A battery chemistry-adaptive fuel gauge using probabilistic data association

The Iterated Closest Contour Point (ICCP) algorithm is widely used in geomagnetic navigation. In order to enhance the anti-interference performance of the ICCP, an improved algorithm is proposed. First, the principle of delta modulation is introduced to generate a geomagnetic matching sequence according to the magnetic fluctuations, this assists finding the optimal quantitative step and matching length; thus, the algorithm's accuracy and real-time performance are improved. Second, in order to solve the problem of geomagnetic matching under an interference environment, a Probability Data Association (PDA) algorithm based on regenerated measurements is adopted. The ideal magnetic value is regarded as a target, and the measured values within the confidence region are taken as the effective measurements of the target. Each of them will give an estimation of the vehicle's position. Considering the constraints of a vehicle's kinematic performance, its final position can be obtained by fusing all effective estimations with the PDA algorithm. Simulation and semi-physical experiments have verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The Regenerated Measurements (RM)-PDA algorithm shows better performance and can be used in practical applications.

The data fusion can come down to a process that combines the state vectors from different sources to obtain a more accurate result. Compare to the achieved results that depend on single source, the method has gained an improved performance and reduced the computational complexity and bandwidth of transmission as well. This paper makes use of Probabilistic Data Association (PDA) algorithm and Joint Probabilistic Data Association (JPDA) algorithm to track the Multi-target for each local sensor in a clutter environment. Furthermore, a method based on statistical double-threshold association algorithm and covariance-weighted fusion algorithm is proposed in this paper. Meanwhile, the simulation result shows that the performance has been improved significantly in multi-sensor and multi-target tracking progress with the proposed method in the paper.

As one of the core technologies of the Internet of Things, wireless sensor network technology is widely used in indoor localization systems. Considering that sensors can be deployed to non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments to collect information, wireless sensor network technology is used to locate positions in complex NLOS environments to meet the growing positioning needs of people. In this paper, we propose a novel time of arrival (TOA)-based localization scheme. We regard the line-of-sight (LOS) environment and non-line-of-sight environment in wireless positioning as a Markov process with two interactive models. In the NLOS model, we propose a modified probabilistic data association (MPDA) algorithm to reduce the NLOS errors in position estimation. After the NLOS recognition, if the number of correct positions is zero continuously, it will lead to inaccurate localization. In this paper, the NLOS tracer method is proposed to solve this problem to improve the robustness of the probabilistic data association algorithm. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can mitigate the influence of NLOS errors and achieve a higher localization accuracy when compared with the existing methods.

We address the severe interference condition with unity frequency re-use factor in each cell and propose a novel distributed receiver for reliable detection of the uncoded data transmitted in multi-user multi-cell multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) systems. The new algorithm employs distributed probabilistic data association (PDA) with turbo base-station (BS) cooperations (PDA-TB). From a Bayesian point of view, we modify the original complex PDA detector to incorporate the a priori probability, which makes the complex PDA detector applicable to turbo processing: the soft information is extracted using PDA algorithm at local BS and then used as the a priori probability for further detection at neighboring BSs. Final soft decision is made after the algorithm converges. In this way, the benefit of macro-diversity is achieved and the inter-cell interferences are mitigated. In heavy interference condition, the proposed algorithm outperforms the distributed PDA aided soft combining (PDA-SC) and achieves the near optimal performance. Meanwhile, low complexity is maintained due to the rapid convergence.

A new approach for multitarget detection and tracking with Doppler ambiguity is presented. Ambiguous Doppler measurements, in addition to the position measurements, are directly used in data association and tracking. Based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), the multiple hypothesis tracking (MHT) algorithm and the probabilistic data association (PDA) algorithm, three different methods for solving the ambiguity, independent of the choice of particular pulse repetition frequency (PRF) values, in the tracking level are proposed. First, the UKF is modified to handle explicitly the ambiguous Doppler measurement. It is shown that the modified UKF can achieve better tracking performance than the standard UKF. On the other hand, the MHT and PDA algorithms, both of which are usually used to solve the measurement-to-track association problem, are modified here to handle the Doppler ambiguity problem. Simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new algorithms.

Given the increased dependence on battery-powered devices, it is necessary to develop new and robust methods to evaluate and predict battery performance and state of charge. Batteries, including Li-Ion batteries, are unsteady state systems and a need exists to evaluate performance under constant state of charge (SOC). The purpose of this work was to develop pulse polarization curves (PPC) for a Li-Ion battery under constant SOC in order to identify individual overvoltages, such as charge transfer kinetics and mass transport, and their SOC dependence. Consequently, we elected to conduct pulse discharges at various duration and discharge current densities, under well maintained SOCs. Based on the results we were able to construct pulse polarization curves for constant SOCs of 10, 40 and 70% at various pulse durations of 2, 10 and 30 seconds. The experimentally obtained pulse polarizations suggest that the kinetic overpotential is captured in the 2 second pulse, while electrolyte Li+ concentration and Li solid state diffusion gradients are established in the 10 and 30 second pulse times, respectively. This allowed us to identify the individual overvoltages experimentally. An important consideration was that as the battery's SOC changes, the open circuit voltage (OCV) also changes. Therefore, the pulse discharge method we used needed to end at the same SOC in all cases to enable the construction of a PPC with the same OCV. To ensure that this method applied to various sizes and chemistries of batteries reliably, we ran pulse discharge experiments on a high Amp hour (15 Ah) large Li-Ion pouch battery (power) that used a NMC LMO cathode, as well as on a low Amp hour (0.04 Ah) small electrode coin battery (energy) with a CoO2 cathode. In a subsequent paper we employed the Newman method to model the pulse discharges, allowing prediction of the performance of Li-Ion batteries and constructing their PPCs under constant SOC.

