A 3D based user interface for information retrieval systems

Most books on information-seeking neglect the human side to focus solely on the technical aspects of retrieval systems. This book is the first to provide an information science perspective on information retrieval, with a focus on user behavior and needs. Beginning with the history of information retrieval, coverage goes on to consider behavioral models and interactive techniques as well as the design, implementation and evaluation of information retrieval interfaces. This comprehensive book will be the go-to for LIS students and professionals hoping to better appreciate and utilize information retrieval systems, theories, and practices. Contents Interactive information retrieval : history and background / Colleen Cool and Nicholas J. Belkin Information behavior and seeking / Peiling Wang Task-based information searching and retrieval / Elaine G. Toms Approaches to investigating information interaction and behaviour / Raya Fidel Information representation / Mark D. Smucker Access models / Edie Rasmussen Evaluation / Kalervo Jarvelin Interfaces for information retrieval / Max Wilson Interactive techniques / Ryen W. White Web retrieval, ranking and personalization / Jaime Teevan and Susan Dumais Recommendation, collaboration and social search / David M. Nichols and Michael B. Twidale Multimedia : behaviour, interfaces and interaction / Haiming Liu, Suzanne Little and Stefan Ruger Multimedia : information representation and access / Suzanne Little, Evan Brown and Stefan Ruger

Humans have used electronic information retrieval (IR) systems for more than 50 years as they evolved from experimental systems to full-scale Web search engines and digital libraries. The fields of library and information science (LIS), cognitive science, human factors and computer science have historically been the leading disciplines in conducting research that seeks to model human interaction with IR systems for all kinds of information related behaviors. As technology problems have been mastered, the theoretical and applied framework for studying human interaction with IR systems has evolved from systems-centered to more user-centered, or cognitive-centered approaches. However, cognitive information retrieval (CIR) research that focuses on user interaction with IR systems is still largely under-funded and is often not included at computing and systems design oriented conferences. But CIR-focused research continues, and there are signs that some IR systems designers in academia and the Web search business are realizing that user behavior research can provide valuable insights into systems design and evaluation. The goal of our book is to provide an overview of new CIR research directions. This book does not provide a history of the research field of CIR. Instead, the book confronts new ways of looking at the human information condition with regard to our increasing need to interact with IR systems. The need has grown due to a number of factors, including the increased importance of information to more people in this information age. Also, IR was once considered document-oriented, but has now evolved to include multimedia, text, and other information objects. As a result, IR systems and their complexity have proliferated as users and user purposes for using them have also proliferated. Human interaction with IR systems can often be frustrating as people often lack an understanding of IR system functionality. New more holistic directions in CIR are emerging that conceptualize human-IR system interaction at the human-computer interaction level (taking into account interface issues), the information behavior level (taking into account the role of IR system interaction in the total range of people’s information behaviors), and the

A man uses primarily a natural language in the information space, but not only. There are also information retrieval languages (indexing languages) of quite unsure future, mainly because of the current, increasingly common tendencies to retrieve information in the indexing systems with natural languages. The object of my paper is a natural language in information retrieval. Information retrieval is one of the basic functions of a natural language processing. This paper is intended to offer an answer to the question about the status of advancement and prospects of further works on the use of natural languages in the information retrieval process applied in indexing and retrieval systems, including the Internet, based on the existing literature. My answer to that question may become a starting point for further considerations on a broader inclusion of Polish information scientists in the course of general research and application studies.

Information Retrieval (IR) systems aim to retrieve data that satisfies certain requirements and constitute an important service in many types of networks, including Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTNs). In current DTN based IR systems, the data that satisfies a query is assumed to be stored on a single node. Therefore, once a node receives a query in which it has the corresponding data, the query can be resolved completely. However, in scenarios where a query requires data from multiple nodes, these IR systems may fail. Henceforth, in this paper, we propose Distributed Data-Centric Information Retrieval (DDC-IR), a data centric IR system that supports all query types; e.g., continuous and complex. More importantly, it is designed specifically to operate in DTNs. It also incorporates a new packet, aka Query Reply Packet, that includes both a query and one or more replies. We show how this packet facilitates efficient query resolution and enables data centric routing. In addition, it uses caching so that nodes store popular queries that has the effect of speeding up query resolution. We have conducted an extensive simulation study to compare DDC-IR to state of the art IR systems using the popular Random Waypoint model and a trace-file containing student movements on a campus. The results show that DDC-IR is able to resolve 50 % more queries and has an 80 % lower buffer occupancy level than existing IR systems. We also tested DDC-IR in networks with varying sizes. For networks with 100 nodes, DDC-IR is able to resolve queries while current IR systems fail to resolve any queries. In particular, when the number of nodes increases, current IR systems fail to resolve any queries, whilst DDC-IR is able to resolve complex and continuous queries. The influence of the number of sub-queries on query resolution time is also studied. Specifically, when the number of sub-queries in a complex query increases from five to nine, DDC-IR uses 50 % more time to resolve a query. In comparison, prior IR systems fail to resolve any queries.

