7.5 HIV and choosing to die

BackgroundDuring transition from childhood to adulthood people is exposed to various hazards having potentiality to lead to unnatural deaths by distorting physical, mental and social wellbeing. Studying pattern of unnatural deaths helps stakeholders to formulate policies for prevention of loss of important human resource. Objectiveto study the spectrum of unnatural deaths among adolescents. Methodologycross-sectional descriptive study in the mortuary of Bankura Sammilani Medical College of West Bengal, India. Data from January to December, 2014 were collected from autopsy reports, police inquest reports, copy of death certificates etc. using predesigned format. ResultsMajority (55.1%) of deceased were female; 35.71 percent belonged to younger adolescents (10-14 years). Average age was 16.03±2.49 years showing no variation across gender and castes. Majority (43 percent) of unnatural deaths was contributed by accidents including RTA, fall from height, snake bite, lightning, drowning. The accidents shared around half of total unnatural deaths. Poisoning, hanging including stragulation/throttling and thermal burns ranked next after accident contributing 22 percent, 19 percent and 10 percent, respectively. Accidental deaths were statistically higher in younger adolescents [71.43% vs 36.51%, χ=10.98, p=0.000 at df1, OR=4.35(1.63-11.80)] and males. Individuals of higher age were shown more prone to suicide [mean±sd=17.91±1.16 vs 14.32±2.17, t=9.825 & p=0.000 at df 93] than accidents. Females were found less vulnerable to accidents than suicide. Burns cases were found to survive significantly longer after the event. ConclusionBehaviour change communication of parents, teachers, career guides, office masters, law keepers etc. for fostering congenial environment for upbringings of adolescents is needed to prevent unnatural deaths. Keynotes: adolescents, unnatural death, accidents, rapidly fatal * Corresponding author Address for correspondence: Address for correspondence: Anandapally, Sitko Road, Duttapara, Baruipur, Kolkata-700144. Mobile: +91-9433588427, Email:dibahaldar@gmail.com

Down syndrome (DS) or trisomy 21 is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability and is characterized by a myriad of phenotypes affecting various organs. Several mouse models of DS have been established and constitute useful tools for defining the etiology of DS. Ts1Cje mouse carrying a 7.6 Mb segmental trisomy of mouse chromosome 16 (MMU16) is among the most commonly used DS models. Ts1Cje mice display a subset of features that mimic human DS, notably craniofacial abnormalities and deficits in learning and memory. A number of molecular and physiological parameters are also affected in these mice, including oxidative stress increase and mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal neuronal dendritic spines, abnormal synaptic plasticity, deficient embryonic and adult neurogenesis and enhanced cell proliferation in ganglionic eminences. Despite the occurrence of affective and emotional impairments in patients with Down syndrome, these parameters are poorly documented in Down syndrome mouse models, including Ts1Cje mice. Here, we developed a comprehensive approach using the Ts1Cje model in order to investigate eventual behavioral-molecular correlations. We designed and describe for the first time a large behavior screening focusing on spontaneous activity, social behavior, anxiety and depression-like behavior in various conditions. We coupled this study to a molecular study using both in-vivo microdialysis and tissue punch measurements of monoamines levels in brains from Ts1Cje mice. Ts1Cje mice were hyperactive and possibly less anxious compared to WT mice in novel environments, but significantly less active in familiar environments. Ts1Cje also showed increased social contacts with unfamiliar partners compared to their WT littermates in two different testing paradigms. Ts1Cje mice also exhibited signs of decreased depression like-behavior. Furthermore, Ts1Cje mice showed motor coordination deficit. As locomotor hyperactivity is often associated with enhanced striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission, we measured extracellular and total content of monoamines. By using intracerebral microdialysis and tissue extracts of the striatum and ventral forebrain, we also provide evidence that extracellular dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) and their total amounts are increased in Ts1Cje mice. In addition, we found that biosynthesis and degradation of DA was accelerated in Ts1Cje striatum by using biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. These changes in monoamines could underlie the abnormal affective and emotional behaviors observed in Ts1Cje mice. Using a comprehensive battery of behavioral tests, we identified environmental novelty stimuli-triggered hyperactivity, increased sociability, and decreased depression-like behavior in Ts1Cje mice. Our neurochemical and immunohistochemical results further suggested that Ts1Cje mice show an abnormal increase in DA and 5-HT combined with an enhanced metabolism of these transmitters, which may help explain the affective and emotional abnormalities. Especially, reports on DA metabolism in brain samples from DS patients have been rather controversial. In some cases reported in the literature, DA was decreased in the brains of elder DS patients but not in young adult with DS. The discrepancies in human studies may be due to age-specific changes and to the fact that samples were extracted post-mortem (after natural death). Although the monoamine concentration in brains from young adults with DS is still unclear, our results suggest that it is likely not decreased. Our study suggests that more extensive investigation should thus be considered before implementing monoamine treatments in DS. Monoamine metabolism alterations still require further investigation in order to understand how they are involved in the developmental and functional deficits in the brains of DS patients. Finally, our finding contributes to the understanding of molecular pathology of DS and may inform development of effective therapeutic approaches (Shimohata et al., 2017).

