A Comparative Analysis of Graphene Versus Zirconia Fixed Dental Prostheses: An In Vitro Study

Introduction: The provisional crown is an interim restoration that is used for a variable time period while the definitive restoration is being fabricated. To be successful, these restorations should fulfill biological, mechanical, and esthetic requirements. The maintenance of these long-term restorations can present significant problems for the patient and dentist. Aim: To compare and evaluate the compressive strength and flexural strength of four provisional crown material at different interval of time in artificial saliva. Materials and methods: This in-vitro study involves 160 samples that are tested for compressive strength and flexural strength. This test was carried out in the dept. of prosthodontics, crown and bridge, Jaipur dental college in the year 2025. The material used in this study are DPI, PYRAX SC10, PROTEMP, AND INTEGRITY. Each group were further divided into two subgroups to measure flexural strength and compressive strength (immersed in artificial saliva for 24hrs and 1 week). This test is done using universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was done using a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Result: From all the four provisional crown materials, all the material showed the statistical significance (P=0.000). Conclusion: Within the study's limitations, Integrity showed the highest compressive and flexural strength. Minimal variation between its subgroups indicates strong stability in a simulated oral environment.

Mortar is a building material made of cement, fine aggregate, and water. To get a good mortar strength, the properties, and characteristics of each of the mortar constituents must also be studied further. Aggregates containing silica can be reactive or non-reactive to alkaline elements in cement. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of alkaline silica reactive sand on the compressive strength and flexural strength of mortar immersed in seawater. This research uses an experimental method, namely Rangkas sand, Bangka sand and Lumajang sand which have gone through the XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) testing process to determine the percentage of compound content contained. The research method to determine the reactivity of the sand refers to ASTM C 1260. The compressive strength and flexural strength of the mortar were tested with two variations of immersion, namely by using fresh water and sea water. The immersion of the mortar was carried out for 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. From the results of testing the compressive strength and flexural strength of mortar at the age of 28 days had the same results for fresh water and seawater immersion, namely sand with high potential for reactive alkali silica has low compressive strength and flexural strength values ​​for all types of immersion. The freshwater immersion method has been used to test the mortar's flexural and compressive strength. It has a higher compressive and flexural strength value than the seawater immersion mortar, with a percentage ratio of 27.1% of compressive strength and 17.3% of flexural strength in mortar, with an immerse age of 28 days.

In this present study, the high flexural parameter properties of SIFCON were examined, while the use of metakaolin and fly ash with PC 52.5 CEM I R was examined. 5 series were prepared and replaced with metakaolin and fly ash 25% and 50%. 5% of steel fiber was used in all series and the results of 7 and 28 days flexural and compressive strengths, and ultrasonic pulse velocity were examined. Given the 28-day test period, strength increase was observed in metakaolin-added samples, while lower results were obtained in fly ash-added samples since fly ash has not yet been completely hydrated. When the 28-day compressive and flexural strength results were examined, the highest results were achieved with 57.39 MPa and 44.53 MPa in series 4 with the pozzolans’ hydration. SIFCON is a material that can be used in different areas, such as military buildings. In these buildings, it is necessary to examine the circumstances after the impact of the explosion and fire. For this purpose, high-temperature testing is required. After the 200, 400 and 600 oC of temperature test, the results of flexural and compressive strengths, ultrasonic pulse velocity and weight loss were examined. The increase in strength after the 300 oC temperature can be caused by drying shrinkage of the matrix, whose C-S-H structure is not yet intact, and compression of the fiber wall. The conversion from Ca(OH)2 to Cao begins at about 400 oC, and the C-S-H structure is quickly destroyed as it approaches 600 oC. Cracks in the distribution, similar to the branching of cracks in non-fiber samples, were much narrower on the surface of SIFCON samples