Existing technologies in home and building automation system interface offer extensive possibilities to improve the individual life. However, especially seniors have large problems with the usually technology-centered user interfaces and avoid the technology. Instead, they are used to speech, which leaves speech-recognition and -synthesis suitable technologies for barrier-free interfaces. However, speech-based user interfaces require a large effort for adaptation, from the design of the user and system interfaces, to the adequate installation of devices. This paper introduces an approach to reduce this effort by a generative programming approach of the user and system interface.

This chapter will show you how to use and specialise UML diagrams for describing the user interfaces of a software system. In order to accomplish the description of user interfaces, the proposed technique considers three specialised UML diagrams called user-interaction, user-interface, and GUI-class diagrams, which will be built following a model-driven development (MDD) perspective. These diagrams can be seen as the UML-based UI models of the system. In addition, this chapter is concerned with code-generation to implement the user interfaces of the system by using GUI-class diagrams and user-interaction diagrams. A case study of an Internet book shopping system is introduced in this chapter to proof and illustrate the proposed user interaction and interface design technique.

This study aims to design, build, and implement a decision support system for selecting Elementary School recipients of face-to-face learning facilities and infrastructure in the New Normal Era with the Weighted Product (WP) method in Jiwan District, Madiun Regency, East Java. The data used is secondary data in the form of public data obtained from the site http://school.data.kemdikbud.go.id/. and the number of elementary school data obtained with the boundaries of Jiwan District, Madiun Regency, amounted to 23 schools. At the stage of designing the system for this research, it is divided into three parts, namely the UML System, User Interface System and Database with ERD. The research findings show that the decision support system for selecting primary schools that receive face-to-face learning facilities and infrastructure in the New Normal Era with the WP method has several user interfaces, namely (1) User interface Login is used for security features of the Elementary School election system. (2) The Home Page user interface contains facilities for criteria data management, criteria weight data management, alternative data management, SPK value data management, user data management, and logout. (3) Criteria Data User Interface can perform criteria data management by adding and saving, changing, and deleting criteria data. (4) The Criteria Weighting Data User Interface can fill in the value of the weight of each criterion. (5) Alternative Data User Interface can add and save, change, and delete alternative data. (6) The Value Data User Interface can view and save by adding values to each alternative according to the criteria. (7) The DSS Management User Interface can make decisions by calculating the weight correction, calculating the S vector value, and calculating the V vector value. (8) User Interface Viewing Results can see the results of decision making after calculating the SPK. (9) User Management Interface Users can add, edit, and delete data from users containing usernames and passwords. Then by using the 57 item test scenarios of the blackbox method, the decision support system that was built had 100% success according to the expectations of the test scenario.

User interface based on natural interaction design for seniors

At the time of this paper, the advances in light field technology already offer 3D displays that immerse the users without the need for additional viewing devices. Despite the numerous advantages and attractive capabilities of such glasses-free 3D displays, their user interface methods are quite complicated and they are currently underwhelming when compared to conventional 2D displays, due to the fact that visual feedback can only be rendered sharply on the emission surface of light field displays. The sharp rendering of user interfaces is a necessity, as blur may hinder their fundamental functions. When it comes to 2D displays, many user interaction techniques and interfaces have been devised. Rendering a user interface on a 2D display could be done in various ways, such as rendering overlays on top of the rendered scene, or by using billboards. These are extensively used in modern video games. User interaction methods have proven their importance and added efficiency to virtual environments throughout the years. Due to their overall value and usefulness, interaction techniques develop immediately as new types of displays arise. With the recent advancements in visualization technologies, user interfaces have been redesigned for use in AR, VR and MR visualization. This includes on-screen augmentation, which enables interaction with visual content on the screen. Although light field displays contain immense potentials, only basic user interfaces have been devised thus far, including FOX (Focus Sliding surface), which grants users the option to scale and to rotate 3D objects. In this paper, we visualize the theater model on real light field displays and we test the different interactions by means of a monitor room. The theatre model is analogous to real-life theatres, where viewers may observe the theatrical presentation on the stage from various angles. The motivation to choose the theater model was the fact that light field visualization similarly allows multiple simultaneous viewers within its field of view, in which the content can be observed in an angle- dependent manner. Moreover, from the users’ perspective, the theater model is thus familiar and it provides high-quality visual feedback. Furthermore, theater stages encompass a lot of interactions, including rigging and flying systems, pulleys, rotating stages, lights, curtains etc. In order to test the different interaction methods on light field displays, a theater model depicting the virtual environment was implemented. Methods for rendering the monitor room and the results of the interactions are discussed in the paper, illustrated by images of the actual visualization on light field displays. It is shown that producing plausible results with no noticeable visual artifacts is challenging, yet possible. The scientific contributions of the paper also highlight the various novel user interfaces for future light field systems and services.