Many case reports about different diseases in greater one-horned rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis) have been published, but an overview of the prevalence of diseases and an evaluation of causes of death is lacking. Necropsy reports of 106 greater one-horned rhinoceroses from 38 zoos worldwide were evaluated. Half of them were from adult animals, a third from perinatal deaths/stillbirths and the rest from juveniles and sub adults. Cardiac problems (cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, heart infarct) and cardiovascular failure due to gastrointestinal or pulmonary disease were the most frequent causes of death in adults. Among gastrointestinal problems, gastric ulcers and impactions, often with sand, were the most frequent findings. Sixteen adult greater one-horned rhinoceroses were euthanised, mainly due to chronic disease, foot problems or uterine leiomyomas. The two latter problems are suspected to be associated with obesity, and most of the animals with these problems were reported to be in good body condition at death. Leiomyomas are additionally thought to be predisposed by repeated oestrus cycles without pregnancy. Foot problems were only noted in 6 % of the animals and are probably underestimated in this dataset. Systematic documentation of necropsy findings is desirable, including complete animal identity, anamnesis, circumstances of death (natural death, euthanasia, and stillbirth), body condition scoring and weight.

در این نوشتار مسئله‌ی مکان‌یابی رقابتی با در نظر گرفتن قابلیت اطمینان بررسی و حل شده است. قابلیت اطمینان به صورت احتمال خارج شدن هر تسهیل از سرویس‌دهی به مشتریان در نظر گرفته شده است. دو شرکت به ترتیب مکان بهینه‌ی تسهیلات خود را تعیین می‌کنند. مسئله به صورت بازی استاکلبرگ مدل شده که رهبر و پیرو به ترتیب مکان‌های خود را برای ایجاد تسهیل انتخاب می‌کنند. هدف هریک از رقبا بیشینه‌سازی سود است. پارامترهای جمعیتی به عنوان عوامل مؤثر در انتخاب مکان و رفتار مشتریان در انتخاب هریک از تسهیلات متأثر از پارامتر کیفی و فاصله در نظر گرفته شده است. برای حل مسئله با توجه به N‌p-h‌a‌r‌d بودن آن برای حل مسائل بزرگ و متوسط از الگوریتم فراابتکاری N‌S‌G‌A‌I‌I و برای مسائل کوچک از روش جستجوی کامل فضای جواب استفاده شده است. در پایان مسائل عددی به صورت تصادفی تولید شده جواب‌های بهینه پارتو به دست آمده برای هرکدام از مسائل مشخص شده‌اند.

This paper documents the most recent five-year (1988-1992) analysis of unnatural deaths in Oregon's state mental and correctional institutions. The current findings are compared with those of the preceding five years (1983-1987) within the context of the long term trend in unnatural death rates for the previous 25 years. The unnatural death rates for the institutional clients are also compared with those for the noninstitutionalized citizens of Marion County, Oregon. There are two major findings in these 1988-1992 data: (a) There have been highly significant reductions in unnatural death rates in Oregon State Hospital and in the Forensic Psychiatric Program, which the authors believe are largely due to the implementation of planned changes to reduce the previously very high suicide rates in these two facilities; and (b) There was a dramatic reduction (to zero) of unnatural deaths at the Fairview Training Center. The authors also believe that this was attainable mostly because of large-scale improvements made at that facility, by the Department of Human Resources and the Oregon Legislature, just before and during the present study time frame. Changes in these three facilities which led to the improvement in unnatural death rates of clients are discussed.

