial robot (IR), Augment Reality/Virtual Reality (AR/VR) and Mission Critical Services (MCS) with highest degree of built-in cyber security.

Short- and long-term reliability of language fMRI

There is Processing speed improvement of the automatic fare collection gate (AFC gate) as one of the important problems to correspond to the passengers getting on and off in high density transportation at the peak. On the other hand, reliability is indispensable to handle the ticket that is the note. Therefore, the ticket system that has both high-speed and high reliability is necessary and indispensable. For the passenger's convenience improvement and maintenance cost reduction, wireless ticket system is hoped. However, the high-speed and the high reliability are ambivalent at this system because of wireless communications between an and an gate; the faster the gate processes the ticket, the poorer the reliability gets. In this thesis, it proposes the autonomous decentralized to meet high-speed in wireless ticket system and the requirement of high reliability. IC card and Central server are assumed to be an autonomous system. It proposes Decentralized algorithm of the fare calculation by and the AFC to achieve high-speed processing. Moreover, Autonomous, decentralized consistency technology in each subsystem is shown for high-reliability. In addition, to make these the effective one, Wireless communication area enhancing (touch & going method) and Command system for the data high speed processing are shown. These technologies are introduced into the Suica system of East Japan Railway and the effectiveness has been proven.

An innovative concept for an advanced turbinedriven compressor system is investigated as an alternative to conventional steam-jet ejector or hybrid liquid-ring vacuum pump systems for extraction of noncondensible gases at geothermal power plants. The new design eliminates the need for a motorlgearbox drive, lubrication system and high speed shaft seal normally associated with centrifugal compressor units. The result is a high efficiency, reliable, low maintenance system that has significant advantages over the conventionalvacuum systems. The turbinedriven compressor system has a higher capital cost than the conventional systems, but savings from reduced operating costs pay back the difference in less than a year. INTRODUCTION The steam flow in geothermal power plants has a much higher concentrationof noncondensiblegas (NCG) than conventional power plants. 4n conventional power plants, NCG is introduced through vacuum leaks and dissolved gas in boiler make-up water and representative concentrations are 10-50 ppm (by volume). In geothermal plants, NCG flows from the geothermal reservoir and concentrations can be two orders of magnitude higher than for a conventional plant. The NCG must be removed from the condenser and compressed from condenser pressure to ambient pressure. The NCG extraction systems have a high capital cost and require a significant amount of power. Consequently, overall plant performance and cost are sensitive to the type of NCG extraction equipment that is used. Most geothermal power plants currently use a train of steam-jet ejectors to compress the NCG to ambient pressure. Steam-jet ejectors have a relatively low capital cost and high reliability. However, they are low efficiency devices and require a high flow rate of motive steam. To reduce the power required by the NCG extraction system, some geothermal power plants utilize a higher performance hybrid system. These systems use steam-jet ejectors for high vacuum compression and liquid-ring vacuum pumps for low vacuum compression. Since the efficiency of a liquid-ring vacuum pump is superior to a steam-jet ejector, this hybrid approach reduces the power required by the NCG extraction system. However, liquid-ring pumps have a high capital cost, and a number of performance restrictions that limit their effectiveness. Very high performance NCG extraction can be achieved by using centrifugal compressors. Centrifugal compressors have higher efficiencies than ejectors or liquid-ring pumps and they are not subject to the performance restrictions that limit liquid-ring pumps. However, these compressors have seen limited use in NCG extraction systems because of high capital cost, and maintenance and reliability concerns about the high speed rotating assemblies. This paper will discuss a new turbine-driven compressor design that incorporates a number of novel features. With this design, it is possible to utilize the performance advantages offered by Copyright c 1994 by Barber-Nichols Inc. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc with permission

In this article we report on a 3 × 3 mm tactile interaction sensor that is able to simultaneously detect pressure level, pressure distribution, and shear force direction. The sensor consists of multiple mechanical switches under a conducting diaphragm. An external stimulus is measured by the deflection of the diaphragm and the arrangement of mechanical switches, resulting in low noise, high reliability, and high uniformity. Our sensor is able to detect tactile forces as small as ~50 mgf along with the direction of the shear force. It also distinguishes whether there is a normal pressure during slip motion. We also succeed in detecting the contact shape and the contact motion, demonstrating potential applications in robotics and remote input interfaces. Since our sensor has a simple structure and its function depends only on sensor dimensions, not on an active sensing material, in comparison with previous tactile sensors, our sensor shows high uniformity and reliability for an array-type integration.