A Comparison of Two Works on Black Family Life

Previous articleNext article No AccessINTRODUCTION—AFRICAN AMERICANS AND MOVEMENTS FOR REPARATIONS: FROM EX-SLAVE PENSIONS TO THE REPARATIONS SUPERFUNDV. P. FranklinV. P. Franklin Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of African American History Volume 97, Number 1-2Winter-Spring 2012African Americans and Movements for Reparations: Past, Present, and Future A journal of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.97.1-2.0001 Views: 124Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 2012 ASALHPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Nicola Frith and Joyce Hope Scott National and International Perspectives on Movements for Reparations, The Journal of African American History 103, no.1-21-2 (Jun 2018): 1–18.https://doi.org/10.1086/696363Mary Frances Berry On the Editorship of The Journal of African American History, The Journal of African American History 102, no.33 (Mar 2018): 301–306.https://doi.org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.102.3.0301Pero Gaglo Dagbovie Over Forty Years of “Defending the Race” and Writing Black History, The Journal of African American History 102, no.33 (Mar 2018): 319–340.https://doi.org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.102.3.0319 Lynda Morgan REPARATIONS AND HISTORY: THE EMANCIPATION GENERATION'S ETHICAL LEGACY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, The Journal of African American History 99, no.44 (Nov 2017): 403–426.https://doi.org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.99.4.0403

180 Background: The significance of germline variants and their implications for prostate cancer (PCa) patients has gained prominence. Mismatch repair (MMR) genes such as MSH6 and MSH2, along with DNA repair genes, may be more important in PCa than previously appreciated. In the present study, we compared linkage results between African American (AA) and Caucasian (CA) PCa families with multiple affected family members. Methods: Study subjects were from 15 large, high-risk, clinically homogenous AA families and 4 CA families from Southern Louisiana. All families had at least ≥ 3 members with family member diagnosed with PCa. Genotyping for linkage analyses was done using Illumina Infinium II SNP HumanLinkage-12 panel. 6,068 SNPs were released for linkage analyses. Parametric linkage analyses were performed using Merlin software, version 1.1.2. An HLOD score > 1.86 was considered suggestive of linkage. Results: A total of 129 individuals from 15 AA families were genotyped including 45 affected men, 44 unaffected men, and 40 women. The average age at diagnosis was 61; 8 of 15 families had more than 4 affected individuals. 50 CA individuals from similar families were genotyped including 12 affected men, 26 presently unaffected men, and 12 women. For CA families, the average age of onset was 66, with at least 5 affected individuals in each family. In AAs, we identified a peak of suggestive linkage at chromosome 2p16 (HLOD = 1.97). Similarly, in CA families, the strongest linkage signal was observed on chromosome 2q14.1 with an HLOD score of 1.94. At the2 q14 linkage region, there was no linkage in AA PCa families (HLOD = 0.0004). Similarly, on 2p16, there was no linkage in the CA cohort (HLOD = 0). Conclusions: The MSH6 gene is located in 2p16 region. MMR gene mutations have been shown to have evidence of microsatellite instability in PCa as well as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. MSH6 gene may represent a genetic variant contributing to risk of PCa in high risk AA families. This potentially has therapeutic implications for use of PD1 inhibitors in this population.

Previous articleNext article No AccessGerman Views of Negro Life in the United States, 1919-1933Earl R. BeckEarl R. Beck Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 48, Number 1January 1963 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2716643 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 2Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in The Journal of Negro History (1916-2001), which is continued by The Journal of African American History (2002-present). Copyright 1963, 1969 The Association for the Study of African American Life and HistoryPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article: Matthias Reiss SOLIDARITY AMONG “FELLOW SUFFERERS”: AFRICAN AMERICANS AND GERMAN PRISONERS OF WAR IN THE UNITED STATES DURING WORLD WAR II, The Journal of African American History 98, no.44 (Nov 2017): 531–561.https://doi.org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.4.0531 Keith L. Nelson The "Black Horror on the Rhine": Race as a Factor in Post-World War I Diplomacy, The Journal of Modern History 42, no.44 (Oct 2015): 606–627.https://doi.org/10.1086/244041