Objective To evaluate the anticancer activity of 5'-dexoxy-fluorouridine on colon cancer experimental models in BALB/C mice,compared with 5'-fluorouracil,an anticancer agent widely used in clinic,meanwhile,examined the conversion of 5'-Dexoxy-fluorouridine to 5' -fluorouracil in cancer tissues and serum of mouse models.Methods The xenografts of mouse colon cancer cell line CT 26 were transplantated to cecum in 60 male BALB/C mice.Three days lated,these mice were divided into 3 groups and intro- peritoneally injected:( 1 ) 5' - dexoxy- fluorouridine 0.1 mg/g,(2) 5' - Fluorouracil 0.02 mg/g,(3)0.9％ sodium chloride 0.4 mL (as a control),respectively.Two and three weeks later,6 mice were sacririced in every group respectively to measure the weight of tumors and bodies,to examine the Hb,RBC,WBC,PLT,AST,ALT,UREA,and CREA in blood.The rest 8 mice in each group were fed generally,and the survival time from operation to natural death was recorded.In addition,14 mice with xenografts of CT 26 about 2 weeks,were divided into 2 groups averagely,5' -dexoxy-fluorouridine 0.1 mg/g and 5' -fluorouracil 0.02 mg/g were intro-peritoneally injected respectively.Fifteen min later,the converted 5' -fluorouracil was detected from the blood and tumor tissues in sacrificed mice.Results The lest tumor average weight was found in the mice injected 5 '-dexoxy-fluorouridine,being (0.07 ± 0.12) g and (0.24g ±0.29) g for the mice sacrificed at 2 and 3 weeks later,respectively.The average survival time for rest mice was ( 32.6 ± 8.9) d.The average tumor weight in 5' - fluorouracil group was (0.74 ± 0.43 ) g and ( 1.13 ±0.75) g at 2 and 3 weeks later,and the average survival time for the rest was (22.8 ±5.9)d,respectively.The average tumor weight in the control group was (0.70 ±0.47) g and ( 1.93 ±0.83) g at 2 and 3 weeks,and the average survival time for the rest was ( 17.5 ± 2.8 ) d.Either the average tumor weight or average survival time in the mice of 5 ' -dexoxy-fluorouridine group was significantly differen from either 5' -fluorouracil group or control (P ＜ 0.05 ).However,there was no significant difference for the numbers of WBC,PLC,Hb,and some function examination of liver and kidney among 3 group mice,besides the loss of weights in 5'-fluorouracil group mice after operation and medicine therapy which was significantly obvious than that in 5' -deoxy-fluorouridine and control groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ).In addition,( 54.71 ± 12.82) μg/g 5' -fluorouracil was detected in xenografts of mice injected 5' -dexoxy-fluorouridine 15 min later,which was the 6.20 folds of 5' -fluorouracil detected in serum from sthe ame group,P ＜0.05.However,( 133.35 ±20.69) μg/m 5'-fluorouracil were detected in serum of mice after 5' -fluorouracil were injected 15 min later,which was the 1.55 folds of 5' -fluorouracil detected in the xenografts from same group ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions In colon cancer tissues of mouse experimental models,5' - dexoxy- fluorouridine could be converted effectively to 5'-fluorouracil,an obvious high concentration being detected in serum of mice than in cancer tissues.The anticancer effect of 5'-dexoxy-fluorouridine on mouse colon cancer models was more effective than 5'-fluorouracil,resulting in a longer survival duration,less side effect and no significant injury on liver and kidney functions.However,the mechanism of 5' -dexoxy-fluorouridine converted to 5' -fluorouracil in cancer tissue is needed further investigation. Key words: Colorectal cancer ; Animal experimental model ; Thymidine phosphorylase ; 5'-deoxy-fluorouridine ; 5' -fluorouracil ;

