6. Documenting Case-Based Reasoning Development Experience

Traditional political science has emphasized the role of Indeed, balance of and spheres of influence are basic terms in much descriptive analysis. Catlin has stated in Systematic Politics (1962, p. 79) that all politics is by its nature power politics. Moreover, various theories on the causes of war, such as Organski's (1958, p. 332), speak of war being due to changes in power; but few of these theories specify in quantitative terms exactly what is meant by the phrase national power. Ransom (1968, p. 368) states, In a significant study of how power as a concept is used in college teaching Dennis G. Sullivan [1963] analyzed leading international relations textbooks and discovered seventeen different definitions of power, usually discussed in a 'basic concepts' chapter. Napoleon's quip about the power of the Pope-How many divisions does he have? -testifies to the impression that power depends on military strength. But does power stem from military considerations alone, or does it depend on population, degree of industrialization, and type of govern-

This thesis contains a set of contributions that focuses on challenges in visualization of polygon models of trees, in particular models of tree stems and branches. These challenges cover a wide range of the visualization research field, including generation of polygon models of trees, hardware accelerated visualization and animation of trees from parametric systems, and surface modelling and tessellation for tree stems. To generate polygon models of trees, an existing approach for automatically generating polygon models of branching vascular transportation systems, typically blood vessels, is extended to handle tree stems. The approach allowed for automation of the generation process, while maintaining smoothness at branching areas. The approach is used to generate polygon models of trees. For hardware accelerated visualization and animation of trees from parametric systems, methods for visualization of trees described by parametric descriptions are adapted and extended to run on dedicated graphic processing hardware. To allow for animation of trees visualized in such a manner, an animation process that is hardware accelerated is developed using knowledge gained from work on hardware acceleration approaches in the field of image processing. For surface modelling and tessellation for visualization of trees, concepts, ideas and early work are presented. The basic concept is that by working with a coarse polygon model of a tree during animation (or by generating a coarse polygon model of a tree after animation is done); one can tessellate this coarse model in hardware in real-time to a much higher degree then earlier approaches. This will then enable one to visualize trees stems of a higher Level of Detail (LOD) and at higher speeds than were previously achievable. Although the contributions in this thesis cover a wide range of challenges from the visualization research field, the main focus has been on generation, animation and visualization of tree stems and branches for use in real-time applications. Especially the concept of hardware acceleration has become more of a focus, as graphic processing hardware has become more and more powerful both in speed and especially in functionality. The contributions will hopefully help in future development of even better methods for visualizing trees and plants.

M.W.HarroldR.M.ZavodBasic Concepts in Medicinal Chemistry.American Society of Health-System Pharmacists440pp2013$49 (softcover), ISBN 978-1-58528-266-1

In previous chapters we have, in the main, been concerned with a discussion about stand-alone turning and machining centre technology and related activities, such as tooling, workholding, and cutting fluids. This final chapter will consider how best to achieve a degree of automation using equipment and looking into the relative merits and drawbacks of such implementations. Prior to discussing the role of currently available FMC/S solutions, it is probably worth defining what we mean by “Flexible Manufacture” - whether one is describing either a cell, or a system. The definition favoured by the author is a modification to that proposed by an early investigation commissioned in America by the US Task Force Study: “Two or more machines coupled to either a robot, or an automatic transfer mechanism for the machining of parts”. This loosely describes, in the most basic terms, the requirements for a flexible manufacturing cell; in fact we must qualify this definition by saying that, according to an FMS builder, such systems must be “as rigidly flexible as possible!”. This means that either a cell or system should have a degree of flexibility within rigid constraints in order to perform in anything like a flexible manner.

This paper investigates the lexicalizations of prototypical basic emotion concepts in Polish. A catalogue of all words denoting basic emotions (anger,disgust,fear,sadness,surprise,joy) in Polish has been created to qualitatively and quantitatively explore the lexicalizations and to draw an ethnopsychological profile of Poles. The catalogue contains basic emotion terms and their synonyms in noun, verb, and adjective forms, as well as data pertaining to grammatical gender and word frequency. A quantitative and qualitative exploratory analysis of the catalogued data was conducted to determine which of the six basic emotion concepts are lexicalized most richly and completely, and which types of emotion terms are used most frequently. The results indicate that in Polish emotions are preferentially expressed as nouns, even though they are more frequently lexicalized as adjectives. There are also more words for negative emotions than for positive ones (negative differentiation effect), though the positive emotion words are used more frequently than all the negative words combined (Pollyanna effect). Polish also shows a marked preference for overtly verbalizing the neutral emotion ofsurprise– the smallest category by number of words denoting the emotion. Implications of the results for psychotherapy and bilingualism studies are discussed.