Research suggests that higher levels of authoritarian parenting exist in African American (AA) families than in European American (EA) families, and that authoritarian attitudes may be associated with more positive outcomes in AA families than EA families. However, less is known about authoritarian attitudes and children's development within AA families. This within-group study of 50 African American mothers and their 3-year-old children examined associations between maternal authoritarian attitudes, observed maternal limit-setting strategies, and children's self-regulation during a limit-setting interaction. The findings indicate that while AA families may hold more authoritarian attitudes than EA families, the direction of effect of authoritarian attitudes on children's outcomes appears to be the same in both ethnic groups. In this sample, when examining AA authoritarian attitudes relative to those of other AA mothers, less or lower authoritarian attitudes were associated with authoritative limit-setting behavior (firm limits within the context of overall warmth and responsiveness) and better children's self-regulation.

Genome scan for hypertension in nonobese African Americans: The national heart, lung, and blood institute family blood pressure program

Exposure to household domestic animals such as cats and dogs in early life may have some role in pathogenesis of asthma. Racial differences exist in the prevalence of asthma. We hypothesized that there may also be racial differences in pet ownership in families with asthma. A cross sectional study was conducted from June 2011 to December 2014 on 823 of 850 (97%) families of children with asthma for pet ownership. Comparisons among racial groups were done using chi square analysis and one-way analysis of variance. The mean age of the cohort was 6.9±4.4 years. A total of 540 (65.62%) patients were Caucasian, 195 (23.7%) African American, 42 (5.1%) hispanics, and 26 (3.2%) biracial with one Caucasian parent. Pets in the home were reported by 470 (58.5%) households. Significantly fewer African American and hispanic families had pets in the home (26.9% and 44.7%) than biracial and Caucasian families (72% and 69.9%, P<0.001). Likewise, significantly more biracial and Caucasian families were noted to have dogs (52% and 54.4%) or cats (25.4% and 40%) or both cats and dogs (28% and 18%) than African Americans families (20.3%, P<0.001; 7.1%, P<0.001) and (4.6%, P<0.001), respectively. Among families with asthmatic children, pet ownership is significantly more likely in Caucasian families compared with African-American and Hispanic families, thus there is a racial diversity in pet ownership among families of children with asthma.

Previous articleNext article No Access"WE CAN BEST HONOR THE PAST... BY FACING IT SQUARELY, HONESTLY, AND ABOVE ALL, OPENLY"Robert L. Harris Jr.Robert L. Harris Jr. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of African American History Volume 94, Number 3Summer 2009The Legacy of Dr. John Hope Franklin A journal of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/JAAHv94n3p391 Views: 18Total views on this site © ASALHPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;African American (AA) families have the highest risk of prostate cancer. However, the genetic factors contributing to prostate cancer susceptibility in AA families remain poorly understood. We performed whole-exome sequencing of one affected and one unaffected brother in an AA family with hereditary prostate cancer. The novel non-synonymous variants discovered only in the affected individuals were further analyzed in all affected and unaffected men in 20 AA-PC families. Here, we report one rare recurrent &lt;i&gt;ADPRHL1&lt;/i&gt; germline mutation (&lt;i&gt;c.A233T&lt;/i&gt;; p.D78V) in four of the 20 families affected by prostate cancer. The mutation co-segregates with prostate cancer in two families and presents in two affected men in the other two families, but was absent in 170 unrelated healthy AA men. Functional characterization of the mutation in benign prostate cells showed aberrant promotion of cell proliferation, whereas expression of the wild-type ADPRHL1 in prostate cancer cells suppressed cell proliferation and oncogenesis. Mechanistically, the ADPRHL1 mutant activates PARP1, leading to an increased H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; or cisplatin-induced DNA damage response for prostate cancer cell survival. Indeed, the PARP1 inhibitor, olaparib, suppresses prostate cancer cell survival induced by mutant ADPRHL1. Given that the expression levels of ADPRHL1 are significantly high in normal prostate tissues and reduce stepwise as Gleason scores increase in tumors, our findings provide genetic, biochemical, and clinicopathological evidence that ADPRHL1 is a tumor suppressor in prostate tissue. A loss of function mutation in ADPRHL1 induces prostate tumorigenesis and confers prostate cancer susceptibility in high-risk AA families.&lt;/p&gt;Implications:&lt;p&gt;This study highlights a potential strategy for ADPRHL1 mutation detection in prostate cancer–risk assessment and a potential therapeutic application for individuals with prostate cancer in AA families.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