The paper presents an analysis of a dual Kalman filter-based estimator of Li-Ion battery equivalent circuit model (ECM) states and parameters, which include state of charge (SoC), internal resistances and open-circuit voltage (OCV) vs. SoC curve parameters. Different estimator structures are analyzed in order to identify the causes and magnitudes of related estimation errors. First, a standard dual estimator relying on known, invariant OCV vs. SoC characteristic is analyzed. The OCV vs. SoC characteristic is then modeled using a parametric model whose parameters are identified off-line in one case and estimated in the other. Next, the ECM is modified to include the OCV hysteresis effect, while the estimator is upgraded with an adaptation mechanism to capture the hysteresis effect without compromising the overall estimation accuracy. Finally, the estimator sensitivity with respect to inaccurate parameterization of the polarization capacitance/time constant is analyzed and compared with the sensitivity to OCV modeling errors.

A single-sensor, single-target mixture reduction (MR) data association algorithm is extended for use in multisensor, multitarget tracking situations. MR is extended for tracking an arbitrary number of targets using an arbitrary number of sensors under the assumption that the sensor measurement errors are independent across sensors. Like the single-sensor, single-target MR algorithm, which gives better performance than the probabilistic data association (PDA) filter, the multisensor, multitarget MR extensions give similar improvements in performance compared to the joint PDA (JPDA) and multisensor JPDA (MSJPDA) algorithms. Further, in the formulations for the multisensor and multitarget MR algorithms, the equations for the calculation of the data association probabilities have been put in the same form as for the JPDA, thus allowing previously developed fast JPDA computational techniques to be applicable. N the problem of tracking targets in random clutter, the optimal Bayesian solution leads to Gaussian mixture distributions that consist of an exponentially increasing number of components.1 In practice, the number of components in each mixture is kept in check by approximating it with fewer components. The nearest neighbor (NN) approximation reduces each target's mixture to its largest component.13 The joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) approximation merges the components of each target's mixture into a single Gaussian component.1'4 However, when there are several significant, well-spaced components in the original mixture, important information may be lost by using the NN or JPDA methods. A more flexible approximation method for single-sensor, single-target tracking, known as mixture reduction (MR), has been proposed by Salmond.5 This MR algorithm preserves the mean and covariance of the original mixture of components, successively merging components until the number of components is reduced to some userspecified limit. In this paper, we first review Salmond's MR algorithm for single-sensor tracking of a single target in clutter. We then derive extensions to Salmond's MR algorithm for use in tracking multiple targets and when there are measurements available from multiple sensors. Just as the single-sensor, single-target MR algorithm gives better performance5 than the probabilistic data association (PDA) filter, the multisensor, multitarget MR extensions are shown to give similar improvements in performance as compared to the JPDA and multisensor JPDA (MSJPDA)6 algorithms. Extension of the MR algorithm for tracking of multiple targets is necessary for use in realistic tracking scenarios where there are usually many targets that need to be tracked. Moreover, many current tracking systems have been designed with multiple sensors, thus requiring the further extension to a multisensor algorithm. The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II, the target dynamics and measurement equations are defined. We review the singlesensor, single-target MR algorithm5 in Sec. Ill, and we extend the algorithm to the multitarget and multisensor cases in Sec. IV and V, respectively. In Sec. VI, simulation results evaluating the performances of the MR extensions are presented. Finally, concluding remarks are given in Sec. VII.

Recent developments in Deep Learning have revitalized previous work in emulating acoustic propagation using Neural Networks. This paper will present results incorporating a Neural Network (NN) acoustic emulator into a PDAFAI tracking algorithm. The NN is used to improve SNR estimates for contacts in a multiple target tracking algorithm. Due to the computationally efficiency of a NN, this can happen in real time. This paper presents comparative results for real data using a probabilistic data association (PDA) algorithm and PDA with amplitude information (PDAFAI).

To improve the accuracy of multiple target tracking in the clutter environment, a new joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) algorithm based on variational Bayesian adaptive moment estimation is proposed. First, considering the existence of measurements, the posterior distribution of the target state in JPDA is composed of two parts of probability weighting, that is, the posterior distribution of the target state that the real measurement exists in the association gate and the posterior distribution of the target state that the real measurement does not exist in the association gate. By combining the conjugate properties of the prior and posterior distributions, the prior distributions of the target state in the two cases are classified to provide more accurate a priori information to filter, so as to improve the accuracy of data association. Second, considering the coupling effect between state estimation and data association process, combined with variational Bayesian inference, the problem of minimizing Kullback–Leibler divergence is transformed into the problem of maximizing the evidence lower bound, thereby effectively measuring the distance between the posterior distribution of target state estimation and the real posterior distribution, so as to improve the accuracy of data association again from the perspective of optimizing nonlinear filter. Finally, the adaptive momentum estimation strategy is introduced to iteratively solve the variable distribution that meets the maximization of the evidence lower bound, and the optimization of the posterior distribution of the target state is completed. Theoretical derivation and simulation experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm.

