A Cloud Microservices Architecture for Data Integrity Verifiability Based on Blockchain

Cloud computing has completely changed how learning is done in educational environments by providing accessibility and flexibility. But there are several security issues with cloud-based systems because of their dynamic nature, especially when it comes to data integrity, authentication, and privacy. To strengthen the security features of cloud-based learning environments, this chapter investigates the use of blockchain technology. The transparent, immutable, and decentralized properties of blockchain technology make it a promising framework for enhancing the security and reliability of educational data that is transferred and stored via cloud systems. This chapter explores the core ideas of blockchain technology and clarifies how it may be used to create a safe environment for learning data in cloud infrastructures. Principal areas of interest include the uses of blockchain technology for the protection of student records, authentication protocols, and intellectual property rights in the context of education. Case studies and actual applications are used in the investigation to demonstrate how blockchain integration reduces risks and guarantees data integrity and confidentiality in cloud-based learning environments. The objective of this learning is to give technologists, administrators, and educators a thorough grasp of the advantages and ramifications of using blockchain technology to strengthen the security of cloud-based learning environments. This research provides a framework for utilizing blockchain technology to build a more dependable and safe cloud infrastructure for education. The study also looks at the difficulties and restrictions involved in integrating blockchain technology into cloud learning environments. It addresses interoperability, scalability, and other aspects that must be taken into consideration for adoption to be effective while providing advice on how to get beyond these obstacles.

This scholarly article examines how traditional Point of Sale (POS) software systems in the retail sector can be revolutionized by incorporating blockchain technology. The study aims to improve transactional security using transparent and decentralized mechanisms to re-architect crucial point-of-sale infrastructure. This study tackles issues with fraud, data integrity, and security in retail transactions by utilizing the capabilities of blockchain technology, including smart contracts and distributed ledgers. Choosing the right blockchain platform, putting strong data security measures in place, and ensuring smooth integration with current systems are all essential aspects of the investigation. By strengthening POS systems with blockchain technology, this project aims to reimagine retail transactions in the future altogether

With the rapid growth of digital data and inter-connected devices, the integration of blockchain and Internet of Things technology offers a promising chance to revolutionize data management approaches. With today's global connectivity, the management and securing of ever-increasing amounts the amount of data produced by Internet of Things (IoT) devices is becoming an increasing concern. This study investigates a new solution to address such a concern by integrating blockchain technology into IoT systems. The aim is to develop a strong framework that takes advantage of the decentralized and secure character of blockchain and the wall-to-wall connectivity offered by the IoT. This integration is intended to address important needs such as data integrity, The integration aims to tackle crucial issues like data integrity, privacy, and unauthorized access. With the connectivity and sensing capabilities of the IoT, along with the blockchain technology of decentralized consensus and immutable ledgers, businesses are able to develop secure systems to retrieve, transfer, and store such data. In the experiments conducted on the Ethereum blockchain platform, it has been found that the blockchain and IoT technology solution not only secures data but also facilitates information management. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed solution is able to protect against tampering, increase the transparency of transactions, and to minimize the chances of unauthorized access. The framework is scalable and highly adaptable, and it is therefore a promising solution for various applications. This framework employs an innovative approach to ensure secure and efficient data management.

Secret voting in democratic countries using computational intelligence and Blockchain Technology, the vote is a fundamental right in democracy to elect people’s representatives at various levels. Manual voting is tedious and error prone. E-voting systems replaced the manual voting systems to overcome illegal voting and malpractices. Due to growing cybercrimes, the existing e-voting systems are not ideal and face many challenges like authentication, privacy, data integrity, etc. This paper presents computational intelligence and Blockchain technology in developing secret e-voting systems. This paper addresses various issues not addressed by traditional and e-voting systems and proposes new voting using computational intelligence techniques and blockchain technology.

Blockchain technology is one of the many disruptive technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution that will irrevocably change the way we live and work. These technologies are well embedded in the areas of global finance, health care and defence, to name a few. This review focuses on the relevance of blockchain technology to health care. Blockchain technology will be the unifying platform for sharing patient data currently inaccessible due to the siloed architecture of legacy software systems, and as a result potentially be the basis for precision or individualized patient treatment. It will also strengthen digital security of sensitive patient data that is presently a lucrative target for cyber criminals. In the current COVID-19 environment, clinicians will rely more on telehealth to reduce person-to-person contact. This service can be delivered by the clinical team with confidence in the veracity of the patient data made accessible through the blockchain platform. Smart contracts written on the blockchain platform will reduce the possibility of international humanitarian aid to low- and middle-income countries being misspent. The pharmaceutical supply chain industry is adopting blockchain technology to ensure supply chain provenance. Similarly, the health insurance industry recognizes how the blockchain ecosystem can improve services to its members and expedite reimbursements to clinicians.