Investigating the effects of time pressure on new product development teams

ObjectivesWidowhood mortality is typically studied among those widowed from marriage, with limited knowledge about its effects after the loss of a cohabiting partner. This study examines differences in widowhood mortality by: (1) natural vs. unnatural deaths, (2) marital vs. cohabiting partnerships, (3) repartnering status, and (4) sex.MethodsData were gathered from the registers of Statistics Finland for all adults aged 40–65 years in 1995 (N = 318,351), encompassing details on family relations and mortality between 1995 and 2020. Using propensity score matching, each widow(er) was matched with four control individuals based on their characteristics. Widowhood mortality was studied with Cox regression models across three time intervals: 0–3, 3–10, and 10–20 years post-widowing.ResultsIn the study sample, 53,852 were widowed from a marriage, 214,402 were their controls, 10,069 were widowed from a cohabiting partnership, and 40,028 were their controls. For both women and men, unnatural causes of widowhood led to a higher mortality than natural causes. The association was greater among the widowed from a cohabiting partnership than among the widowed from a marriage. Repartnering led to lower mortality than staying unpartnered after widowhood. The patterns persisted up to twenty years after partner bereavement, although the effects diminished over time.DiscussionOur findings imply that interventions for widowed individuals should be tailored depending on the cause of death (natural or unnatural) and the nature of the partnership (married or cohabitating). Future research should examine possible mechanisms to explain these effects, such as potential biological mechanisms and reduced socioeconomic security.

The decisions people make, and the actions they take, depend on how they conceptualize and experience time. This fundamental and influential factor is seldom acknowledged, little understood, and rarely considered explicitly in planning; be that for the material systems or the knowledge systems in the water sector. The objectives of the research that is described in this thesis were (1) to characterize similarities and differences in the Time Perspectives of people working in the water sector worldwide and (2) to theorize about how this temporal ambiguity influences, and can be used for, water planning and setting research agendas. First an interpretive framework was developed including a model of Time Perspective, which was designed to make clear the most fundamental assumptions about the (relationships between) aspects of an individual’s Time Perspective that influence the decisions they make and the actions they take. This model builds on explicit foundations from Critical Realism and brings together psychological theories of motivation and internal time consciousness. The model formed a framework that was used to develop the Foreseeable Future Multi-measure Method. This new method was designed to characterize relevant aspects of an individual’s Time Perspective in an integrated fashion. It is a structured interview with five successive steps that are sequenced to account for socially acceptable responses and to facilitate triangulation: 1. Describe the goals and events that motivate the interviewee’s decisions and actions 2. Characterize the structure and orientation of the interviewee’s concept of time 3. Measure the temporal extension of the interviewee’s motivational objects 4. Triangulate the indirect measures with direct questions by completion of sentences 5. Triangulate the preceding measures with an inventory for typifying orientation The Foreseeable Future Multi-measure Method was used to interview 309 managers, practical workers, and scientists in the Netherlands, Ghana, Brazil, and Japan. The author of this thesis conducted all of the interviews in person together with a local interpreter in each country. The four countries were chosen to represent the international diversity in Time Perspectives and the three professional roles provided a sample of the diversity in the level of abstraction of water professionals from theory to practice. The most noteworthy conclusions of the empirical study concern differences in the temporal extent of the goals and events that motivate people. Scientists are motivated by objects that lie furthest into the future followed by managers and then practical workers (Group medians: 8.4; 3.5; 1.7 years). Across national cultures, the time horizons of the Japanese and Brazilian interviewees were found to be longest. The differences across professional roles are greater and more significant than those across countries. But the characteristics of national cultures were found to amplify the differences across professional roles. Within the context of national cultures that were characterized as being most orientated towards the future, for example, scientists had especially long-term Time Perspectives. To map ambiguity in Time Perspectives on a global scale the data from the empirical study was extrapolated and reinterpreted using correlations with national scale cultural dimensions for 22 countries. This theoretical study resulted in an indicator of the potential for intercultural cooperation on wicked problems in water sector worldwide. Brazil, India, and China, countries whose answers to wicked problems in the Water-Energy-Food nexus will be of global importance, are likely to frame problems quite differently from each other but, more importantly, with a longer term vision than recent world powers such as the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and Germany. The conclusions are important because the time horizons considered in planning and setting research agendas influence what problems are perceived, what questions are asked, and what solutions are sought. An important recommendation is to invest more resources in the framing of problems, goals, and questions. This is particularly important for participatory planning and transdisciplinary research where the diversity in Time Perspectives is greatest. Insight into Time Perspectives can be used in planning to define milestones with temporal targets that are most likely to motivate the relevant actors. It is also useful for directing strategic horizon-scanning activities. For setting research agendas it is important to match the Time Perspectives of those who prioritize the questions with the purpose of the research.