Algorithms are presented for managing sensor information to reduce the effects of bias when tracking interacting targets. When targets are close enough together that their measurement validation gates overlap, the measurement from one target can be confused with another. Data association algorithms such as the joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) algorithm can effectively continue to track targets under these conditions, but the target estimates may become biased. A modification of the covariance control approach for sensor management can reduce this effect. Sensors are chosen based on their ability to reduce the extent of measurement gate overlap as judged by a set of heuristic parameters derived in this work. Monte Carlo simulation results show that these are effective methods of reducing target estimate bias in the JPDA algorithm when targets are close together. An analysis of the computational demands of these algorithms shows that while they are computationally demanding, they are not prohibitively so.

This paper presents sensor and data rate control algorithms for tracking maneuvering targets. The manuevering target is modeled as a jump Markov linear system. We present novel extensions of the Interacting Multiple Model (IMM), Particle filter tracker, and Probabilistic Data Association (PDA) algorithms to handle sensor and data rate control. Numerical studies illustrate the performance of these sensor and data rate control algorithms.

Under the condition of low data-rate measurement, it tends to mistrack or lose the target of high maneuvering targets by using the traditional single model tracking algorithm. This paper proposes a tracking method using Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) algorithm combined with Probabilistic Data Association (PDA) algorithm to solve the problem. Several measurement filtering thresholds are tuned to improve the accuracy of track association. Experiments show that this method achieves good tracking results.

Explicit and tractable characterizations of the dynamical behavior of virus particles are pivotal for a thorough understanding of the infection mechanisms of viruses. This thesis deals with the problem of extracting symbolic representations of the dynamical behavior of fluorescent particles from fluorescence microscopy image sequences. The focus is on the behavior of virus particles such as fusion with the cell membrane. A numerical representation is obtained by tracking the particles in the image sequences. We have investigated probabilistic tracking approaches, including approaches based on the Kalman filter as well as based on particle filters. For reasons of efficiency and robustness, we developed a tracking approach based on the probabilistic data association (PDA) algorithm in combination with an ellipsoidal sampling scheme that exploits effectively the image data via parametric appearance models. To track objects in close proximity, we compute the support that each image position provides to each tracked object relative to the support provided to the object's neighbors. After tracking, the problem of mapping the trajectory information computed by the tracking approaches to symbolic representations of the behavior arises. To compute symbolic representations of behaviors related to the fusion of single virus particles with the cell membrane based on their intensity over time, we developed a layered probabilistic approach based on stochastic hybrid systems as well as hidden Markov models (HMMs). We use a maxbelief strategy to efficiently combine both representations. The layered approach describes the intensity, intensity models, and behaviors of single virus particles. We introduce models for the evolution of the intensity and the behavior. To compute estimates for the intensity, intensity models, and behaviors we use a hybrid particle filter and the Viterbi algorithm. The developed approaches have been applied to synthetic images as well as to real microscopy image sequences displaying human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) particles. We have performed an extensive quantitative evaluation of the performance and a comparison with several existing approaches. It turned out that our approaches outperform previous ones, thus yielding more accurate and more reliable information about the behavior of virus particles. Moreover, we have successfully applied our tracking approaches to 3D image sequences displaying herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication compartments. We also applied the tracking approaches to image data displaying microtubule tips and analyzed their motion. In addition, our tracking approaches were successfully applied to the 2D and 3D image data of a Particle Tracking Challenge.

Battery Monitoring is very important for most of the electric vehicle(EV) and battery energy storage system (BESS) since the safety, operation and even the life of the passenger/operator depends on the battery system. Checking and controlling the status of battery within their specified safe operating conditions is exactly the major function of battery management system (BMS). The state of charge (SOC) is a critical parameter of a Li-ion battery, an accurate on-line estimation of the SOC is important for forecasting the EV driving range and BESS power dispatching. A widely used method to estimate SOC is based on coulomb counting, due to the uncertainty, including unit-to-unit variation, measurement noise, operational uncertainties, and model inaccuracy, it's difficult to estimate the SOC by using coulomb counting, an online inference of open-circuit voltage (OCV) is used to calibrate the SOC, however, a relatively flat OCV curve of LiFePO4 will lead to the error of SOC is large. In this paper, an algorithm using the derivation curve (dV/dQ vs Q) to calibrate the SOC on-line is bring out. The SOC estimation has been implemented using coulomb counting and derivation curve methods thereby eliminating the limitation of the stand-alone coulomb counting method. Finally, by utilizing the actual operation data, experiments and numerical table were conducted, show that this SOC calibrate algorithm based on characteristic curve has better robust performance of the practical application of LiFePO4 battery energy storage system.