A Cloud-based Dynamic Waste Management System for Smart Cities

Abstract—India faces major environmental challenges related with waste generation, waste collection, transport and its recycling process. Current system or mechanism in smart cities cannot cope with the volumes of waste generated by an increasing urban population, and this impact on the environment and public health. The management which is involved for collecting and recycling of waste is not performing its job. Our intention in this study is to approach this problem in a different manner. Idea is to involve our public more and try to let them to know their responsibility. We are going to design a system which helps to the public to notify about waste bin and also public can make direct contact with the real system, when waste collection failed in any area by using the software system. System is used because it's very difficult to track of all this information like bin location, path to collect the garbage, update from after collecting the waste from driver etc. With the help of this system. we encouraging disposal and recycle the waste as much as possible! Solid waste such as Bottles, cans, cell phones and may other items can re-cycled.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm characterized by a network of embedded sensors and services. These sensors are incorporated to collect various information, track physical conditions, e.g., waste bins’ status, and exchange data with different centralized platforms. The need for such sensors is increasing; however, the proliferation of technologies comes with various challenges. For example, how can IoT and its associated data be used to enhance waste management? In smart cities, an efficient waste management system is crucial. Artificial intelligence (AI) and IoT-enabled approaches can empower cities to manage the waste collection. This work proposes an intelligent approach to route recommendation in an IoT-enabled waste management system given spatial constraints. It performs a thorough analysis based on AI-based methods and compare their corresponding results. Our solution is based on a multiple-level decision-making process in which bins’ status and coordinates are taken into account to address the routing problem. Such AI-based models can help engineers design a sustainable infrastructure system.

In order to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHG) from landfills, European Union (EU) Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC requires a progressive reduction of the municipal biodegradable waste disposal. The main problem of the waste management system in Latvia is a heavy dependence from the waste disposal at landfills. An insufficient separate waste collection system and a promotion of the landfilling as a major treatment option, leaded to the disposal of 84% of the total collected municipal waste in 2012 with a high share of the biodegradable waste. Therefore, in Latvia, the volume of emissions due to the activities of the waste management branch was 5.23% (632.6 CO2 eq.) of the total GHG emissions produced in the national economy in 2010 (12 097 Gg CO2 eq., except the land use, land-use change and forestry). The aim of this research is to revise the current situation of the management of biodegradable waste in Latvia, and to propose the future activities for the practical improvements dealing with biodegradable waste. The Waste Management Planning System (WAMPS) software has been used as an environmental impact analysis tool for the modelling waste management scenarios. The WAMPS software calculates emissions, energy and turnover of waste streams for processes within the waste management system, e.g., waste collection and transportation, composting, anaerobic digestion, and final disposal – landfilling or incineration. The obtained results are presented in four environmental impact categories: acidification, global warming, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation, which are characterised by a certain emission. It covers an integrated waste management system starting with the activities where products become waste and have been put into the waste bin at waste generation source to the last point, where the waste becomes either useful material (recycled material, biogas or compost) or becomes part of emissions in the environment after its final disposal at landfill or incineration plant.

An exploration of smart city approaches by international ICT firms

This paper compares the performance of the classic genetic algorithm with the more recently proposed ant colony optimisation for solving real-world pickup and delivery problems with hard time windows. A real-world problem that is present worldwide - waste collection - is used to evaluate the algorithms. As in most real-world waste collection problems, many of the waste bins have time windows. The time windows stem from such things as safety regulations and customer agreements, and must be strictly adhered to. The optimisation showed that the genetic algorithm is better than the ant colony optimisation when utilising standard implementations of both algorithms. However, when the algorithms are enhanced with a local search procedure, the ant colony optimisation immediately becomes superior and achieves improved results. Local search seems to be a drawback for the genetic algorithm when hard time windows are involved. Various implementations of the local search procedure are evaluated in this paper using five different test sets. Recommendations for future implementations are given as well as additional enhancements which could improve the performance of the ant colony optimisation.

