6 - Modelling

This research aims to equip the Stofo community with the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively use the 3D Max application for comic creation. The goal is to empower participants with not only the technical skills but also the mindset needed to utilize this 3D modelling software effectively. This is crucial because 3D modelling plays a pivotal role in the global comic creation industry. By mastering 3D modelling, Stofo comic artists can produce comic chapters and explore various aspects of industrial design and web tone in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Society 5.0. The method of this research is a qualitative approach involves instilling an understanding of the significance of learning 3D modelling and offering step-by-step tutorials within a computer lab. All participants will receive gradual instruction, starting with the basics of the 3D Max application, including commonly used tools and the creation of simple 3D models. The outcomes of this endeavour demonstrate that: (1) participants exhibit a strong interest in using 3D modelling for comic creation after receiving growth mindset theory; (2) they can produce fundamental 3D models for comic backgrounds with five (5) at high level, six 6 at intermediate level, and nine (9) at beginner level; and (3) they are enthusiastic about honing their 3D modelling skills for comic purposes. Therefore, It is crucial to empowers the Stofo community with 3D modelling skills and mindset, fostering creativity and potential in the realm of comics and design.

Automatic scale estimation of structure from motion based 3D models using laser scalers in underwater scenarios

In this research, an analysis was conducted on the influence of Building Information Modeling (BIM) factors on the level of implementation and project performance in Design and Build projects. The objective of this study is to analyze the factors affecting BIM implementation and project performance in Design and Build projects. The research method used is a quantitative method employing observation through questionnaires. The variables studied consist of dependent variables, namely the level of BIM implementation and project performance (cost, quality, time), as well as independent variables, namely BIM users, communication and coordination among stakeholders, 3D modeling, 4D field scheduling, 5D volume calculation, and project value. The research findings indicate that the use of BIM (X1) does not have a significant influence on the level of BIM implementation (Y). However, communication and coordination among stakeholders (X2) have a positive but non-significant influence on the level of BIM implementation (Y). The creation of 3D models (X3) also has a positive but non-significant influence on the level of BIM implementation (Y). On the other hand, 4D field scheduling (X4) has a positive but non-significant influence on the level of BIM implementation (Y). 5D volume calculation (X5) has a positive and significant influence on the level of BIM implementation (Y), while the value of the projects undertaken (X6) has a positive but non-significant influence on the level of BIM implementation (Y). Therefore, this research provides an understanding of the factors influencing the level of BIM implementation and its impact on the project performance in Design and Build projects.

Estimating of radiation output of X-RAY tube using mathematical model: Case of high-frequency machines

This paper provides presents the dynamic analysis and computer simulation results of electric vehicle (EV) powertrain performance systems. The generic simulation platform of an electric vehicle is developed using based on the SimPowerSystems/SimDriveline of MATLAB. Individual components of the model are constructed based on real vehicle data and mathematical dynamic model equations. The analytic results obtained from the mathematical modeling are verified with electric vehicle dynamics using generic simulation platform.

Recently, we have seen a growing trend in the reconstruction of accurate geometric models, acquired by an active method such as laser scanning or structured light. In this paper, we address the problem of creation of 3D head models from multiple RGB-Depth cameras. We propose a quick capture procedure that aims at achieving high accuracy and low-cost 3D head models with high quality. This is processed with registration of multiple RGB-Depth cameras, consolidation and matching of raw data, surface reconstruction and mesh coloring. Experiments demonstrate that it could capture the subject in one second and reconstruct the 3D head models with photo-realistic quality in 3 minutes.

In outdoor rock climbing, routes are commonly marked in topos, which are typically implemented as annotated photographs or hand-drawn pictures. 3D technologies, such as structure from motion (SfM), enable the creation of detailed 3D models. These technologies are now within the reach of almost everybody, and they are becoming increasingly simple to utilize. We present an interactive 3D topo of a large boulder and discuss the creation process using SfM and 3D modelling software. Furthermore, we conducted an online user study with 52 respondents investigating how 3D topos can be utilized for information sharing and planning, and how 3D topos might change rock climbing. Results show that 3D topos are seen highly useful compared to normal web topos.

The use of virtual reality (VR) to create immersive experiences through the principles taught in art and design curricula has been studied over the past two decades while, at the same time, demonstrating positive correlations between learning outcomes and the technology. Not surprisingly, the creation of 3D models within a virtual environment leads to a better understanding of 3D workflow. Yet, despite these developments, few studies have been conducted specifically on the application within a studio context for art and design disciplines and how VR might benefit artists and designers. This study confirms that the use of VR in art and design courses is perceived to promote a better understanding of three-dimensional spaces, design and to improve student-centred activities and student–student interactions. At the same time, integrating VR into curriculum should be strategic and aligned with learning outcomes for impactful learning experiences.

