A blockchain-based engineering design review service trading scheme for digital building permits

The focus of this paper is on evaluating the needs of distributed design reviews and establishing requirements on tools to support designer reviews. Specifically, this research explores the US Department of Defense acquisition process. This literature review and requirement generation explores the impact of Multi-User CAD (MUCAD) systems on collaborative design reviews and how quasi-asynchronous design reviews using MUCAD systems can enhance the understanding of product design. This paper describes synchronous and asynchronous design reviews to make a case for a combined approach that utilizes MUCAD systems. In this research, the generated requirements for a successful collaborative MUCAD system are divided into seven categories: concurrency, heterogeneity, annotations, IP protection, security, version control, and viewing. This paper serves as a guideline for future tests.

This chapter discusses how design reviewers play the role of facilitator in the design review process. The design reviewer as a facilitator focuses on managing complex processes concerning what steps are in place for design review, how the process works, how design reviewers promote collaboration, how they resolve disagreements or conflicts during the process, how they mediate or negotiate, and how they build a group consensus.

<p>Human error is the major cause for structural collapse [1]. Design review is the most effective way to rid human errors out of the design process and thus most societies have implemented procedures for design review. Naturally, different systems come with different properties in terms of effectiveness and error-proneness.</p><p>This paper will provide practical examples of successful design review and will derive challenges and methods of counteraction during the design review process. Emphasis will be on realistic examples as a basis for a theoretical derivation of improved design review concepts.</p>

Design reviews are one of the most established product-development project management techniques to identify and eliminate errors in product design before they physically manifest themselves either in a prototype or in the final product. Design reviews are typically embedded within an overall product-development project management process consisting of multiple stages separated by decision gates. The specific goal, structure and content of a design review depend upon the stage and time at which it is performed. In the process of working with a number of large companies on their technology and product development processes we observed that the actual practice of design reviews often falls well short of the companies’ own stated objectives. We examine the reasons for this in our paper, the chief among them being the often misleading application and lack of clarity and brevity in the review process. These problems can be clearly highlighted and rectified by the application of the CVCA and FMEA tools to the design review process itself. Thus, design reviews can be made more efficient and effective and made to count!

<p>The fundamental rational of the German way to ensure structural safety and to prevent the society from undue harm is independent design review and execution supervision. This paper will explain both regarding the way in which review and supervision are performed, as well as the qualification needed for the design and supervision review engineer, who acts as a trustee of the public administration. The development of the review and supervision regime and of the underlying set of technical rules and regulations will be addressed by discussing actual and historic case studies. Special emphasis will be put on the interface-problems when different parties are involved and on the necessity of good and reliable coordination mechanisms between the involved parties. As a consequence of the increasing fragmentation of the design process in combination with the use of complex software tools and inevitable time pressure often the integrated design review process is the last line of defence to avoid incidents due to minor lapses or serious misjudgements.</p>

Social discourse regarding design issues evolves in the contexts of the scholarly arena, the city hall, the courts, the public media, and the use/action realm or everyday life. Design review, narrowly conceived, is one of the formal mechanisms within the broader context of this social discourse. In this conception, the impact of design review on the physical environment is direct and immediate but specific and limited in scope. Altematively, it can also be considered as a generic process encompassing any or all instances of collective and critical reflection on design issues. These diverse processes may appear to lack coherence, but they have a much more fundamental and lasting effect because they shape the tacit assumptions and beliefs underlying our more direct actions. Here the broader context of design review will be considered. Following a discussion of the spatial scene, the evolution of three constructs during the past three decades-place, sustainability, and participation-into full-blown paradigms is summarized. It is shown that the three together are converging into a worldview that is taking hold globally. This emerging worldview, then, provides the grounds and the backing for substantive and procedural discussion of planning and design review.

This paper proposed the mixed-mode methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of the cognitive process when using Multi-user Virtual Reality (VR) in the design review sessions. The research explains that the design review is an essential part of the planning process. It evaluates the client’s requirements against the designers’ design before the construction starts. Quality communication among the designers and clients plays a central role in enhancing the output of the design review session, apart from the quality in visualisation during the presentation. A multi-user VR system with a head-mounted display allows users to fully immerse into the virtual environment (VE) during the design review process and subsequently achieve quality discussion and decision-making. This paper describes the process of data collection in quantitative and qualitative methods, where questionnaires will be distributed to determine the state-of-the-art of the designers’ cognitive processes when they are involved in the design review session. Parallelly, an experiment on the use of multi-user VR during a design review session will be conducted. Users (Designers) will be interviewed before and after the experiment. Finally, multi-user VR’s effectiveness will be identified by comparing the findings from both quantitative and qualitative methods.

Aquaculture intelligent monitoring and management system (AIMAMS) is a web information system covering businesses, home users, and management of aquaculture information, which have many users. The information security and safety equipment of different users is an important issue that we have to consider. Role-based access control introduces the roles concept into user and access rights, and its basic feature are that divide roles depending on the security policy, assign operating license for each role, and assign roles to each user. The user can access the specified object based on their respective roles. In order to achieve different user needs for security, aquaculture access control model based on group/role is developed which is based on analysis of the role-based access control model. Aquaculture intelligent monitoring and management system consists of system administrators, business users, family farming users and technicians, each category contains a number of other users who have different permissions. For such a complex distribution of competences, the user groups are introduced here on the basis of idea of role-based access control model. Users are divided into four groups which correspond to four categories of users, each group is given the largest collection of operational authority, and the users of each group are assigned different roles, which have all or part of privileges of the current group. Technicians can access business and family farming user’s information, but cannot view some sensitive data, such as price, therefore, technicians group is controlled by field-level permissions of data tables, the sensitive fields of business and family farming user data tables is shielded. This model can effectively reduce the overhead of rights management, and can improve system’s scalability. Along with the needs of business development, the system can easily add new user groups and assign permissions and roles for them. This aquaculture access model is universal, it is not only suitable for aquaculture intelligent monitoring and management system but also has reference value for other systems.