Aim. To study the state of the antioxidant system in mitochondria of skin cells during B16/F10 melanoma growth in mice with chronic neurogenic pain. Materials and methods. The study included female С57ВL/6 mice ( n = 28). Experimental groups included an intact group, a control group – chronic neurogenic pain model, a comparison group – standard subcutaneous transplantation of В16/F10 melanoma, and a main group – transplantation of В16/F10 melanoma 3 weeks after creation of a model of chronic neurogenic pain. Animals were decapitated on day 14 of the В16/F10 melanoma growth, the skin was excised and mitochondria were isolated . Standard ELISA test systems were used to determine the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) (Bio Source, USA) ; glutathione peroxidase-4 ( GPx 4) (Clod-Clon Corporation, CNDR); glutathione reductase (GR) (Cusabio, CNDR); glutathione S-transferase (G-S-T) (Ivvundiagnostik, Germany); glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx 1), and superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) (Ab Frontier, South Korea). Results . Mitochondria of skin cells in controls showed an increase in the levels of GSH by 1.3 times, GPx 1 – by 2.9 times, GPx 4 – by 1.9 times, GR – by 2.8 times, and SOD-2 – by 2.4 times, compared to intact animals. Changes in the comparison group were opposite: GPx 1 decreased by 1.9 times, GPx 4 – by 3.7 times, GR – by 3.9 times, SOD-2 – by 3.8 times, and GSSG rose by 1.36 times compared to intact animals. The growth of melanoma with chronic neurogenic pain caused an increase in the levels of GSH by 1.5 times, GPx 1 – by 3.6 times, G-S-T – by 1.28 times, GPx 4 – by 1.6 times, and SOD-2 – by 1.8 times, compared to intact animals. Conclusions . The growth of В16/F10 melanoma together with chronic neurogenic pain restructures the antioxidant system of skin mitochondria towards generation of reductive stress under the influence of chronic pain, which can affect the growth and development of experimental melanoma.

The functionality of embedded systems is ever growing. The computational power of embedded systems is growing to match this demand, with embedded multiprocessor systems becoming more common. The limitations of embedded systems are not always related to chip size but are commonly due to energy and/or power constraints. While it can be possible to embed a more powerful Multiprocessor System on Chip (MPSoC), it is not always possible to provide an energy or power supply that meets its demands within the device’s size and weight requirements. Power management through Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) enables the device to be run at less than its maximum voltage and frequency, allowing high computational capability when necessary while conserving power at other times. Embedded systems commonly perform real-time functionality. A real-time application has an associated formal model to verify that it meets its timing requirements. This formal model is used to perform a worst-case timing analysis to ensure that the application meets its requirements. These models incorporate the worst-case timing of the application’s computation and communication. Timing changes due to power management must also be taken into account, complicating the verification process. The drive for evermore functionality has led to mixed time-criticality systems, in which multiple applications of various timing criticalities share the same (hardware) resources. This complicates the verification process further as the timing interference due to shared resource contention must be taken into account. A monolithic verification effort is therefore traditionally required after system integration and must be carried out again if any modifications are made that affect the timing of any of the applications. The problem that we aim to solve in this work is to enable real-time applications to perform independent execution and power management without violating their timing requirements or invalidating the timing verification of concurrently executing applications. To solve this problem, we contribute the Composable and Predictable Microkernel (CoMik) to composably and predictably virtualise processors. When used in combination with composable and predictable memory controllers and interconnect (as provided by the Composable and Predictable System-on-Chip (CompSOC) platform), these virtual processors cannot interfere with each other’s timing by even a single cycle. If whatever executes on the virtual processors (e.g. an Operating System (OS) or an application directly) has a real-time requirement, it can be verified independently of whatever executes on the concurrent virtual processors and other virtual resources. To enable formally analysable application execution, we contribute the Predictable Operating System (POSe) that enables dataflow applications to be executed on the (virtualised) processor. We contribute a combined application and platform dataflow graph, including an algorithm to automate this process. When annotated with worst-case timings, the combined application and system graph is then used to verify that the application meets its timing requirement. If the application’s performance is better than its requirement (e.g. when the input or platform behaviour are better than worst case), its performance can be reduced using DVFS to achieve a reduction in power consumption. We contribute an off-line convex optimisation that uses the combined application and platform dataflow model to derive static run-time operating frequency levels to achieve low power consumption. The off-line technique is able to exploit static slack in the schedule, but not dynamic run-time slack due to variations in task execution times. Before dynamic slack can be used it must be possible to observe it. For this purpose, CoMik provides independent power, energy and timing accounting per virtual processor. This enables each virtual processor to be assigned individual power and energy budgets and POSe applications to be assigned timing budgets. We contribute a description and model of how energy and power budgets can be distributed between multiple virtual processors, enabling whatever executes on the virtual processor to perform composable independent power-management without affecting the ability of other virtual processors from using their entire budget allocation. Using CoMik’s accounting infrastructure, we also demonstrate how the quality of applications can be dynamically scaled to assist meeting timing, energy or power requirements. We further contribute a distributed dynamic power management policy that enables dataflow applications that are mapped onto multiple (virtual) processors to make distributed dynamic slack observations and local power-management decisions. We demonstrate the applicability of the presented techniques on an implemented Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) prototype of a CompSOC hardware platform instance, using an H.263 decoder as a case-study application. We show that our techniques do not only work in theory, but that they are also implementable and implemented.

