5G-based V2V broadcast communications: A security perspective

The IEEE 1609.4 standard for Vehicular ad hoc network has been proposed to enhance the IEEE 802.11p MAC to support multi-channel operation. Multi-channel operation separate safety and non-safety related applications on a different channel. The vehicles must periodically switch between control channel and service channel to concurrently exchange the safety and non-safety related messages so that the problem of contention between applications can be avoided. In this work we measure the performance of both safety and non-safety related applications on multi-channel operations and compared to the single-channel operation. We analyze the performance of safety message dissemination model for two distinct cases: single-hop and multi-hop. Our experiment shows that multi-channel operation can provide better QoS performance than single channel. Using of the multi channel scheme can reduce the level of contention between safety and non safety applications that impact the amount of packet loss is reduced by 47% than single channel

In the Vehicular ad hoc networks, safety applications are capable of sending and processing messages in real time is the most notable difference between safety and non-safety application. This message is also known as packet where information is transmitted at regular interval. To tell the neighbors about the vehicle profile the packet are generated and broadcasted consecutively. The information about the vehicle such as speed, acceleration, coordination, and the next coordination, etc. is contained in packets. The Vehicular ad hoc networks are vigorously changing the packet needs to be sent regularly. Because of safety-related issues, this is needed which can only be solved by the real-time information. However, due to increasing the packet and some environmental factors, if the channel becomes overloaded, there will be an increase in the packet collision probability and communication get a breakdown by destroying packet or information. Hence, the probability of successfully received the packets and the environmental condition is an important parameter for a Vehicular ad hoc networks based system. Because the Vehicular ad-hoc network propagation is strongly affected due to varying nature of the environment. The radio propagation path loss models use mean additional attenuation sophisticated fading model and do not consider the obstacle caused due to obstacles of vehicles in Line of Sight of transmitting and receiving vehicles/devices. This affects the attenuation signal at receiving vehicles. Therefore, we present an obstacle based radio propagation model that considers the effect caused by the presence of obstructing vehicles in Line of Sight. The experiment is conducted to evaluate the model under different environmental conditions (City, Highway, and Rural) by varying vehicle density to study the effect of throughput operation and packet collision considering environmental factor for multi-channel DSRC based Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication in IEEE 802.11p considering distributed slotted Medium Access Control protocol. The performance of the model was evaluated in terms of throughput, collision, and packet delivery ratio. City environment achieves a 15.04% average packet delivery ratio performance improvement over the other two environment considering varied vehicles. The overall result shows that the proposed obstacle based throughput model is efficient considering varied density.

Dedicated short range communications (DSRC) has been regarded as one of the most promising technologies to provide robust communications for large scale vehicle networks. It is designed to support both road safety and commercial applications. Road safety applications will require reliable and timely wireless communications. However, as the medium access control (MAC) layer of DSRC is based on the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF), it is well known that the random channel access based MAC cannot provide guaranteed quality of services (QoS). It is very important to understand the quantitative performance of DSRC, in order to make better decisions on its adoption, control, adaptation, and improvement. In this paper, we propose an analytic model to evaluate the DSRC‐based inter‐vehicle communication. We investigate the impacts of the channel access parameters associated with the different services including arbitration inter‐frame space (AIFS) and contention window (CW). Based on the proposed model, we analyze the successful message delivery ratio and channel service delay for broadcast messages. The proposed analytical model can provide a convenient tool to evaluate the inter‐vehicle safety applications and analyze the suitability of DSRC for road safety applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have emerged as a serious and promising candidate for providing ubiquitous communications both in urban and highway scenarios. Consequently, nowadays it is widely believed that VANETs will be able to support both safety and non-safety applications. For both classes of applications, since a zero-infrastructure is the typical premise assumed, it is crucial to understand the dynamics of network connectivity when one operates without relying on any telecommunications infrastructure. Using the key metrics of interest (such as link duration, connection duration, and re-healing time) we provide a comprehensive framework for network connectivity of urban VANETs. Our study, in addition to extensive simulations based on a new Cellular Automata Model for mobility, also provides a comprehensive analytical framework. This analytical framework leads to closed form results which facilitate physical insight into the impact of key system parameters on network connectivity. The predictions of our analytical framework also shed light on which type of safety and non-safety applications can be supported by urban VANETs.

The issues of congestion control on non-safety applications in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have received considerable crucial attention in the field of intelligent transport systems (ITS). The critical challenges of ITS applications are in the events of intermittent connectivity and data collisions. Another challenge is the event-driven effect on both safety and non-safety applications that are critically relied on delay and reliability. So far, the development of protocol stacks for VANETs implies the WAVE protocol other IEEE 802.11p MAC protocol. Based on IEEE 802.11p MAC protocol standard in the 5.9 GHz band (other similar protocols such as C2C-CC for European and CALM from ISO) in which adopt of vehicle manufacturers of Information Communication Technology (ICT) to address the safety systems, emergency (breakdown, SOS), traffic control, environmental, navigational, and tracking. Little attention has been given to non-safety applications, for instance, chat, twitter, SMS, internet services, video-on-the-go, etc. Besides, roadside-vehicle communications (RVC) caters for information concerning repair notifications, remote diagnostics, context information, navigation information, and alerts system. In this survey, we present a framework that proposes a guideline and recommendation for the congestion control mechanism perspectives in VANETs. In particular, researches are centered on the investigation of the mobility model of congestion control algorithms. Finally, this survey contributes to appropriate knowledge and challenges in legacy congestion control of VANETs and toward the future research development.