In the previous chapter, we saw that protein dynamics is a major candidate to explain the structure-function relationship. Experimental techniques, such as X-ray crystallography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), have become very powerful nowadays in providing accurate descriptions of the three-dimensional protein structure. Plenty of structures are in fact resolved every year and deposited into public databases, such as the Protein Data Bank (PDB) [21]. As of December 2020, the PDB comprises a total of about 160,000 protein structures, 89% of which obtained from X-ray crystallography, 7% from NMR, and the remaining 4% resolved with other methodologies such as Electron Microscopy (EM) and hybrid methods [22]. The knowledge of the three-dimensional protein structure is obviously an important starting point in order to investigate its mechanism of action. A thorough analysis of its dynamics subsequently allows to predict its functional behavior. Hence, how can we investigate protein dynamics?One of the most used approach is through Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations [23, 24]. MD is based on solving the Newton’s laws of motion for a system subjected to certain forces. The initial model of the system is usually taken from experimental structures, which can be represented at various levels of detail. Once the system is built, the forces acting on every atom are computed based on the derivation of potential energies. Different forms of potentials can be used for this purpose. Often these potential energies include spring terms for bond stretching and angle distortions, Lennard-Jones terms for long-range interactions, as well as Coulomb’s laws for Van der Waals and electrostatic effects [24]. Obtained the forces acting on the systems, the equations of motion are integrated to obtain the velocities and positions of all the atoms. This is carried out by adopting numerical integration strategies, which require discretization into small time frames of the order of femtoseconds. Although MD simulations can provide detailed and often accurate predictions of the trajectories of the system, the high computational burden and the difficulty to achieve stable solutions at very large time scales often constitute serious obstacles.

In the previous chapter, one-period models were investigated. In Chapter 9 we will turn to a more general setting allowing for economic activity to take place also at intermediate dates between today and the investment horizonT.Before taking that step, however, we will need to introduce some additional material on probability theory. This material deals with the way in which the outcome of a random experiment manifests itself to us or, more precisely, with the level of detail in which information on the outcome of a random experiment is revealed to us. This is particularly important when modelling the fact that with the passage of time we learn more and more about the world we live in. This is also the natural setting in which to introduce the notion of independence, one of the central concepts in probability theory.

<b>Natural Language Processing for Historical Texts</b> <b>Michael Piotrowski</b> (Leibniz Institute of European History) Morgan &amp; Claypool (Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies, edited by Graeme Hirst, volume 17), 2012, ix+157 pp; paperbound, ISBN 978-1608459469

The basic concepts that form the basis of integrated modeling of the behavior of antagonistic agents in cybersecurity systems are identified. It is shown that the emphasis is largely on modeling the behavior of one of the cyber conflict parties only. In the case when the interaction of all parties to the conflict is considered, the approaches used are focused on solving particular problems, or they model a simplified situation. A methodology for modeling the interaction of antagonistic agents in cybersecurity systems, focused on the use of a multi-model complex with elements of cognitive modeling, is proposed. For this objective, the main components of cyber conflict are highlighted, the models of which must be developed. Modeling the interaction of antagonistic agents is proposed to be implemented as a simulation of situations. The concept of a situation is formulated and its components are presented. In the proposed methodology, traditional methods and modeling tools are not opposed, but are considered together, thus forming a unified methodological basis for modeling the antagonistic agents’ behavior. In the proposed multi-model complexes, the individual elements and functions of the entities under study are described using various classes of models at a certain level of detail. Coordinated use of various models allows improving the quality of modeling by compensating for the shortcomings of some models by the advantages of others, in particular, reflecting the dynamics of interaction in system-dynamic and agent-based models, which is difficult in classical models of game theory. Multi-model complexes allow stating the concept of «virtual modeling». This concept allows simulation using models of various classes. The choice of a class of models should correspond to the goals and objectives of modeling, the nature and structure of the source data. As a result of research, a methodology is proposed for modeling the interaction of antagonistic agents in cybersecurity systems using methods based on the proposed models of the reflective behavior of antagonistic agents under modern hybrid threats conditions