ABSTRACTGraphene oxide (GO) is one of the prominent nanomaterial, this has been utilised in the cement composite materials. Graphene oxide represents unprecedented range of properties with a potential to enhance the strength and toughness of cement-based composites. In this study, the influence of graphene oxide was evaluated on the workability, microstructure, strength and durability properties of the fresh and hardened cement composites. Different percentages of graphene oxide were added at 0wt%, 0.01wt%, 0.02wt%, 0.03wt% and 0.04wt% by weight of cement. Workability in terms of fluidity, setting time and viscosity tests were conducted to the fresh GO-cement paste samples. Compressive and flexural strength tests were conducted to the hardened GO-cement paste samples at 28 days. Through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), morphology and microstructure of hardened cement paste were investigated and XRD technique was assisted in identifying the crystalline materials and studying the phase composition of cement composites. Results exhibited that, graphene oxide addition increases the viscosity, decreases the fluidity and shortens the setting time of the cement paste. Increased compressive and flexural strength results were appeared due to the addition of graphene oxide at different dosages. At 0.04wt% of graphene oxide dosage, the compressive strength was increased by 46.6% and flexural strength was increased by 75% than normal cement paste at 28 days. Water permeability of the cement composite specimens was highly reduced due to the graphene oxide reinforced infiltration barrier, which leads to the improvement in durability.

This study investigates the effect of elevated temperatures on slag-based geopolymer composites (SGC) with the inclusion of firebrick powder (FBP). There is a limited understanding of the properties of SGC with the inclusion of FBP when exposed to elevated temperatures and the effects of cooling processes in air and water. In this regard, in the preliminary trials performed, optimum molarity, curing temperature, and curing time conditions were determined as 16 molarity, 100 °C, and 24 h, respectively, for SGCs. Then, FBP from construction and demolition waste (CDW) was substituted in different replacement ratios (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by slag weight) into the SGC, with optimum molarity, curing temperature, and curing time. The produced SGC samples were exposed to elevated temperature effects at 300, 600, and 800 °C and then subjected to air- and water-cooling regimes. The ultrasonic pulse velocity, flexural strength, compressive strength, and mass loss of the SGCs with the inclusion of FBP were determined. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were carried out for control (without FBP) and 20% FBP-based SGC cooled in air and water after elevated temperatures of 300 °C and 600 °C. The results show that the compressive and flexural strength of the SGC samples are higher than the control samples when the FBP replacement ratio is used of up to 30% for the samples after the elevated temperatures of 300 °C and 600 °C. The lowest compressive and flexural strength results were obtained for the control samples after a temperature of 800 °C. As a result, the elevated temperature resistance can be significantly improved if FBP is used in SGC by up to 30%.

Traditional concrete mixtures that include aggregates from naturally occurring sources offer advantages in terms of strength, workability, and water absorption, as well as a wide range of application possibilities. There is a need to further investigate the enhanced mechanical characteristics of Self-compacting concrete as compared to ordinary conventional concrete. An experiment on the mechanical properties, comprising compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and also density of self-compacting concrete SCC and the corresponding properties of normal conventional concrete (NCC) is outlined in this paper. Based on the various test results, it is concluded that self-compacting concrete provides better characteristics in terms of durability, strength, and economy in concrete production, although their use should be dependent on the percentage volume of superplasticizer admixture added to achieve higher strength properties in the utilization to substitute conventional concrete (control). In terms of the compressive, flexural, and tensile strength of concrete produced in comparison with both the control and self-compacting concrete, the results still point out clearly that the self-compacting concrete mixes offer the highest compressive, tensile, and flexural strength. The study included 12 cubes, 12 cylinders, and 12 rectangular prisms for the self-compacting concrete, whilst the same numbers were made for the normal conventional concrete. Three (3) specimens each for both mixes were tested on 7,21,28 and 56 days with equivalent cement to aggregate volumes being 1:2:4 (1:6) for the normal conventional concrete and 1: 3.75:2.25(1:6) for the self-compacting concrete. The compressive strength of the self-compacting concrete as compared to the normal concrete (control) offered a percentage increase of 90.44% on the 7th day, a further increase to 98.82% on the 21st day, and reduced to 43.86% on the 28th day and 33.07% on the 56th day. This marginal increase shows that self-compacting concrete offers better compressive strength than conventional concrete even under the same curing parameters and aggregate ratios. For the split tensile strength, the self-compacting concrete showed a percentage increase of 71.96% on the 7th day, 80.56% on the 21st day, the highest being 98.99% on the 28 days and reduced to 49.55% on the 56th day as compared to the normal concrete (control). This shows that the self-compacting concrete has a better tensile capacity than the conventional concrete(control). This means the self-compacting concrete is the least brittle and has a higher tensile strength than the normal concrete (control). The flexural strength recorded a declining differential percentage increase of 93.24% on the 7th day, 56.59% on the 21st day, 46.53% on the 28th day, and 28.01% on the 56th day. This shows that the self-compacting concrete has a higher ability of composites to resist bending deflection when the force is applied. Hence this was an indirect measure to compare the tensile strength of both the self-compacting concrete and normal concrete(control) and was determined by a third point loading or centre point loading test of the specimen in which the self-compacting concrete specimen proved a higher flexural strength. Since the self-compacting concrete does not need any vibration during casting, comparing the densities of both self-compacting concrete and the normal concrete (control), the self-compacting concrete shows a higher percentage increase in densities of all specimens. The self-compacting concrete exhibited a higher percentage increase in densities of all the concrete specimens which indicates good durability and less porosity of the concrete.