Clever solid waste bin is important to create a well-organized and dynamic waste management system. This paper presents the novel way of carrying out an integrated sensing system which automates the solid waste management process. The proposed smart waste bin is based on ultrasonic-level sensor and various gas sensors which automatically sense the hazardous gases and the maximum limit of waste. The approach is unique and uses cloud and mobile app-based monitoring. Two important features of work are it not only checks the maximum waste level of the bin but also checks various stinky gases. The other part of the work is conveying the information to the responsible authority. This unique approach takes the assistance of cloud sever because of its advantages in field of usability, accessibility and disaster recovery. The information can be linked with municipality web server for immediate action. The waste bins are tracked by a unique number which represents its location. The eccentric technique gives all information related to physical condition of a particular bin and can easily reach the corresponding authority. The whole information is interconnected with a cloud-based web-information system at the host server.

Waste Management System (WMS) is applied in smart cities and is supported by the Internet of Things (IoT). WMS involves several responsibilities, such as collection, disposal, and utilization of waste in relevant facilities. Efficient waste management has a considerable impact on the quality of life of citizens in smart cities. The interaction between wireless sensor networks and mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) with IoT provides excellent mobility for users, and reduces the deployment costs of networks. Data transfer via the intermediate connected devices must be maintained to shorten the distance between the devices. Intelligent routing algorithm is proposed to find efficient paths that comply with the WMS requirement constraints and avoid invalid paths that cause increased computation time. Chromosome intersection operation on genetic-based routing algorithm, intersection activation function, and intersection node table are proposed to avoid the similarity and redundancy of generated paths and keep the validity of the paths. This study improves the path finding, obtains good results, and increases the rate of efficient paths. Results show that the selected path is efficient in terms of distance, number of hops and number of iterations by using the proposed method. In addition, this proposed method outperforms DSR, which offers alternative paths with more efficiency.

The waste management system in the city of Čačak was analyzed, from the primary selection of waste at the place of its origin, until its disposal at the regional sanitary landfill "Duboko" in Užice. A review of the planning documents brought for the area of the city of Čačak revealed problems in waste management (waste collection, primary separation, transport). Inadequate waste management and its disposal without any treatment is a growing environmental problem of local governments. Although waste management in Serbia is regionalized, this does not mean that local self-government units have lost their competence in this area. The purpose of the paper is to recognize and present its greatest weaknesses through the analysis of the integrated waste management system, as well as to offer possible solutions to the given problems.

Practical experience of solid domestic waste (MSW) management in Ukraine and developed countries is analyzed. Theoretical volumes of MSW accumulation taking into account statistical factors are studied. The generalized method of MSW accumulation volumes allows forecasting their formation from the factors and evaluating the morphological composition of MSW in the region. The system for optimizing community waste management at the collection and disposal stage with the quality of the optimality criterion has been proposed. The degree of recycling and the costs of collecting and transporting waste should be taken as a criterion for optimising the urban waste management system at the collection and disposal stage. The quality analysis of the waste management system in the Zhytomyr region made it possible to identify the main problems in municipal waste management and the main reasons for their occurrence. The survey shows that the main problem in the area of waste management is the low efficiency of the existing management system, accompanied by the introduction of outdated and inefficient management methods with the lack of effective interaction of all participants in the waste management process and, above all, the lack of public involvement in solving the problem. The authors concluded that at the present time Zhytomyr city and Zhytomyr Region faced the following problems in the area of solid waste management: the number of spontaneous landfills has increased; the number of modern waste collection bins is insufficient and there are no bins for separate waste collection; the quality of solid waste collection services is inadequate; there is no recycling plant in Zhytomyr; large amount of household waste in the city landfill and absence of monitoring of its impact on the environment.