For companies using blockchain technology, it is critical to select the most suitable blockchain platform to develop enterprise applications. However, it is still a challenge for enterprises. As an important part of modern decision science, multi-criteria decision-making can well solve the problem of blockchain platform selection. Blockchain platforms integrate various blockchain technologies, and enterprises also need to consider multiple different criteria in the decision-making process. Therefore, this paper will use a heterogeneous multi-criteria decision-making method to solve the blockchain platform selection problem. First, the blockchain platform alternatives and evaluation criteria used for decision-making are identified. Second, blockchain platform alternatives are evaluated with appropriate fuzzy numbers based on defined evaluation criteria. Then, the original evaluations are consistency and normalized to obtain a normalized evaluation. Next, the improved information content formulas of the axiomatic design is proposed to obtain the information content of each normalized evaluation. Then, the weights of all evaluated criteria are obtained using the entropy weight method. Finally, the total weighted information content of each blockchain platform alternative is obtained. With validation, the decision-making model of blockchain platform proposed in this paper has a strong reference value.

This study investigates the groundbreaking application of blockchain technology in the realm of student physical fitness testing within colleges and universities. The focus is on constructing a secure, transparent, and traceable data management system to enhance the accuracy and reliability of physical fitness assessments. Using literature review to establish a theoretical basis, logical analysis to clarify technical principles, and cross-disciplinary methods to integrate various perspectives, the study provides an in-depth analysis of how blockchain can be seamlessly incorporated into the student physical fitness testing framework. Physical fitness testing in colleges typically includes evaluations of various health metrics such as aerobic capacity, muscular strength, flexibility, and body composition. Traditional methods for recording and managing these tests often face challenges related to data accuracy, tampering, and privacy. Blockchain technology, with its immutable and decentralized nature, offers a solution by ensuring that fitness test results are securely recorded and cannot be altered once entered into the system. The proposed blockchain-based system incorporates several key components tailored to the needs of student physical fitness assessments. The system includes an authentication module to verify basic student information and a management module to handle test scores and related health data. By employing advanced encryption methods and blockchain platforms like Bei-hang Chain, the system provides robust data protection, ensuring both the privacy of individual student records and the integrity of the test data. One of the system’s innovations is its ability to offer real-time access and verification of fitness data for all relevant stakeholders-students, educational institutions, parents, and regulatory bodies. This transparency helps in monitoring students’ health trends and in making informed decisions about physical education programs and health interventions. Furthermore, the decentralized nature of the system reduces administrative overhead and mitigates risks associated with centralized data storage. The integration of blockchain technology addresses significant issues inherent in traditional physical fitness testing systems, such as data tampering, unauthorized access, and inaccuracies in test results. By ensuring that fitness data is accurate, unalterable, and accessible, the system provides a reliable basis for evaluating and improving student health and fitness. This advancement not only supports more accurate assessments of students’ physical fitness and health but also facilitates the development of evidence-based policies and programs aimed at enhancing student wellness. In summary, the blockchain-based physical fitness testing system represents a transformative approach to managing student health data. It not only provides strong support for accurately reflecting the physical fitness and health status of contemporary college students, but also provides a solid data basis for the government and relevant departments to make more scientific and reasonable health policies and decisions, and has far-reaching positive significance for improving the physical fitness level of college students.

Improving supply chain sustainability is an essential part of achieving the UN’s sustainable goals. Digitalization, such as blockchain technology, shows the potential to reshape supply chain management. Using distributed ledger technology, the blockchain platform provides a digital system and database to record the transactions along the supply chain. This decentralized database of transactions brings transparency, reliability, traceability, and efficiency to the supply chain management. This paper focuses on such novel blockchain-based supply chain management and its sustainability performances in the areas of environmental protection, social equity, and governance efficiency. Using a systematic literature review and two case studies, we evaluate whether the three sustainability indicators can be improved indirectly along supply chains based on blockchain technology. Our study shows that blockchain technology has the potential to improve supply chain sustainability performance, and we expect blockchain technology to rise in popularity in supply chain management.

Satisfying the world’s rapidly increasing demands in energy via the optimized management of available resources is becoming one of the most important research trends worldwide. When it comes to energy, it is very important to talk about decentralization, security, traceability and transparency. Thus, over the last few years, numerous research works have presented blockchain technology as the best novel business platform enabling a secure, transparent and tamper-proof energy management solution. In this paper, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) using the PRISMA framework of the different existing research studies related to the use of the blockchain technology in the energy sector, published between 2008 and 2021. We identified a total of 769 primary studies after intensive manual analysis and filtering, which we thoroughly assessed using various criteria to address six main research questions that covered the blockchain types, applications and platforms in the energy sector, the energy source types for which blockchain platforms are implemented, the emergent technologies that are combined to blockchain solutions, and the types of consensuses used in energy blockchains. Based on the collected survey data, we built a database to categorize the existing research works, identify research trends, and highlight knowledge gaps and potential areas for additional field study.