Access control in cooperative editing system is one of key techniques of cooperative work system. There are many access control models presently, but none of them are natively fit for cooperative editing. We analyze access control modes in cooperative editing system and then propose an access control mode for cooperative editing and relevant management and control. We define several role in the access control model in cooperative editing system, whose basic roles are distributed according to hierarchical structures. System administrator assigns user to be Chief editor of document who manages coeditors of document. Generally administrator doesn't manage concrete editing process of document directly although having authority. We make use of parameters as document access control thus guaranteeing stability and extensibility of system. Parameters for users can be divided into two kinds. One is control parameter of synchronous cooperation such as in real-time editing, identity of users, immediate updating and so on. The other is control parameter of asynchronous cooperation such as authority of independent operation of coeditor. Role objects of Co-Office can be represented by a triple tuple. Finally we also apply and implement the access control model to Co-Office, a real cooperative editing system, fulfilling multiuse and multitask access control in cooperative editing environment.

The Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) has developed a process to evaluate complete photovoltaic (PV) systems. It was developed in order to provide consumers, installers, and other stakeholders with a level of assurance that accepted systems have been well-designed and meet safety and quality requirements as detailed in this evaluation. This process has been used as a requirement for subsidies in both the Florida PV Buildings Program and PV for Schools Program, and is currently being used by the USDA's rural utilities service. FSEC is also in the process of updating the Florida administrative code so that all PV systems installed in Florida require this evaluation. The design review and approval process covers both utility-interactive and stand-alone photovoltaic systems. These system evaluations are based on the complete design and documentation packages that accompany the application for design review. Items evaluated include safety and code compliance of the overall design, individual components and their interactions with one another, and completeness of instructions, diagrams and schematics for system installation, operation and maintenance. To date over 70 grid-connected systems from six different manufacturers have been approved through this process.

The primary technical objective of this CRADA was for Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation, acting through Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems (NGAS), to collaborate, as needed, to inform a Remote Sensing System (RSS) development, led by the NGAS CRADA partner, through its System Design Review (SDR) and subsequent Program Design Review (PDR) milestones. More specifically, tasks and deliverables involved SNL and NGAS collaborating in seven broad areas: System Engineering, System Modeling and Simulation, System and Component Design, Assessment and Implementation, System Integration and Testing, Data Path Design and Engineering and Collection Segment Processing Engineering and Implementation. The collaboration between SNL and NGAS has resulted in a benefit to both organizations, and the public/taxpayers, by ensuring that legacy knowledge is not lost to future developments and will be incorporated into ongoing and future U.S. sensor systems.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop and assess the real-time multiuser virtual reality (VR) application that can be used in the design review process. In particular, the application was aimed to accommodate the design review meetings conducted among participants who are in different locations, which has become commonplace during the COVID-19 outbreak.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents a methodology for the development of a real-time multiuser immersive VR application, to support remote collaboration during the design review process. The developed application can immerse remote project participants into the same virtual environment and provide virtual face-to-face discussions. An experiment was conducted with 44 university students to investigate the applicability and performance of the developed application by comparing it with the traditional approach.FindingsResults indicated that the group of students who used the developed immersive VR application outperformed the group that used the traditional approach. This was measured by the percentage of correctly identified design errors during a building inspection experiment.Originality/valueThe difficulty of bringing remote stakeholders together in a virtual environment has impeded the implementation of VR technology in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry. Most research has focused on the improvement of a single user’s experience. Most of the previous multiuser VR studies were conducted in other industries while similar research in the AEC industry is limited. The study presented in this paper contributes to the AEC industry by presenting the development of multiuser immersive VR applications for real-time remote collaboration and the empirical evidence to substantiate its potential benefits.

The conceptual design review process is a critical cost determining step for complex products such as ground vehicles. The use of virtual environments (VEs) in this process has become increasingly popular with the advancement of 3D visualization technologies. Important to feelings experienced by participants in a VE are two parameters: presence and immersion. Presence is defined as the subjective experience of being in one place while physically being situated in another. Immersion is a state characterized by perceiving oneself to be enveloped by, included in, and interacting in an environment that provides a continuous stream of stimuli. While different virtual reality (VR) devices provide different degrees of presence and immersion, the amount of each is also dependent on the individual. In this paper, a relationship among presence, immersive tendencies of individuals, and design comprehension are explored. Further, a methodology to find the best design review process subject to certain criteria is presented. The results of two experiments involving the CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment CAVE™2 are discussed and evaluated. In one case, the U.S. Army investigates the use of the CAVE as a conceptual design review environment for advanced military vehicles in a comparison test with its present method of concept presentation and review. In a second experiment, CAVE users responded to a survey to determine the potential of VEs to improve design comprehension and immersive tendencies. In both cases, positive presence and immersion results support the idea that VEs offer advantages for conceptual design reviews over more traditional methods.

Design reviews would benefit from the support of formal rules. By the use of relevant rules, it should be possible to ensure prior to a review that all the relevant information for a review is present in the design specifications, and that all the minimum review criteria are met. This will ensure management time is not wasted and aid better decision‐making. This paper recommends that the Specification Quality Control (SQC) method be used to do this additional quality control.In addition, this paper outlines the impact of Evolutionary Project Management (Evo) on the design review process.

Design review: A critical evaluation