How can smart city shape a happier life? The mechanism for developing a Happiness Driven Smart City

A smart city has changed the city landscape with the assistance of ICT, and sensor-enabled internet of things (IoT) devices. The development of a ubiquitous connected source environment is to be complicated and global to improve service performance delivery, cost-effectiveness, and using all capabilities of technology resources. For gaining those benefits in the smart city, it is necessary to design a capable ICT architecture. The ICT architecture in the smart city must provide the facility to organize all technology resources, the produced data, network communication orchestration, and services in the large scale of smart cities. In today’s smart cities, three main different ICT architecture proposals are available, Centralized, Decentralized-to-Centralized, and Distributed-to-Centralized. Centralized ICT architectures are designed based on Cloud technologies. The Decentralized-to-Centralized and Distributed-to-Centralized ICT architectures are using the multiple facilities from the joined benefits of edge to Cloud technologies orchestration. In this paper, we first describe these three ICT architectures in smart cities. Besides, we present our proposed Decentralized-to-Centralized and Distributed-to-Centralized ICT architectures in smart cities. Second, we show how our ICT architecture can be beneficial for Large-Scale ICT management through different use case studies. Finally, we describe the advantages of our ICT architecture and discuss challenges.

Waste Segregation Using Smart Bin and Optimization of Collection Routes

Many cities are being named or motivated to become by the leaders, planners and officials. Smart cities infrastructure development involves grids for energy and water, networks for information and communications technologies (ICT) and mobility for transportation and logistics. The term is striving to be a solid brand in cities planning and management from all aspects. A very common theme in cities is the high dependency, and application of ICT technologies in city planning and management, which is expected to result-in superior and rational optimization of time and resources with harmonious smart city ecosystem. Nevertheless, the definitions of cities remain vague, and poor understanding may lead cities planners to possible technological traps such as heavy investments in ICT infrastructure for short-term solutions without reasonably considering the long term. As cities officials deals with rapid development, expansion and goals for creating sustainable development, dealing with climate change mitigation, and rationally manage resources, the precise definition and wisdom about being will be vital for smart cities leaders and planners. The aim of this study is to survey and assess the conceptual perceptions of smart cities by academicians, researchers, practitioners and policy makers about smart cities and the technology providers who developed smart city solutions. Furthermore, we survey the strategic ICT strategic frameworks used for smart cities.

Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the major problems faced by many countries in the world. The functional element of solid waste collection process includes not only the gathering of waste from the source, but also the transportation of these waste to common collection sites. It has been estimated that about 60–80% money spent for only the collection, and transportation of solid waste to the total amount is spent on the SWM system. An effective municipal solid waste management system is composed of optimized routes, systematic collection, transport, and transfer of wastes. The geographical information system (GIS) can be effectively applied for cost minimization and maximization of waste collection and transportation efficiencies in any area. The route optimization depends on many factors, including the location of waste bins, collection details, types of vehicle, travel impedances, and integrity of road network. In this study, to design better travel routes in city for enhance efficiency by GIS to develop model for collection and transportation of waste using Esri’s ArcGIS 3.2, Network Analyst software. The ArcGIS is used to determine optimal zones and optimal routes for each zone. In addition, a simple optimal routing model is proposed to achieve the minimum transportation cost, distance, time, and number of vehicles. The developed model may be utilized by MSW management agencies for optimized waste collection and transportation activities.

In this chapter, a discussion is presented about what Big Data and Internet of Things (IoT) really is and what intricacies are used while building big data and internet of things. Further Big Data and Internet of Things have been used for building an application used for Smart City & Agriculture. A smart city is an urban development vision to integrate multiple information and communication technology (ICT) solutions. Smart city's goal is to improve quality of life with technology to improve the efficiency of services and meet residents' needs. Smart agriculture approach is to develop, transform and reorient agricultural development under new realities of climate change. It increases productivity enhances resilience (adaptation), reduces mitigation with achievement of national food security and development goals. This chapter includes detailed discussion on Smart City and Smart Agriculture along with planning, designing as well as various approaches used to build and implement them effectively.