Cement is importance as one of the strategic construction of any civilization depends, and its paramount significance in the construction of building, roads, bridges and infrastructure, which requires the use of cement with special specification and thus the use of polymers as additives to increase the compressive, flexural and tensile strength of the cement used in construction. Cement producing can possibility with high specification and for multiple uses, some studies be carried out on the use of some available additives in small quantities so as to give the cement high desirable specification in terms of color, compressive strength, tensile and permeability compared to ordinary cement. This research aims to know the extent to which some of the physical and mechanical properties of cement mortar, such as compressive strength, flexural and tensile strength, are improved upon weight substitution of specific polymeric materials with high efficiency, such as, silica fume .styrene-butadiene, styrene- acrylic in low weight ratio so that it does not add a high economic cost to the production of therequired concrete .for specific uses and sheds light on the effect of different temperatures on the properties where studied in this study . The study showed that the addition of polymeric materials (Glenium 51, silica fume, styrene –butadiene) with different weight ratio of cement weight at 20°C led to obtaining the highest compressive strength, flexural and tensile strength at the optimum level to the development and improvement of properties. Mechanical and physical cement mortar compared to the reference cement free of additives .As for the use of styrene –acrylic, it had a negative effect and led to a decrease in the compressive and tensile strength .especially in the later ages compared to the reference cement. The optimum ratio of Glenium51 was added to the optimum ratio of each material separately and the mixture was added to the cement mortar at different temperatures( 7, 20, 55 )°C .The effect of additives on the properties of the cement mortar was studied. Also, a mixture (Glenium51, silica fume, styrene-butadiene, styrene-acrylic) was added in the optimum proportions for each material to the cement mortar at different temperatures, and this addition led to increase on compressive, flexural and tensile strength at all temperatures compared with reference cement. Silica fume, styrene-butadiene rubber and styrene acrylic were added separately to the cement mortar without Glenium51, then a mixture of silica fume, styrene-butadiene, and styrene-acrylic was added to the cement mortar .The results showed that the compressive, flexural and tensile strength of cement mortar increase while styrene acrylic decrease these properties when compared with the reference mixture.In addition, the study showed the effect of temperature to the properties of added polymers with cement mortar, All experiments were performed at different temperatures (The temperature which Iraq's climate is exposed under natural conditions.All experiments were conducted at different temperatures (7, 20, 55)°C respectively, to show the effect of degrees on cement compressive strength, which the degree7 represents in winter, 20 in spring and autumn, and 55 in summer.