Virtual haptic system for intuitive planning of bone fixation plate placement

Combining terrestrial laser scanning and computational fluid dynamics for the study of the urban thermal environment

We propose an intuitive computer graphics authoring method based on interactive evolutionary computation (IEC). Our previous systems employed genetic algorithm (GA) and mainly focused on exploration of a single optimum 3D graphics model. The proposed method adopts a different computation strategy called immune algorithm (IA) to ease the creation of varied 3D models even if a user doesn't have any specific idea of final 3D products. Because artistic work like graphics design needs a process to diversify the user's imagery, a tool that allows the user to select his/her preferred one from a broad range of possible solutions is particularly desired. IA enables to effectively explore a wealth of solutions in a huge 3D parametric space by using its essential mechanisms such as antibody formation and self-regulating function. We conducted an experiment to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The result shows that the proposed method helps the user to easily generating wide variety of 3D graphics models.

Aerial photogrammetry offers the insights necessary to guide projects, and it is a powerful tool for civil and construction engineers. Using rapid computer vision (C.V.) photogrammetry development, structure from motion (SfM) algorithms became an integral part of the photogrammetry technique. Integrating SfM algorithms and photogrammetry through the so-called print-grammetry technique allows the creation of real-world 3D models, avoiding the need for site visiting and fieldwork. This study aims to assess three print-grammetry scenarios for capturing screen images from the Google Earth (GE) Pro using various camera orientation settings to follow these advancements. Images were captured automatically, allowing the user to set the image size and interval time for screen image capturing. The outcomes model for individual scenarios was classified into three categories (buildings, corridors, grass area) and inspected with a reference 3D model generated by photogrammetry. The results show that images captured from the nadir have a minimal mean and standard deviation across classes of the outcome models. However, images captured at a 45° orientation angle in the north-south path and a 0° orientation angle in the east-west path achieve average values compared to other scenarios. The outcomes indicated that capturing oblique images obtained the highest STD values compared to vertical images, demonstrating a lower accuracy level than scenarios captured by truly vertical images. On the other hand, reference point errors and point density provide essential insights in evaluating individual scenarios. Scenario A presents the lowest rate of errors; however, scenario B dominates in point density and is therefore suitable for large areas due to more data collection in a shorter period. Scenario C, on the other hand, displays a high error rate and low score, which reduces accuracy and efficiency.

This paper examines the current status of 3D modelling of cultural heritage objects in Australian universities, focusing on how these models are being integrated into object-based learning practices. It discusses the different approaches taken by major universities, explores the motivations behind digitisation projects, and considers the benefits and challenges they present. The paper provides an overview of various digitisation techniques and the separate metadata recording practices that have been developed. It argues for the use of digital surrogates in object-based learning and research while also identifying key challenges that are limiting the potential of cultural heritage 3D modelling. These include the ad hoc nature of digitisation projects, inconsistent funding, and a lack of standardisation in data management and metadata practices. The paper emphasises the importance of long-term planning and collaboration both within and between universities to develop skills, standards, and shared resources.

In contemporary clinical settings, three-dimensional (3D) models have become an integral component of daily practice. Photogrammetry, a novel method in clinical practice, enables the creation of precise 3D models from small objects while maintaining their original shape and size. To evaluate the accuracy and reliability of digital models (DM) generated using photogrammetry techniques compared to traditional gypsum models (GM) and to investigate the feasibility of utilizing free software for processing and manipulating digital dental models. The study employed a meticulous approach, utilizing specialized software tools to execute the photogrammetry process. Impressions of the maxillary arch were obtained from 50 subjects, and GM were meticulously crafted from these impressions. The subsequent step involved capturing detailed photographs of each GM from various angles, which were then processed using 3DF Zephyr Free® software by 3Dflow (Verona, Italy). This software, renowned for its semi-automatic functionality, facilitated the reconstruction process by seamlessly processing the uploaded photos. For the measurements, Blender®(Blender Institute B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands) - a sophisticated software in digital modeling and animation - was used. While digital calipers were employed to measure the GM, Blendersoftware was utilized to measure the DM. The results of the analysis, as evaluated by unpaired t-tests and volumetric assessments, revealed no significant discrepancies between the measurements obtained from the GM and the DM generated via photogrammetry. The findings underscore the efficacy of these software tools in ensuring accuracy and reliability in the digitization process.

Abstract. This article describes the ways a smart city can use Geospatial Information Systems (G.I.S.) to promote its history, focusing on the phenomenon of piracy. Specifically, definitions are given regarding the concept of Smart Cities and their correlation with G.I.S. Then an analysis is made concerning the ways in which historical phenomena, such as piracy, can be visualized using G.I.S. through the creation of interactive maps, 3D models and animated maps. References to historical facts are also presented in order to understand the need of creating such cartographic compositions to highlight aspects of history, that few know and even fewer have studied, especially in Greece. Moreover, we present the ways in which cartographic compositions can be demonstrated in the coastal settlements and the islands that were pirate strongholds. Finally, we show ways that these cartographic compositions can be hosted on a website, giving the possibility to access the information from all over the world, emphasizing the importance of highlighting local history.