A blind and robust watermarking scheme with scrambled watermark for video authentication

In this paper, a new robust and secure video watermarking scheme based on discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), and Laplacian pyramid is proposed for copyright protection applications. The main contributions of this work are: 1) Increasing watermark robustness towards common signal processing attacks by separating the watermark image into a high-frequency image and a low-frequency image using laplacian pyramid. Then, the singular values of each of the low-frequency watermark image and the high-frequency watermark image are hidden in two different DWT subbands of the original video frame. Separating the watermark and hiding its two parts in two different subbands of the DWT of the video frame makes it robust towards noise, filtering, and compression attacks. 2) Improving the quality of the extracted watermarks via correcting the received watermarked videos using SURF points when those videos are geometrically attacked, mainly by rotation, scaling, and shear attacks. 3) Increasing security and avoiding false positive problems (FPP) associated with SVD by using perceptual image hashing in the proposed scheme. Through experimental results and comparisons to other techniques, the proposed scheme has shown very high imperceptibility for the tested watermarked videos in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). Also, the proposed scheme has demonstrated high watermark robustness towards various types of attacks, and an improvement in the quality of the extracted watermarks from 4 to 20 dB compared to other techniques.

Together with the rapid growth of Internet service, copyright violation problems, such as unauthorized duplication and alteration of digital materials, have increased considerably (Langelaar et al., 2001). Therefore copyright protection over the digital materials is a very important issue that requires an urgent solution. The watermarking is considered as a viable technique to solve this problem. Until now, numerous watermarking algorithms have been proposed. Most of them are image watermarking algorithms and relatively few of them are related with video sequences. Although image watermarking algorithms can be used to protect the video signal, generally they are not efficient for this purpose, because image watermarking algorithms does not consider neither temporal redundancy of the video signal nor temporal attacks, which are efficient attacks against video watermarking (Swanson et al., 1998). Generally, in the watermarking schemes for copyright protection, the embedded watermark signal must be imperceptible and robust against common attacks, such as lossy compression, cropping, noise contamination and filtering (Wolfgang et al., 1999). In addition, video watermarking algorithms must satisfy the following requirements: a blind detection, high speed process and conservation of video file size. The blind detection means that the watermark detection process does not require original video sequence, and the temporal complexity of watermark detection must not affect video decoding time. Also the file size of video sequence must be similar, before and after watermarking. Due to the redundancy of the video sequence, some attacks such as frame dropping and frame averaging can effectively destroy the embedded watermark, without cause any degradation to the video signal. A design of an efficient video watermarking algorithm must consider this type of attacks (Wolfgang et al., 1999). Basically, video watermarking algorithms can be classified into three categories: watermarking in base band (Wolfgang et al., 1999; Hartung & Girod 1998; Swanson et al., 1998; Kong et al., 2006), watermarking during video coding process (Liu et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2003; Ueno 2004; Noorkami & Mersereau 2006) and watermarking in coded video sequence (Wang et al., 2004; Biswas et al., 2005; Langelaar & Lagendijk 2002). In the base band technique, the watermarking process is realized in uncompressed video stream, in which almost all image watermarking algorithms can be used, however generally computational complexity for watermark embedding and detection is considerably high for

Now a day's large amount of digital information such as video, audio or image is spread over the internet. So it should be a great challenge for all researchers to provide security to such a type of digital data. Also the piracy and copyright is emerging issue when digital information in the form of video, audio & image is transmitted over the transmission media. So to prevent the problem of piracy and security of digital data such as video, video watermarking techniques has been introduced. There are various watermarking schemes to give the security to videos but they were unable to provide the quality in terms of robustness and security. In this paper optimized and hybrid based robust digital video watermarking scheme has been proposed. The optimization is performed in the proposed system with the help of genetic algorithm. The quality of the proposed watermarking scheme is measured in terms of PSNR and NC values. The PSNR calculated using our approach is off 50.48 db which is far better than existing approaches.

Digital video contents now become easily available through internet and various medium. Easy availability made digital video more popular than analog media. And it attains a sharp attention regarding its ownership. The ownership integrity can be easily violated using different video editing software. In this regard we are proposing a chip level framework in accordance with our already proposed LSB framework for video that is able to embed a color watermark logo into the video frames of a video content. The quality of original video won't degrade, because in watermarked video, the color watermark is perceptually invisible to Human Visual System (HVS). As we are proposing blind extraction scheme, at the time of extraction prior knowledge of that watermark or the original video is not required. The security is also employed with a hash function and a secret key. If a forger tries to perform watermark extraction with an inappropriate key he'll get a video frame which resembles noise. We named our proposed chip informally as BLIND CHIP as we've used blind extraction method. The robustness of the proposed framework is also proven against different intentional attacks.