Blockchain technology (BCT) has emerged in the last decade and added a lot of interest in the healthcare sector. The purpose of this systematic literature review (SLR) is to explore the potential paradigm shift in healthcare utilizing BCT. The study is compiled by reviewing research articles published in nine well-reputed venues such as IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Springs Link, Scopus, Taylor & Francis, Science Direct, PsycINFO, Ovid Medline, and MDPI between January 2016 to August 2021. A total of 1,192 research studies were identified out of which 51 articles were selected based on inclusion criteria for this SLR that presents the modern information on the recent implications and gaps in the use of BCT for enhancing the healthcare procedures. According to the outcomes, BCT is being applied to design the novel and advanced interventions to enrich the current protocol of managing, distributing, and processing clinical records and personal medical information. BCT is enduring the conceptual development in the healthcare domain, where it has summed up the substantial elements through better and enhanced efficiency, technological innovation, access control, data privacy, and security. A framework is developed to address the probable field where future researchers can add considerable value, such as data protection, system architecture, and regulatory compliance. Finally, this SLR concludes that the upcoming research can support the pervasive implementation of BCT to address the critical dilemmas related to health diagnostics, enhancing the patient healthcare process in remote monitoring or emergencies, data integrity, and avoiding fraud.

Centralized database-based applications are frequently susceptible to internal threats. The data stored in a relational database can be changed by any user who has administrative access to the hosting server or database system. Moreover, this kind of user may alter the associated log files, which would make it very challenging to identify any illegal alteration. It would also be difficult to attribute the assault to privileged users as well. In this study, we propose a solution to build a service on the context of student score management based on Blockchain technology. A database system based on the Blockchain platform along with accompanying services is built to allow storage and query of student learning outcomes. The database security system operates in parallel with the current system while still ensuring transparency, security and integrity of data. We develop a verification module that uses Blockchain to verify the integrity of the corresponding tuples and identify any unwanted modifications. Oracle database, RESTful API, and Hyperledger Fabric have all been used in the implementation of our method. Our findings show that the overhead of integrity checking remains constant per tuple in the results of a query and increases linearly using real data and SQL queries of different types and complexity.