[ID] Concrete is a very popular building material used in the world of construction services, consisting of a mixture of Portland Cement (PC) or other hydraulic cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water, with or without using additional materials. The quality of materials such as cement also greatly affects the strength of the concrete after hardening, so the selection of cement quality must be in accordance with the concrete planning regulations in order to obtain optimal results. In Indonesia there are many new cement factories that produce to meet the needs of the community, one of which is the Conch brand cement. So in connection with the above, Conch cement can be examined to compare the value of compressive strength and flexural strength with old cement, namely cement Padang, Tiga Roda, Holcim and Bosowa which are generally always used in concrete planning at this time.The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of compressive strength and flexural strength of the concrete and the multiplier between cement Padang, Three Wheels and Conch at 28 days of age. In this study using the method SNI 03-2834-2000. With cylindrical test specimens (150 mm x 300 mm) and size beams (150 mm x 150 mm x 600 mm) three specimens were made for each cement.The maximum concrete compressive strength is found in Padang cement with a compressive strength of 45.86 Mpa, for the minimum compressive strength found in Tiga Roda cement with compressive strength value of 40.19 Mpa and for the compressive strength of cement Conch there is a second with compressive strength value 42.84 Mpa. From the explanation above, the results of 28 days of concrete compressive strength with each cement brand still not reached the planned concrete compressive strength of 38 MPa. The maximum concrete flexural strength is found in Padang cement with a flexural strength value of 5.03 Mpa, for a minimum flexural strength value found in Tiga Roda cement with a flexural strength value of 3.96 Mpa and for the value of Conch cement compressive strength there is a second with flexural strength 4.43 Mpa. From the explanation above, the results of 28 days of concrete flexural strength with each cement brand that has not reached the 4.4 Mpa plan, namely the three-wheeled cement brand.
 [EN] Concrete is a very popular building material used in the world of construction services, consisting of a mixture of Portland Cement (PC) or other hydraulic cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water, with or without using additional materials. The quality of materials such as cement also greatly affects the strength of the concrete after hardening, so the selection of cement quality must be in accordance with the concrete planning regulations in order to obtain optimal results. In Indonesia there are many new cement factories that produce to meet the needs of the community, one of which is the Conch brand cement. So in connection with the above, Conch cement can be examined to compare the value of compressive strength and flexural strength with old cement, namely cement Padang, Tiga Roda, Holcim and Bosowa which are generally always used in concrete planning at this time.The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of compressive strength and flexural strength of the concrete and the multiplier between cement Padang, Three Wheels and Conch at 28 days of age. In this study using the method SNI 03-2834-2000. With cylindrical test specimens (150 mm x 300 mm) and size beams (150 mm x 150 mm x 600 mm) three specimens were made for each cement.The maximum concrete compressive strength is found in Padang cement with a compressive strength of 45.86 Mpa, for the minimum compressive strength found in Tiga Roda cement with compressive strength value of 40.19 Mpa and for the compressive strength of cement Conch there is a second with compressive strength value 42.84 Mpa. From the explanation above, the results of 28 days of concrete compressive strength with each cement brand still not reached the planned concrete compressive strength of 38 MPa. The maximum concrete flexural strength is found in Padang cement with a flexural strength value of 5.03 Mpa, for a minimum flexural strength value found in Tiga Roda cement with a flexural strength value of 3.96 Mpa and for the value of Conch cement compressive strength there is a second with flexural strength 4.43 Mpa. From the explanation above, the results of 28 days of concrete flexural strength with each cement brand that has not reached the 4.4 Mpa plan, namely the three-wheeled cement brand.

Based on this research, concrete has high compressive strength but low flexural strength. There-fore, the addition of sugarcane bagasse fibers is carried out as an additive to overcome the low flexural strength issue in concrete. This study aims to determine the effect of adding sugarcane bagasse fibers on the characteristics of concrete, including compressive and flexural strength. Fiber-reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of regular concrete and other mate-rials, such as natural or artificial fibers. The method used in this research is an experimental method, adding 1% of sugarcane bagasse fibers by weight of cement to the normal concrete with a target strength of F'c 19.3 MPa and fiber length of 5 cm. The samples used in this research are concrete cylinders and beams tested using a Universal Testing Machine. The research results show that the optimum compressive strength of normal concrete is 20.36 MPa at 28 days of age. Meanwhile, for fiber-reinforced concrete BSTC and BSTH, the compressive strengths are 17.83 MPa and 16.49 MPa, respectively, indicating a decrease compared to the normal concrete. This decrease is attributed to the addition of sugarcane bagasse fibers, which are lightweight addi-tives and not solid aggregates, resulting in some voids in the sugarcane bagasse fibers. The re-sults of the flexural strength testing show that the optimum flexural strength of BSTC is 4.44 MPa, and for BSTH, it is 4.09 MPa, while the normal concrete (BN) only achieves 3.61 MPa. This is due to the increased bonding effect in concrete caused by the addition of fibers, which helps to resist the occurrence of cracks during flexural testing

Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of concrete using different sources of water for mixing and curing concrete