The rapid development of big data and cloud computing technologies greatly accelerate the spreading and utilization of images and videos. The copyright protection for images and videos is becoming increasingly serious. In this paper, we proposed the robust non-blind watermarking schemes in YCbCr color space based on channel coding. The source watermark image is encoded and singular value decomposed. Subsequently, the singular value matrixes are embedded into the Y, Cb, and Cr components of the host image after four-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The embedding factor for each component is calculated based on the just-noticeable distortion and the singular vectors of HL subband of DWT. The peak signal-to-noise ratio of the watermarked image and the normalized correlation coefficient of the extracted watermark are investigated. It is shown that the proposed channel coding-based schemes can achieve near exact watermark recovery against all kinds of attacks. Considering both robustness and transparency, the convolutional code-based additive embedding scheme is optimal, which can also achieve good performance for video watermarking after extension.

Security has gained a lot of importance with the rapid development of communication/storage technology. Protecting the data has become an important issue. In this paper a transmission system with enhanced security is proposed for the image information. Here, the secret image is encrypted and transmitted by using a combined technique that make use of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Visual Cryptography (VC) and Water marking. DWT is first used for the compression of the secret image. Visual cryptography encodes the compressed image into noise like shadow images known as shares. Shares are made invisible by digital watermarking, which provides additional security. By stacking the shares together, the secret image can be visually decoded. Different image types are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. Comparison with different values of scaling parameter M, which is used to decrease the size of image in the VC is also done. The results clearly indicate that the proposed scheme can send more data with less bandwidth more secretly.

The paper presents a novel video watermarking scheme called Mapping Energy video Watermarking (MEW) for copyright protection. The watermark is embedded in the compressed domain and extracted directly from the bitstream without original video. In the proposed scheme, we select a part of Integer DCT quantized coefficients to construct the embedded space and embed the watermark into it by using Energy Mapping Function (EMF). During the process of embedding, re-synchronization strategy and watermarking coding are used to guarantee the robustness of watermarking. The experimental results indicate that the scheme has strong robustness to the attacks such as re-encoding, frame dropping, frame rate changing and sharpening. The influence of the coding efficiency is almost unnoticeable. Besides, high watermark payload and low time complexity are advantages of the scheme.

The fast progress in digital techniques and internet utilization brought new problems viz. copyright protection and authentication of the multimedia data namely image, audio and video. The watermarking technique is widely used as a potential solution to address these issues by incorporating additional information called "watermark" into the data of multimedia. An optimal hybrid watermarking method is introduced by exploiting the properties of nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) for uncompressed videos in this paper. The proposed video watermarking algorithm is an additive and non-blind, which necessitates the presence of every frame of original video for watermark extraction / detection. In this approach, the original video frame and the watermark are decomposed simultaneously by nonsubsampled contourlet transform. The singular values of each frame of original video are altered with that of singular values of corresponding watermark with appropriate scaling factor. Here, different watermarks are incorporated in different scenes of original video to enhance the robustness for attacks. Experimental results show that the combination of NSCT-SVD based hybrid watermarking algorithms exhibit a better imperceptibility and robustness to various attacks, namely, rotation, cropping, color to gray scale conversion, salt and pepper noise, and frame dropping. The performance of this method is examined with the existing watermarking methods, and observed a better performance in quality of video frame and robustness to various attacks.

In this paper we propose a watermarking scheme to ensure copyright protection in video distribution systems. This research is focused on provide a low computational cost solution that allows embedding a robust and imperceptible watermarking signal in the video content, such that the original video transmission rate will not be affected. Our proposal accomplishes this challenge by introducing a fast and effective method based on spatio-temporal Human Visual System properties that allow improving imperceptibility along video sequence and at the same time, enhancing robustness. Extensive experiments were performed to prove that the proposed algorithm satisfies quickness, invisibility and robustness against several real-world video processing issues. The proposed scheme has the advantages of robustness, simplicity and flexibility, allowing it to be considered a good solution in practical situations since it can be adapted to different video distribution systems.

