A cloud approach on distributed multiple servers for distance learning

In the domain of information processing, communication technology, and computation, the utilization of photons as vectors for information is a critical innovation. Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are specifically designed to control and transmit light, thereby facilitating the conveyance of data. The recent surge in interest in low-dimensional organic semiconductor crystals is attributed to their unique size-tunable properties and customizable physicochemical characteristics. These features position them as prime candidates for constructing the next generation of high-performance optoelectronic devices. The discourse presented elaborates on the progress in four pivotal areas concerning low-dimensional organic semiconductor crystals: optical generation, optical transportation, optical signal conversion and optical detection. These facets are integral to PICs because they underpin the fundamental mechanisms through which information is transmitted and manipulated via photons. Despite the promising attributes associated with these low-dimensional organic semiconductors, there remain considerable challenges to integrating these materials into the photonic constituents of PICs in a manner that is both effective and scalable. The text culminates with a concise summary and a forward-looking perspective on the potential applications and future development of low-dimensional organic semiconductor crystals within the sphere of advanced photonics. This outlook considers ongoing research and the anticipated breakthroughs that could further enhance the role of these materials in the evolution of photonic technologies.

Distance education is a field of education that focuses on teaching methods and technology with the aim of delivering teaching. At present, distance education has been developing rapidly in China, however, there are some common problems in distance education informatization, including sharing difficulty, weak system expansion capacity, lack of real interaction, hard to real time communication, etc. al. This paper put forwards a solution to design a distance education system by taking advantage of cloud computing. The system aims to provide infrastructure service, platform service, and software service. The architecture of distance education system is composed of cloud infrastructure layer, cloud platform layer, and cloud application layer, which has made much progress on providing educational service, and share teaching resources.

The large amount of information available in the distributed network environment is an excellent source for remote learning environments. However, to support the decision-making process of both learners and learning mediators in such a huge information space, some prior arrangement and integration of the learning information is necessary. If managed accordingly, various information can be referred and reused in educational contexts. At the Laboratory of AI & Knowledge Computing of the University of Electro-Communications in Japan, we are constructing a digital portfolio database, which is rapidly increasing in size, as well as building a learning infrastructure. The remote learning support environment RAPSODY-EX (Remote and AdaPtive System Of DYnamic communication: Educational environment for Collaborative learning Support) can effectively carry out the collaborative learning support in an asynchronous/synchronous learning mode, based on the following functions: (1) a learning control function for the individual learner and groups, and (2) a learning information management function for mediation.

Abstra Covid-19 has had a significant impact on people's lives, resulting in the paralysis of almost the entire economy and education, especially in the education sector, resulting in many students being unable to carry out teaching and learning activities at schools or universities. Based on this, the Ministry of Education and Culture has issued an appeal to stop face-to-face teaching and learning activities at schools and universities and replace them with distance or online learning. Resulting in teaching and learning activities to be less than optimal for students or students, there is dissatisfaction with the distance or online learning system, the purpose of this study is to measure the level of student satisfaction with online lectures by applying data mining techniques, classifying the level of online learning satisfaction using an online learning approach. k-NN algorithm and Decision Tree with 100 questionnaire data that has been collected from active students who carry out online lectures with an accuracy rate of 96.00% from the k-NN algorithm and a satisfied precision value of 95.51%, a satisfied recall value of 98.84% on a precision value the dissatisfied class is 90.91%, the recall value of the dissatisfied class is 71.43%. While the accuracy results using the Decision Tree algorithm approach is lower with an accuracy of 95.00%. based on research results that the level of student satisfaction with distance learning or online is quite high.
 Keywords: covid 19, data mining, online, k-NN, decision tree

In many domains of information processing, both vagueness, or imprecision, and bipolarity, encompassing positive and negative parts of information, are core features of the information to be modeled and processed. This led to the development of the concept of bipolar fuzzy sets, and of associated models and tools. Here we propose to extend these tools by defining algebraic relations between bipolar fuzzy sets, including intersection, inclusion, adjacency and RCC relations widely used in mereotopology, based on bipolar connectives (in a logical sense) and on mathematical morphology operators.