This research includes study the effects of use the silica sand at different rates and comparison some characteristics with other concrete mixture contains ordinary sand to investigate the effect on some mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, density absorption and flexural strength after (3, 7, 14 and 28) days for four mixtures. , the ordinary sand was replaced by the (Silica Sand) at different rates ( 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). Sodium Silicate solution at percentage of cement ratio(water tocement ratio is decreased on same ratio) added to the Ideal silica sand mixture to study the effect of addition of some additives on concrete. The study showed that the best results of mixture was when replaced (75%) of the ordinary sand by silica sand , then study some mechanical properties of mixtures such as compressive strength, density absorption and flexural strength after (3, 7, 14 and 28) days .The study showed the optimum percentage of sodium silicate was (1.75%). The study showed that the best result of Density was (2493Kg/m3) after (28) days, and the increment ratio in Density was (2.95%), and the large value in compressive strength was (85.76 MPa) which was (42.9%) after (28) days. The study showed also that the best results of absorption were (0.77) after (28) days, and the decrement ratio in Absorption was (33.8%). The study showed that the best result of flexural strength was (8.02 MPa) after (28) days, and the maximum increment ratio in Flexural Strength was (150.6%) after (28) days.

With the global demand for concrete on the rise, the need to conserve natural resources has become critical, driving the shift towards more sustainable construction practices. This study explores the potential of three distinct approaches to enhance concrete performance while reducing environmental impact and ensuring sustainable development. The research aims to develop sustainable concrete solutions by utilising recycled materials and waste products. The study consists of three groups; Group 1: replacing natural aggregates with recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) and recycled fine aggregates (RFA) at various ratios (30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%), Group 2: partially replacing cement with fly ash (FLA) at 20%, 50%, and 70% with RCA consistently at 30%, and Group 3: incorporating recycled polypropylene fibres (RPF) at 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% to replace coarse aggregates. To optimise concrete mix behaviour, this study employs the Two-Stage Mixing Approach (TSMA) for Group 1 and the Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology for Groups 2 and 3. The study reveals that fresh concrete mixtures incorporating higher proportions of RCA (Group 1), RFA (Group 1), and FLA (Group 2) exhibited reduced workability, with slump values decreasing by 10.23% to 22% compared to the control mix made with natural aggregates. Conversely, increasing the content of recycled polypropylene fibres (RPF) led to a notable enhancement in workability, with slump readings increasing twofold compared to the control mix. The regular distribution of higher percentages of RPF increased the fibre-cement paste’s surface area, promoting better bonding and consequently enhancing the workability of the fresh concrete. Moreover, in Group 1, concrete blends with 30% RCA exhibited the highest compressive strength, surpassing the control mix by 11.43%. Meanwhile, blends with 30–50% RFA showed significant gains, with compressive strength increases ranging from 3.9% to 16.88%. Likewise, flexural strength reached its peak, increasing by 10% with 30% RCA and by 11.11% to 19.44% with 30% to 50% RFA, compared to the control mix. In Group 2, the optimal combination of 30% RCA and 20% FLA yielded significant strength gains, with compressive strength increasing by up to 24.56% and splitting tensile strength by up to 32.79%. In Group 3, incorporating RPF particles at a dosage of 2% to 4% yielded satisfactory compressive and flexural strength results, comparable to those of control specimens. The failure modes under various loads were analysed for each group, and correlations between compressive, splitting, and flexural strengths were established. This study highlights the potential of eco-friendly concrete incorporating recycled aggregates and waste materials as a sustainable construction solution, contributing to waste reduction, resource conservation, and environmentally responsible practices.