Provision of voice services over 3G W-CDMA radio access networks is generally designed as a function of the air interface requirements of circuit-switched (CS) connections. On the other hand, packetized VoIP speech services such as Skype, which is becoming increasingly popular among 3G users, impose a more demanding set of requirements on the radio interface, carrying a penalty in terms of coverage. This work quantifies such penalty as a function of key parameters of the radio uplink. Results show that Skype coverage is always a fraction of conventional CS speech connections, and that such fraction is mainly a function of the vocoder type selected by Skype and the uplink Block Error Rate. It is found that Skype cell coverage probability ranges from 67% to 98% of the CS voice service coverage. As a result of this analysis, a set of recommendations aimed at closing the gap between CS voice and Skype coverage is formulated.

A study on switching voice traffic seamlessly between GSM and GPRS cellular networks

Wireless communications between vehicles enables both safety applications, such as accident avoidance, and nonsafety applications, such as traffic congestion alerts [1] with the intent of improving safety in driving conditions. Because cost limited test-bed environments constrain prototype testing, VANET researchers often turn instead to simulation toolsets from which a rich set of environmental scenarios are modeled. However, despite the availability of such tools, results are inconsistent. While VANET investigators often model propagation loss deterministically dependent upon transmitter receiver distance, fading and shadowing effects are often modeled stochastically, leading to probabilistic results which are independent of the actual environment and thus fail to consider realistic road topologies and the presence of obstacles [2]. In this work, we implement for ns-3 [3] the empirically-validated obstacle shadowing model from [4] by leveraging building data from Open Street Map (OSM) [5] to deterministically evaluate line of sight propagation effects using techniques from computational geometry, and we further extend results to evaluate safety performance assessments. The impact to safety performance measurement of obstacles in VANET simulations motivates the following research objective: The goal of this research is to show quantitatively how accurate, deterministic obstacle fading models impact the performance assessment of VANET safety applications. Deterministic shadowing compares differently than stochastic fading and failing to account for the effects of obstacles in safety assessment can inaccurately or even greatly overstate the performance of VANET safety applications. Including realistic obstacle shadowing in VANET simulation modeling improves VANET assessment and strengthens safety, thus supporting one of the primary goals of connected vehicle systems.

Dissemination of safety messages in IEEE 802.11p/WAVE vehicular network: Analytical study and protocol enhancements

The rapid development of 5G technology and edge computing prompts emerging edge applications with heterogeneous requirements for network services with respect to latency, reliability and throughput. Although content distribution networks (CDN) and edge computing proposals such as multiaccess edge computing (MEC) improve quality of service by deploying services close to end users at the edge, the session efficiency of service still is constrained by host name resolution which also leads to quality degradation of service in the case of user mobility. In this article, we proposed a novel network architecture, Named Service Edge Network (NSEN), on the basis of DNS protocol. We enabled NSEN functionality in the MEC reference architecture and presented high-efficiency session models to satisfy the requirements of various edge applications and enhance the mobility support in distributed MEC environment. The simulation and experiment results demonstrate the NSENenabled MEC architecture can improve session efficiency of MEC services in 5G cellular networks in terms of latency and throughput.

Priority-based subcarrier allocation algorithm for maximal network connectivity in 5G networks

The future 5G cellular networks are expected to support several-fold increase in data traffic and number of devices, and provide a very low latency and gigabit-rate data services. millimeter Wave (mmWave) communication (30–300 GHz) is proposed to be an important part of the 5G cellular networks to fulfill these requirements. With most of the high data rate demands originating from indoor User Equipments (UEs), conventional wired backhaul links prove to be a major bottleneck. Hence, mmWave wireless backhaul links are explored at Femto Base Stations (FBSs). In order to derive maximum benefit of mmWave backhaul links, efficient resource (data slots) utilization is necessary. Proper scheduling of mmWave backhaul links will help to achieve the same. In this paper, we propose a novel FBS-to-FBS (F2F) communication scheme which not only helps in offloading the data traffic from the Micro Base Station (MiBS) but also can act as a relay link for the other FBSs for routing the backhaul traffic to the MiBS. We also propose a solution to concurrently schedule mmWave wireless backhaul links to increase the resource utilization considering the coexistence of both FBS-to-MiBS (F2M) and F2F links. Our proposed solution consists of two parts — first, it determines which backhaul links can be scheduled concurrently by finding the upper bound for the interfering distance based on the alignment of different lobes of the directional antennas. Second, the transmit power is throttled to match the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of each link aiming to further control the interference and to increase the number of concurrent transmissions. The benefits of the proposed solution are studied and compared with the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and random scheduling schemes using extensive simulations.

Fuzzy-AHP based optimal RSU deployment (Fuzzy-AHP-ORD) approach using road and traffic analysis in VANET

A cross layer approach for efficient multimedia data dissemination in VANETs

Named Data Networking (NDN) is an exciting and potential Internet infrastructure focused on content. Furthermore, it should also accommodate various forms of traffic and their Quality of Service (QoS) specifications to make NDN’s utility more widespread. In recent years, Vehicular Sensor Network (VSN) have developed rapidly for sharing information, especially in safe and efficient driving. The Named Data Network does well in information retrieval with its in-network caching and named-based routing. Because of the transition from end-to-end communication to named-based communication, the replacement of cache to achieve QoS in Named Data Vehicular Sensor Network (NDVSN) is critical. In this paper, we consider an NDVSN network and investigate priority caching algorithm (PBDCV) for improving QoS that relies on the priority of data based on safety and non-safety applications and dynamic cache with barrier adjustment partition. The study has been evaluated through simulations and found to outperform some traditional caching strategies in terms of cache hit and Quality of Service.