An object-oriented approach to modeling and simulation computer architectures is presented. Rather than concentrating on a specific system, the more generic concepts of processors, memories, clocks, registers, instruction sets, etc. are developed. By building upon these basic concepts, it is then possible to simulate virtually any processor to nearly any level of detail.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Moral philosophy used to be primarily concerned, not with particular acts, but with those traits of character that were virtues and vices. Hobbes says “the science of virtue and vice, is moral philosophy.”1 However I have defined morality without even mentioning virtue or vice. Nonetheless, I realize that no account of morality is complete without an account of virtue and vice. Moreover, as a practical matter, children should be taught morality by means of the moral virtues. It is only in theoretical contexts that the moral and personal virtues are derived from more basic concepts, although this theoretical understanding is helpful in teaching the virtues. The basic concepts, especially that of rationality, discussed in previous chapters shall be used to provide accounts of both moral and personal virtue and also to explain the distinction between them. Failure to make this distinction is another explanation for the false philosophical view that morality is primarily a general guide for an individual seeking the best life. I shall also provide accounts of particular virtues and vices, both moral and personal.

The automatic detection of divergences from a desired process behavior is a common research topic in the business process management community. An established technique to analyze processes is called conformance checking. Given a definition of a process in form of a process model, conformance checking can be used to test whether the executions of a process contained in a so-called event log data structure are conforming with the process as it was defined. The result is a comparison of the execution traces and their respective correct execution, according to the process model. This technique provides insights into where the divergence has occurred and how the execution must be altered to conform to the process model. However, a problem is that it requires a process model to be available. Process models in the correct format are not always available. Contrary to conformance checking, process anomaly detection aims to find anomalous executions without relying on a predefined process model. A process anomaly detection algorithm derives the process logic from the event log itself and exploits the patterns found within the event log to distinguish normal from anomalous process executions. Though process anomaly detection provides the benefit of not relying on a process model, it typically does not provide the level of detail that conformance checking does. A process execution can either be normal or it can be anomalous. This dissertation proposes process anomaly correction, a novel approach that combines the benefits of conformance checking and process anomaly detection. Given only an event log, process anomaly correction detects anomalous executions, clearly indicates where the anomaly has occurred during the execution and suggests possible corrective measures. The solution presented in this work is based on a new concept to the field of process anomaly detection: Process learning. In process learning, the task of understanding the process based on the example data is transformed into a learning problem in which a neural network is trained to predict the very next activity in a running process execution. The resulting machine learning model thus represents an approximation of the real process that created the data. This cumulative dissertation consists of five contributions to the field of business process management that demonstrate how, starting from a process anomaly detection, process anomaly correction is achieved in a series of four steps. (1) Process learning is employed to generate an approximated model of the process logic. (2) The limitation of only distinguishing between normal and anomalous process executions is overcome by employing the process learning model which processes the process executions on a finer level of detail than existing approaches. (3) The necessity of providing manual threshold settings, as it is typical for process anomaly detection algorithms, is replaced by an automatic parameterization utilizing the process learning model. (4) The predictive capabilities of the process learning model are exploited to generate possible corrections of detected anomalies. The resulting process anomaly correction approach can be employed in scenarios where classic conformance checking would be infeasible, due to the restriction of relying on a process model. Furthermore, it can be employed alongside classical conformance checking, for it incorporates more information coming from the event log than classical conformance checking (such as employees executing a process step, in which country the process is executed, etc.), and thus provides a new perspective for the process analyst.

The basic terms and concepts, concerning definition of “graphic document” and “graphic edition”, and also their typology are considered in the paper. Author's vision of definition of graphic document and its types, differing by external and internal characteristics is presented.