إنشاء عقود المعاملات وتنفيذها بين الطرق التقليدية وتقنية (البلوک تشين) والعقود الذکية- دراسة فقهية مقارنة أحمد سعد علي البرعي قسم الشريعة الإسلامية، کلية الدراسات الإسلامية والعربية للبنين، جامعة الأزهر، القاهرة، جمهورية مصر العربية. البريد الإلکتروني: dr_ahmed_saad78@yahoo.com ملخص البحث: تعد تقنية (بلوک تشين) من أهم تقنيات الثورة الصناعية الرابعة التي ستقود اقتصاديات العالم في السنوات القادمة، والتي لاقت رواجا واسعا في عالم المال والاقتصاد منذ بداية ظهورها، حتى تسارعت کثير من الدول الآن إلى الاستفادة منها في مجالات عدة، أبرزها مجال الذکية؛ حيث مکنت تلک التقنية الأفراد من إجراء عقودهم المالية وصفقاتهم التجارية بطريقة مباشرة عن طريق الند للند دون الحاجة إلى توسيط أي جهة مرکزية في المعاملة، وذلک عن طريق التمثيل الرقمي للممتلکات والأصول المالية في صورة رموز وأکواد تشفيرية مضمنة في منصات بلوک تشين يمکن نقلها بين المستخدمين بصورة آمنة وفاعلة وموثوقة، الأمر الذي مکن مستخدمي هذه الشبکات من إنشاء عقود ذکية فيما بينهم، تتولى شبکات البلوک تشين تنفيذها بطريقة آلية لا يتدخل فيها بشر؛ حيث يتم فيها- أوتوماتيکيا- نقل أصل الملکية بين أطراف المعاملة وفق بنود العقد الذي برمجوه وضمنوه في شبکة البلوک تشين، ويتم بعد ذلک تسجيل العقد وتخزين ما اقتضاه من معاملات في الشبکة بطريقة مشفرة لا يمکن لأحد أن يتلاعب فيها بمحو أو تعديل أو تزوير مهما طال الزمن، الأمر الذي سيغير في المستقبل القريب من صورة العقود والمعاملات المالية التي تجري بين الناس الآن في جميع مراحلها، بدءا من مرحلة إبرام العقد، ومرحلة توثيقه (حيث تقوم تلک الشبکات بتوثيق العقد وإشهاد جميع المستخدمين عليه، بدلا من توثيقه وتسجيله بالطرق التقليدية في الجهات المرکزية المختصة)، وانتهاء بمرحلة تنفيذه (حيث تتولى تلک الشبکات مسؤولية تنفيذ بنود العقد ونقل أصول الملکيات بين أطرافه بصورة آلية ذاتية تعمل وفق البرمجة التي اتفق عليها الطرفان وضمنوها داخل تلک المنصات)، وقد هدفت من هذه الدراسة تسليط الضوء على تلک التقنية الجديدة، ببيان ماهيتها، ونشأتها، وخصائصها، وطريقة عملها، مقارنا في ذلک بين العقود التقليدية التي جرى عليها العمل عند الفقهاء، وبين هذه العقود الذکية التي ستحل محلها في المستقبل القريب، منتهيا ببيان الرأي الفقهي في هذه النازلة. Designing Transactions Contracts and their Execution in between the traditional ways, the technology of (Blockchain) and Smart Contracts A Jurisprudential Study By: Ahmed Saad Ali Al- Boraee Department of Islamic Sharia Faculty of Islamic and Arabic Studies for Men in Cairo Azhar University E-mail : dr_ahmed_saad78@yahoo.com Abstract The technology of the blockchain is considered one of the most important technologies of the fourth industrial revolution which would lead the world economies in the following years, and which has widely flourished in the world of economy and finance since its early presence to the extent that many countries hastened to benefit from it in many fields. The most outstanding fields are where this technology enabled individuals to carry out their financial contracts and commercial bargains directly through peer- to- peer deals without resorting to any central authority as broker in the transaction. Such process runs through having digital representation of properties and financial assets in the form of symbols and decipherable codes included in blockchain platforms that can be transferred safely, effectively and trustworthily in between users. Such matters enabled the users of those networks to design smart contracts in between them. Blockchains networks take upon themselves executing them automatically as no human being is allowed to interfere since ownership assets are automatically transferred in between the two parties of the transaction in accordance with the articles of the contract which has been programmed and included in the network of blockchain. After that the contract is registered and saved in accordance with the requirements of transactions in a coded way through the network. None could manipulate this affair either by removing, modifying or even forging them along the years. Soon in the future, this affair would change the form of contracts and financial transactions running in between people in all phases; starting from the phase of signing the contracts, the phase of documentation (where those networks document the contract and all the users would testify instead of documenting and registering the contract via the specified central authorities in the traditional ways), till the phase of execution (where those networks take on the responsibility of executing the articles of the contract and transferring the assets in between the contracting parties through an automation that works in accordance with a certain programming approved by the two parties and included within those platforms). Therefore, this research is originally designed to highlight this new technology, its essence, origins, characteristics and its mechanism. The research also holds a comparison between the traditional contracts as identified by jurists and these smart contracts which will replace them soon in the future. Finally, the research concludes with the jurisprudential viewpoint regarding this mishap.

Blockchain is an emerging technology based on the digital ledger in the distributed system. The decentralized trust is one of its prominent features that ensures better transparency. Blockchain-based systems also enhance data integrity, confidentiality, and anonymity by eliminating third-party involvement in completing the transactions. Many SLRs have been published related to blockchain recently, but no comprehensive and systematic study on blockchain platforms has been conducted. So, there is a need for an organized and systematic review of blockchain platforms. This paper has reported a systematic literature review on existing blockchain platforms. We have formulated two research questions to determine the major frameworks used to implement blockchain-based systems and how they differ in implementation and operation. We have identified eighty-five blockchain platforms. To provide‎‎ comprehensive insights on blockchain platforms, we ‎identified related technologies and provided a map for ‎further ‎research development on blockchain technology.‎

The block chain has many unique characteristics, like decentralization, stability, openness and transparency. We can apply block chain in many fields of railway to improve the comprehensive efficiency and benefit, such as railway passenger and freight service, engineering construction, big data sharing and so on. With the gradual completion of data service platform, big data lake and cloud computing in China Railway, these foundations can support the railway block chain application. The paper analyzed the development status and existing problems of block chain at home and abroad. Through the multidimensional analysis for the mainstream block chain platform architecture, the thesis gets the architecture selection of the railway block chain platform. Based on the hyperledger fabric, we propose the technical architecture and overall scheme for the railway block chain service platform respectively. The paper also designs the implementation path for the platform application construction. This research plays an important role and significance in promoting the block chain technology applying and developing in the railway field.

Blockchain-aided information exchange records for design liability control and improved security