Mathematical morphology on bipolar fuzzy sets: general algebraic framework

Now-a-days, cloud computing has become a cornerstone of modern technology, driving innovation, efficiency and accessibility across various industries and application. Distributed computing solves the difficulty of using distributed autonomous machines and communicating with each other over a network. Cloud computing provides clients with a range of services and capabilities that enhances productivity, accessibility and scalability while reducing the need for extensive hardware and infrastructure investments. When interest in distributed computing rises, it implies that more individuals, businesses, and organizations are exploring, adopting, and implementing distributed computing solutions. This surge in interest leads to increase in data traffic. There are two solutions for the issue of increase in data traffic, one is to server optimization (or) server performance enhancement (upgrade single server to a high performance server) but upgraded server may exceed its capacity (overload).Another one is multi servers. Ulti-server configurations are common in scenarios where the demands of an application or service exceed the capabilities of a single server, and the distribution of tasks across multiple servers is necessary for optimal performance and reliability. When there are multiple servers, there is an issue i.e. Load Adjusting. [1] Load balancing is one of the critical issues in cloud computing. In a cloud environment, where resources are often dynamically allocated and distributed, load balancing plays a central role in managing workloads efficiently. Load balancing in cloud computing is a technique used to distribute computing workloads and network traffic across multiple servers or resources within a cloud environment. The primary goal of load balancing is to optimize resource utilization, prevent individual servers from becoming overloaded, and ensure that the overall system can handle varying levels of demand efficiently. Here we also discussed about the hybrid of Cat and Mouse Optimization and Grey Wolf Optimization algorithms. This paper refers to Cloud Computing, Load balancing techniques, Load balancing algorithms.

The development of information technology and the increasingly widespread use of the internet has changed the learning process in higher education, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, many higher education are conducting distance learning processes by implementing cloud computing-based e-learning. This is also in line with the government's recommendation that we apply health protocols to break the chain of the Covid-19 virus, such as studying and working from home. Batam University, in this case, the engineering faculty, includes those implementing cloud computing-based e-learning for distance learning The purpose of this research is to see how far the implementation of e-learning based on cloud computing according to users, in this case, are lecturers and students of the engineering faculty of Batam University, knowing the readiness of lecturers and students towards the process and products of e-learning itself and satisfaction from the lecturers and students. at the University of Batam at the engineering faculty during the e-learning implementation process. This research method uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods by distributing questionnaires to lecturers and students in the university environment at the engineering faculty which consists of 4 (four) study programs namely mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, and information systems After processing the data using the validity test, reliability test and qualitative analysis, it was obtained that the lecturer respondents agreed with the implementation of cloud computing-based e-learning by 41%, with an average Respondent Achievement Level (TCR) of lecturers of 81.82% in good category. Student respondents' answers strongly agree with the implementation of e-learning based on cloud computing of 44 with an average Student Achievement Level of Respondents (TCR) of 80.47% in good category.

Staying Active

Javanese language subjects are based on a cultural framework that includes three forms of culture, starting from what appears on the surface in the form of physical culture, then social systems, to the system of ideas that exist in Javanese culture. In this case, the Javanese language functions as a means of communication as well as of preserving and developing Javanese cultural values. Thus the learning approach is more directed to a communicative and pragmatic approach by emphasizing the affective aspect. Unggah-ungguh basa is a manifestation of the Javanese cultural value system as a form of excellence in the Javanese language. This is a point of emphasis so that anyone who learns Javanese is expected to be able to speak Javanese skillfully, behave politely, and have good character. The current problem, with the pandemic, is that most of the learning is carried out remotely. Of course, in the implementation of distance learning, there are many problems or obstacles that must be accepted. Basically distance learning is a type of learning where students are far from the educator, so that education cannot be done face-to-face and the delivery of messages from educators to students must be done through the media. Distance learning during the pandemic is an alternative to teaching and learning activities that are usually carried out offline. Utilizing technology that is always evolving in the world of education. For this reason, the aspects studied both pragmatically and theoretically in this study are the problems in the implementation of distance learning of Javanese language, namely the readiness of teachers and students, the obstacles faced when distance learning takes place in schools.