“Social closure” is one of the most basic terms and concepts in sociology. Basically, closure refers to processes of drawing boundaries, constructing identities, and building communities in order to monopolize scarce resources for one’s own group, thereby excluding others from using them. Society is not a homogenous entity but is instead internally structured and subdivided by processes of social closure. Some social formations, such as groups, organizations, or institutions, may be open to everybody, provided they are capable of participation, while access to most others is limited due to certain criteria that either allow people to become members or exclude them from membership. Therefore, social closure is a ubiquitous, everyday phenomenon that can be observed in almost every sphere and place in the social world. Members of societies experience closure from the very beginning of their social life. To be excluded from certain groups starts at school, where presumably homogenous classes begin to subdivide into distinct peer groups or sports teams. Here, exclusion may be rather arbitrary, but the experience of having a door slammed in one’s face proceeds in cases, where inclusion depends on formal rules or preconditions. Access to private schools follows explicit rules and depends on financial capacities; access to university depends on a certificate or diploma, eventually from certain schools only; membership in a highly prestigious club depends on economic and social capital and the respective social networks; and finally, in the case of migration, people will have to be eligible for citizenship and pass the thorny path of naturalization. However, it is not just the enormous plurality of forms that makes social closure crucial for sociology. Rather, the process of closure of social relations—of groups, organizations, institutions, and even national societies—is the fundamental process of both “communal” (Vergemeinschaftung) and “associative” relationships (Vergesellschaftung), and neither would be possible without social closure. In this broad and fundamental sense, social closure is not restricted to processes in national societies. It even allows for understanding crucial processes of the way the social world is organized at the regional or global level.

Background. The problem of acute and chronic forms of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is not clearly identified among modern problems of hepatology and neuroscience in Ukraine. Despite the significant contribution to the development of lethal complications in patients with liver pathology and long history of the study of this issue, there is still no unified opinion on the links of HE pathogenesis.The aim of this review is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of current data on the spreading and mechanisms of development of HE.HE is a complex of potentially reversible neurocognitive disorders in patients with chronic or acute hepatic failure (ALF). HE is more often a complication of liver cirrhosis and is the second most frequent cause of hospitalization of such patients after ascites. When decompensating liver failure in acute or chronic hepatic pathology in patients severe forms of HE develop, accompanied by a progressive increase in intracranial pressure and the development of coma, which often ends lethal due to poor corrigibility of intracranial hypertension while maintaining hepatogenic neurointoxication. HE is considered as the end result of the accumulation of a number of neurotoxic substances in the brain, among which are ammonia, mercaptans, short chain fatty acids, false neurotransmitters, gamma-aminobutyric acid, manganese. The most popular among the reasons for the development of HE is the neurotoxic theory of ammonia. Ammonia is subjected to detoxification in the liver, turning into urea, a smaller fraction with the participation of glutamine synthetase is used in the synthesis of glutamine in muscles, liver and astrocytes of brain. In case of hepatic dysfunction and/or portosystemic shunting, the concentration of ammonia in blood increases up to 10 times and the main load for its detoxification is shifted to myocytes and astroglia. In ALF glutamine overload of astrocytes occurs with a change in intracellular osmolarity and subsequent edema of astroglia, which is accompanied by the development of cytotoxic edema of the brain. In this case, in astrocytes damaging of mitochondrial respiratory chain occurs and mitochondrial insufficiency develops, as well as processes of nitrosative-oxidative stress and oxidation of astrocytic and neuronal RNA, disruption of gene expression, synthesis of neuro- and gliotransmitters and synaptic plasticity. The increased influx of aromatic amino acids into brain leads to the synthesis of false neurotransmitters, which worsens serotoninergic, GABA-ergic, dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Damage to the components of the blood-brain barrier leads to aggravation of the water imbalance, penetration of hematogenous cytokines, endotoxins and other products of systemic inflammatory reaction into the cerebral parenchyma and development of neuroinflammation, which makes an important contribution to the further progression of cerebral edema.Conclusions: despite a comprehensive study of the problem, many open questions remain in the pathogenesis of HE. Special attention should be paid to more detailed study of the mechanisms of formation and elimination of edematous changes in brain tissue on the background of hepatogenic intoxication and the development of a systemic inflammatory reaction, the role of astroglia and its water channels in these processes, as well as the mechanisms of damage to the blood-brain barrier.