F. Wilfrid Lancaster has earned a reputation for greatness in the evaluation of information storage and retrieval systems. Many of his extensive contributions stem from his early experience with the National Library of Medicine (NLM) MEDLARS system. His evaluation of the MEDLARS Demand Search Service in 1966 and 1967 was an important landmark as one of the earliest evaluations of a computer-based retrieval system and as the first application of re-call and precision measures in a large, operational database setting. In 1971, his evaluation of the MEDLARS AIM-TWX system was an important study of early online systems and their direct use by end users. This paper summarizes Lancaster’s two major evaluations of the MEDLARS system, including the information environment at the time and their impact in the field of information science. Examples of Lancaster’s other evaluation work with information retrieval systems are provided, followed by discussion of the textbooks that grew out of his evaluation experience and expertise. The article closes with comments from current and former NLM staff regarding Lancaster’s time at NLM or his influence on their own career.

Purpose – People often engage in different information-seeking strategies (ISSs) within a single information-seeking episode. A critical concern for the design of information retrieval (IR) systems is how to provide support for these different behaviors in a manner which searchers can easily understand, navigate and use, as they move from one ISS to another. The purpose of this paper is to describe a dialogue structure that was implemented in an experimental IR system, in order to address this concern. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted a user-centered experiment to evaluate the IR systems. Participants were asked to search for information on two different task types, with four different topics per task, in both the experimental system and a baseline system emulating state-of-the-art IR systems. The authors report here the results related explicitly to the use of the experimental system's dialogue structure. Findings – For one of the task types, most participants followed the search steps as predicted in the dialogue structures, and those who did so completed the task in fewer moves. For the other task type, predicted order of moves was often not followed, but participants again used fewer moves when following the predicted order. Results demonstrate that the dialogue structures the authors designed indeed support effective human information behavior patterns in a variety of ways, and that searchers can effectively use a system which changes to support different ISSs. Originality/value – This study shows that it is both possible and beneficial, to design an IR system which can support multiple ISSs, and that such a system can be understood and used successfully.

Intuitive and efficient interaction techniques are a fundamental component of most visualization tools. The integration of interaction techniques into visual representations (and automatic analysis methods in visual analytics) supports the human-information discourse and can be realized in various ways. But we also have to take care that our interaction and visual representation techniques are validated in order to get a clear understanding of their efficiency and usability. In this talk, I will explore current and identify future trends in the development of novel interaction and evaluation techniques for information visualization and related fields. Here, I especially want to highlight recent findings in the use of brain-computer interfaces to adapt and evaluate visualizations.

Information search and retrieval interactions usually involve information content in the form of document collections, information retrieval systems and interfaces, and the user. To fully understand information search and retrieval interactions between users' cognitive space and the information space, researchers need to turn to cognitive models and theories. In this article, the authors use one of these theories, the basic level theory. Use of the basic level theory to understand human categorization is both appropriate and essential to user‐centered design of taxonomies, ontologies, browsing interfaces, and other indexing tools and systems. Analyses of data from two studies involving free sorting by 105 participants of 100 images were conducted. The types of categories formed and category labels were examined. Results of the analyses indicate that image category labels generally belong to superordinate to the basic level, and are generic and interpretive. Implications for research on theories of cognition and categorization, and design of image indexing, retrieval and browsing systems are discussed.

The region-based approach has become a popular research trend in the field of multimedia database retrieval. We present the Region Frequency and Inverse Picture Frequency (RF/sup */IPF) weighting, a measure developed to unify region-based multimedia retrieval systems with text-based information retrieval systems. The weighting measure gives the highest weight to regions that occur often in a small number of images in the database. These regions are considered discriminators. With this weighting measure, we can blend image retrieval techniques with TF/sup */IDF-based text retrieval techniques for large-scale Web applications. The RF/sup */IPF weighting has been implemented as a part of our experimental SIMPLIcity image retrieval system and tested on a database of about 200000 general-purpose images. Experiments have shown that this technique is effective in discriminating images of different semantics. Additionally, the overall similarity approach enables a simple querying interface for multimedia information retrieval systems.

This paper reports a study designed to investigate the requirements of a user interface for a content-based image retrieval system, and presents the preliminary results of an inquiry into the usability of the query by visual example paradigm. Twenty eight evaluation sessions were conducted to test the usability of two user interfaces. The study was segmented by image type, user group and use function. Usability was measured using a combination of both objective and subjective measuring instruments: benchmark tasks, critical incidents, and the Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction (QUIS). Preliminary findings suggest that both user interfaces had an overall positive usability score, although there were a number of areas that would improve the overall score. The results also indicate that the efficacy of some currently used features are questionable.