Manipulation of the catalyst surface coverage for improved conversion and selectivity substantially requires more frequent flow reversals than the classical reverse flow operation for energy saving does (Chapter 1). 2.A reverse flow reactor should be operated at comparable switching time and residence time in order to manipulate the reactor's selectivity (Chapter 3).3. The concept of reverse flow operation with concentration programming provides an engineering tool to control conversion and selectivity, with three benefits: ammonia feedstock savings, increased ammonia conversion, and increased selectivity to NO; a drawback is the decrease of production rate (Chapter 4).4. The concept of reverse flow operation with reactor side feeding shows a fourfold superior performance: higher conversion of ammonia, higher selectivity to NO, no dead gas volume, and high production rate (Chapter 5).5. Intensification of a university study program must assure that the students' residence time distribution for completing their study follows a plug flow model.6.The concept of periodic reactor operation is natural.7. So called relaxation oscillation occurs when the cycling time period is much less than the system's time constant.However, this is not the case during reverse flow operation when operating the reactor at extremely short cycling time.8. The porosity of a fixed bed can be determined elegantly by a combination of reverse flow operation and cycling of the feed concentration.9. Joint bachelor-master-doctor programs improve the selectivity to master and doctor degrees as well as the productivity of a university.10. Assalamu'alaikum is a time-independent greeting.

Memory for Time Heather Van Volkinburg Research on the perception of time has focused on isolating an internal time keeping mechanism. This focus has caused research in this domain to stay focused on perceptual mechanisms. However, information that has been perceived must also be stored into memory. The dominant model of time perception, SET, specifies a clock stage, a memory stage, and a decision stage (Gibbon, 1977), but there has been comparatively more research focusing on the internal clock than on memory mechanisms. This dissertation focuses on the memory for time by incorporating manipulations used in non-temporal memory research into timing tasks. Chapter 1 targets working memory for time and shows that brief delays between learning and recall cause temporal estimates to lengthen. Chapter 2 targets retention and storage of multiple time intervals over a delay of a few minutes and shows that the estimates of target times learned together will migrate towards each other in memory. We also showed that scalar variability arises at retrieval. Chapter 3 attempts to reconfigure a categorization task to target implicit memory for time. Overall, the research demonstrates that exploring memory mechanisms for time will increase our understanding of time perception and provide us with information that focusing on the internal

We introduce a new formalism called automata over a timed domain which provides an adequate framework for the determinization of timed systems. In this formalism, determinization w.r.t. timed language is always possible at the cost of changing the timed domain. We give a condition for determinizability of automata over a timed domain without changing the timed domain, which allows us to recover several known determinizable classes of timed systems, such as strongly-non-zeno timed automata, integer-reset timed automata, perturbed timed automata, etc. Moreover in the case of timed automata this condition encompasses most determinizability conditions from the literature.

We are familiar with the concept of time: past, present, and future. We make many inferences about time. It might seem simple, but if we start thinking about time, we can get very confused. ‘The future and the past: is time real?’ examines time in relation to logic. One particularly puzzling thing is: time seems to flow. How can time change? Time measures the rate at which everything else changes. This problem is central to several interesting time conundrums. Every situation comes with an associated collection of earlier and later situations. Where does space come into thoughts about time? Space does not flow in the same way that time does.