The present paper focuses on the measurement of fault current signals as well the effect of variation of time and fault resistance on their occurrences on two test systems. First system has two conventional generators at the end of a 100km transmission line without any phase difference. Second system consists of two conventional generators at the end of a 100 km transmission line with a phase difference of 25 degrees. Different types of faults (L-G, L-L, short circuit) are created for different time periods along with different fault resistances and simulated in Matlab. The paper has considered the importance of analyzing the coefficients associated with the magnitude of fault current signals by incorporating the use of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) on them along with mother wavelet of Daubecheis-`db4.' The inclusion of the statistical features have been done for the better interpretation of the test results and also for comparative study between different kinds of faults considered. It is observed in this study that in most of the cases the magnitude of statistical features is higher in Line -Line and Three Phase Short Circuit faults. With inclusion of fault resistances the magnitude of the statistical features reduces.

Zero-watermark technique, embedding watermark without modifying carriers, has been broadly applied for copyright protection of images. However, there is little research on audio zero-watermark. This paper proposes an audio zero-watermark scheme based on energy relationship between adjacent audio sections. Taking use of discrete wavelet transformation (DWT), it gets power approximations, or energies, of audio segments. Then, it extracts the audio profile, i.e. the zero-watermark, according to the relative size of energies of consecutive fragments. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is robust against general malicious attacks including noise addition, resampling, low-pass filtering, etc., and this approach effectively solves the contradiction between inaudibility and robustness.

Distributed video coding (DVC) is an emerging video coding paradigm designed to allow low-complexity compression by resource-constrained video sensor nodes in wireless video sensor networks (WVSN). Several DVC architectures have been proposed in literature but there are hardly any security mechanisms designed to validate the integrity and authenticity of the decoded video. In this paper, we propose a novel, low-complexity, blind, and imperceptible video watermarking scheme based on DVC for WVSNs. The watermark information is embedded into key frames under selected GOP (Group of Pictures) configurations. Considering the information-intensive yet resource-constrained WVSN environment, the proposed scheme aims to limit the impact of watermark embedding complexity by hiding the secret information using non-zero quantized AC coefficients. We implemented the proposed watermarking scheme for a DVC based codec and evaluated its processing complexity (encoding/decoding). We also evaluated the average normalized correlation between the embedded and extracted watermarks for different video sequences by varying the redundancy in embedding.

The article presents application of discrete wavelet transform (Haar wavelet) for the spectra of recognition of two samples - silicon and silicon compound. The method presented by the authors uses the data obtained as a result of the experiment on a scanning electron microscope ZEISS SIGMA SEM HD. The visual comparison of the wavelet coefficients obtained is laborious, so the problem arises of automating the process of comparison and recognition, thus the results of the discrete wavelet transformation are the statistical characteristics-the arithmetic mean, the variance and the standard deviation.

In this paper, we present a robust semi-blind video watermarking scheme in lifting wavelet transform (LWT) domain using Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). In this scheme, first the static video summary is generated using extraction of color features from video frames. Second, the frames comprised of video summary are watermarked in LWT domain. To develop a robust and real time watermarking scheme, a fast Single hidden Layer Feedforward Neural Network (SLFN) known as ELM is used for watermark embedding and extraction. To evaluate the performance of the present scheme, several signal processing attacks are applied to each watermarked frame. Experimental evidence shows that the proposed scheme is robust against selected attacks. Due to fastprocessing of frames, the proposed scheme is also found to be suitable for real time watermarking of video.

In this paper, an effective algorithm for providing copyright protection is proposed by using a new embedding strategy for Discrete Wavelet Transform-based video watermarking. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is applied on the video, to convert the spatial data into frequency domain, having low pass and high pass components. The low frequency component is used for generating the key, by using the watermark image and the binarized Low frequency part (LL) of the video frame. Same procedure is applied on each frame to generate the key for corresponding frame. This generated key should be used at receiver for extracting the watermark which provides copyright protection. Blind watermarking technique is used in this paper which require only key to extract the embedded watermark. The original video is not required during extraction. To criticize the robustness of algorithm, the original watermark image is compared with extracted watermark image after several attacks and their Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Normalized Correlation Coefficient (NC) and Structural Similarity index (SSIM) are calculated. The experimental results demonstrate that the watermark is invisible and it is robust against the various attacks and addition of noise to the video.