Distance learning is an important notion and has played a critical role in success of various machine learning algorithms. Any learning algorithm that requires dissimilarity/similarity measures has to assume some forms of distance functions, either explicitly or implicitly. Hence, in recent years a considerable amount of research has been devoted to distance learning. Despite great achievements in this field, a number of important issues need to be further explored for real world datasets mainly containing categorical attributes. Based on these considerations, the current research presents a Context-Based Distance Learning approach (CBDL) to advance the state of the art existing researches on distance metric learning for categorical datasets. CBDL is designed and developed based on the idea that distance between two values of a given categorical attribute can be estimated by using information inherently exists within subset of attributes called context. CBDL composes of two main components: context extraction component and distance learning component. Context extraction component is responsible for extracting the relevant subset of feature set for a given attribute, while distance learning component tries to learn distance between each pair of values based on the extracted context. To have a comprehensive analysis, we conduct wide range of experiments in both supervised and unsupervised environments in the presence of noise. Our experimental results reveal that CBDL is the method of choice distance learning approach by offering a comparable or better performance compared to the state of the art existing distance learning schemes according to studied evaluation measures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Key Messages: - The rapid spread of the Covid-19 pandemic has created a disruption in Indonesia’s education sector as around 45 million students are unable to continue their learning activity in schools. - The Ministry of Education and Culture (MOEC) and the Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA) need to consider distance learning approaches that are adjusted to regional characteristics. Distance learning exacerbates barriers of vulnerable students to access education, so diversification of the delivery medium beyond the Internet should be considered. Options may include radio programs or postal services for regions with low connectivity. - Local governments need to take on a more active role in aiding the schools than initiatives by the central government. In addition to using existing School Operational Assistance (Bantuan Operasional Sekolah/BOS) funds, local education authorities need to provide schools with further financial support and technical assistance, such as access to recording studios and equipment, to accelerate their adoption of distance learning. Such assistance should not neglect private community schools. - Indonesia needs to embark on a large-scale capacity building program to better execute distance learning across regions. This requires updating the strategy and supervision on BOS utilization, upgrading capacities of school principals and allowing them to assume greater autonomy at schools, and equipping teachers with hard and soft skills for distance learning. - The Covid-19 crisis demonstrates a need for large-scale public-private partnerships between relevant ministries (MOEC and MORA) and telecommunication and hardware providers. This builds on existing infrastructure to spread distance learning across the archipelago.

With Industrial Revolution 4.0, distance education is becoming a standard in higher education. One of the dynamics of distance education is that it allows the pursuit of education without the need for learners to displace themselves. It offers the flexibility of time and space in which traditional education is constricted. Previous studies have discovered that learning improves when there is a sense of belonging in the distance education community. Despite this, distance education is not omnipotent. Although it is convenient, the issue of effectiveness often comes into question. Previous research has shown that the lack of belonging is one of the causes of ineffectiveness in terms of satisfaction, graduation on time, dropout rates and learning outcomes in distance education. The formula for effective learning has consequently become a battle between belonging and isolation. This is problematic because, essentially, learners are expected to self-study in distance education. As a conceptual study, this paper investigates students’ experiences in distance education through a preliminary qualitative survey for descriptive purposes. The preliminary study identified three major themes relating to the sense of belonging in distant learning for the students: the distance learning approach, self-study practice; and the balance between study, work and life. In general, students do not feel predominantly isolated by distance learning but this preliminary study shows that further research needs to be conducted to ascertain the link between these themes and the sense of belonging in distance learning.

Este estudo constitui uma construção teórica em torno da EaD seus tipos, metodologias e tecnologia, do currículo e suas diversas possibilidades de constituição experiencial, tendo o hipertexto como base para se pensar em perspectivas mais abertas e ampliadas para o desenvolvimento de práticas curriculares, principalmente, na EaD a partir da constituição de design pedagógico que possibilite o desenvolvimento da autonomia, da criatividade, da inventividade e, ao mesmo tempo, possam implicar os sujeitos no processo formativo. As discussões sobre o currículo propostas aqui não se circunscrevem apenas à EaD, pois a proposta de pensar o currículo sob a chave de análise da EaD e dos design pedagógicos que o conformam na ambiência on-line constitui um passo teórico importante no sentido de validar os caminhos próprios da EaD, demonstrando o quanto essa modalidade tem a contribuir para a Educação em termos de aportes teórico-metodológicos os quais podem ser integrados à educação presencial, seja pela via da importação, seja pela via da hibridização das modalidades na linha do blended learning. Portanto, este estudo é uma reflexão acerca das diversas possibilidades apresentadas pela EaD enquanto Educação mediada pelas tecnologias para um repensar das perspectivas de currículo e metodologia desenvolvidas no contexto da formação de maneira geral.

Remote learning brought with it challenges for both learners and educators alike. While some in higher education are keen to return to “how things were,” we believe that remote learning brought with it lessons that should be implemented into post-pandemic teaching. We sought to investigate what components of online/blended learning approaches both learners and educators would like to see continue in a post-pandemic era, as well as identify supports needed for faculty to successfully implement online/blended learning. Using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach, we collected data from students and faculty across one School in a variety of programs (undergraduate, graduate, professional). Using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics, we found that while remote learning was challenging in terms of educator/learner engagement and social isolation, both educators and learners identified that remote learning helped with the development of time management skills, and flexibility in schedule planning. Further, educators noted the benefits of adopting a blended learning approach post-pandemic, such as providing for more purposeful in-class activities and increasing accessibility. Overall, our work contributes to the scholarly discourse of post-pandemic teaching and learning, and provides key insights into how to best support educators and learners.