The study evaluates the compressive, flexural, and diametral tensile strengths of 8 core build-up materials from different material classes (highly viscous glass ionomer cement, autocured resin composite, and compomers). All materials were manipulated according to the manufacturers' recommendations for use as core materials. At a temperature of 23.0 +/- 1.0 degrees C the properties of compressive, diametral tensile and flexural strength were determined using a universal testing machine at 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours after material preparation. Using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple mean value comparisons were performed to determine significant differences (p< or =.05) between the core restoration materials. The values for compressive strength varied from 40.3 +/- 5.2 MPa (compomer) to 237.4 +/- 37.3 MPa (autocured resin composite) for the 3 measurement times. At 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 24 hours after first mixing, the ANOVA showed significant differences (p < or =.05) between the resin composite Core Paste and all of the other materials. Diametral tensile strengths ranged from 5.5 +/- 1.1 MPa for glass ionomer cement to 39.1 +/- 2.9 MPa for composite core material. Three-point flexural strength showed values ranging from 12.1 +/- 2.5 MPa for glass ionomer cement to 92.1 +/- 9.7 MPa for compomer between the 3 measurement times. Setting time influences the mechanical properties of the materials tested in this study. Autopolymerizing resin composite Core Paste demonstrated greater compressive and flexural strengths at the 3 measurement times than the other materials tested. Reinforced composites, in comparison to the autocured resin composites, yielded no improvement in tensile strength. Flexural and tensile strengths of the glass ionomer cement were lower than those of autocured resin composites and compomers.

Although concrete is the most widely used construction material, its deficiency in shrinkage and low tensile resistance is undeniable. However, the aforementioned defects can be partially modified by addition of fibers. On the other hand, possibility of adding waste materials in concrete has provided a new ground for use of recycled concrete aggregates in the construction industry. In this study, a constant combination of recyclable coarse and fine concrete aggregates was used to replace the corresponding aggregates at 50% substitution percentage. Moreover, in order to investigate the effects of fibers on mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete, the amounts of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% steel fibers (ST) and 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.15% polypropylene (PP) fibers by volumes were used individually and in hybrid forms. Compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), water absorption, toughness, elastic modulus and shrinkage of samples were investigated. The results of mechanical properties showed that PP fibers reduced the compressive strength while positive impact of steel fibers was evident both in single and hybrid forms. Tensile and flexural strength of samples were improved and the energy absorption of samples containing fibers increased substantially before and after crack presence. Growth in toughness especially in hybrid fiber-reinforced specimens retarded the propagation of cracks. Modulus of elasticity was decreased by the addition of PP fibers while the contrary trend was observed with the addition of steel fibers. PP fibers decreased the ultrasonic pulse velocity slightly and had undesirable effect on water absorption. However, steel fiber caused negligible decline in UPV and a small impact on water absorption. Steel fibers reduce the drying shrinkage by up to 35% when was applied solely. Using fibers also resulted in increasing the ductility of samples in failure. In addition, mechanical properties changes were also evaluated by statistical analysis of MATLAB software and smoothing spline interpolation on compressive, flexural, and indirect tensile strength. Using shell interpolation, the optimization process in areas without laboratory results led to determining optimal theoretical points in a two-parameter system including steel fibers and polypropylene.

Recycling and sustainability of geopolymer concretes are crucial for both the environment and the economy. For this purpose, the usability of recycled geopolymer concrete aggregates (RGAs) obtained by crushing geopolymer concrete produced from different aluminosilicate sources (perlite, blast furnace slag, red mud, volcanic ash, etc.) in the production of portland cement concrete was investigated. RGAs were used instead of normal aggregates as fine, coarse, and coarse+fine aggregates in concrete produced with CEM I cement. In the mixtures produced with CEM II cement, only coarse aggregates were replaced with RGAs. Compressive, flexural, and bond strength (pull-out test); restrained shrinkage (ring test); and drying shrinkage, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water absorption, and bulk density tests were performed. Additionally, the properties of the mixtures after exposure to high temperatures (300°C and 600°C) were investigated. The results showed that, with the incorporation of RGAs into concrete, regardless of the size of the RGA grains, compressive, flexural, and bond strength decreased. However, this decrease was more visible in compressive strength (14%–32% for 28 days). Drying shrinkage, water absorption, and permeable void volume increased, but cracking potential decreased. At high temperature (300°C), strength loss was 26% in reference mixture with CEM I cement (RCI) and 14% in reference mixture with CEM II cement (RCII), while RGA mixtures showed 12%–18% (CEM I) and 4%–5% (CEM II) loss. Although fine RGAs had lower compressive and flexural strength than coarse RGAs, drying shrinkage, water absorption, and permeability were lower. Mixtures of CEM II exhibited higher drying shrinkage than mixtures of CEM I. However, there was no significant difference between them in other properties.