PurposeResearch shows that family is influential to African Americans in college choice (Chapman et al., 2018; Chapman et al., 2020; Freeman, 2005; Hines et al., 2019; Lowry, 2017; Williams, 2018). However, it often overlooks unique, African-rooted characteristics of African American families and culture. This study aimed to explore whether and how these characteristics shape college choice for these students.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through semi-structured interviews with six, first-year African American students at an urban university. The data were analyzed using theoretical thematic analysis.FindingsThe major themes showed the influence of family, community and spirituality in shaping participants’ college choice decisions and perception of higher education.Originality/valueIn addition to identifying specific family members who were influential to African Americans in college choice, this work highlighted the role of communities as a whole in shaping these students’ decisions and creating supportive environments. It also showed the importance of these students’ relationship with God through the college choice process. The work can guide researchers and educators in considering African American families and culture as strengths in helping these students through college choice.

In recent years African American families have assumed a higher level of visibility among consumers of psychological services. Despite this they are often reluctant consumers with a history of insensitive treatment from mental health institutions. Many African American men and women are also wary of feminism. These factors may leave the feminist family therapist with unique challenges in providing treatment to African American families. This article explores the need to view the African American family's experience in the context of African American cultural imperatives and the antagonistic relationship between African Americans and the dominant culture in the U.S. The authors also address the importance of the therapists' awareness of their own racial identity, the role of white skin privilege, and the role of racism in the lives of African and white Americans.

“God Is Able”: Miracles and Hope in Our African-American Patients: Challenges, Historical Perspective and the Way Forward (FR459)

This article reports research examining the relative effects of parental marital status and socioeconomic status (SES) on the educational achievement of African American middle-grade students. Analyses of data from a nationally representative sample (NELS:88) reveal that at lower levels of SES, African American students from divorced households scored significantly higher on a standardized test measure. At the mean and higher levels of SES, no significant difference was found between students from divorced and married households on the test measure. The article concludes with discussion of the reasons behind these findings and the implications of the findings for public policy. INTRODUCTION Regardless of one's personal feeling about divorce, statistics clearly show that it has become popular. They also reveal that the trend toward rising divorce rates is not likely to be reversed in the near future. For example, Norton and Miller's (1992) research projects that 40% of first marriages will eventually end in divorce, while others argue that the dissolution rate is as high as 60% (Bumpass, 1990). Stratifying across race, African American couples have been found more than twice as likely as European American couples to divorce (Saluter, 1992). More recent research suggests that given current rates, as many as two-thirds of all recent African American marriages will end in divorce. By the age of 16, Baca Zinn and Eitzen (1996) maintain, two out of every three African American children, compared to only about one out of every three White children, will experience the dissolution of their parents' marriage. It is more than clear that these racial/ ethnic differences in divorce rates did not occur overnight. Morgan, McDaniel, Miller, and Preston's (1993) research found that even at the turn of the 20th century, African American households were less likely to be nuclear and more likely to be headed by women than were White households. Using census data, McDaniel (1994) compared contemporary African and White American household structures to those that were common during the slavery era and found significant similarities in family organization between the two time periods. After analyzing data from the 1960 through 1980 censuses, Wojtkiewicz (1993) concluded that the increasing number of female-headed African American families-the end-products of divorce, separation, and never marrying-was a factor contributing to the deepening economic inequality noted between Blacks and Whites. The reasons suggested for these differences in African and European American divorce rates are as plentiful as the statistics themselves. For example, Heaton and Jacobson (1994) considered a number of demographic variables and found that none of them satisfactorily explained the disparities noted. They subsequently conclude that the differences are attributable to differences in the ways Black and White families respond to various cultural and structural constraints. Crosbie-Burnett and Lewis's (1993) work focusing on racial differences, coping strategies, and divorce extols the pedi-focal coping strategies used by African American postdivorce families and suggests that these strategies might also be useful for European American postdivorce families. Other researchers, who conducted cultural-ecological analysis using data from the 1987-88 National Survey of Families and Households, found that after controlling for socioeconomic status (SES) and other variables, African American single mothers reported having higher expectations for their children than did their White counterparts (Fine, McKenry, & Chung, 1992; McKenry & Fine, 1993). They further note that the Black single mothers in their sample also reported that their children had a higher quality of life than did White single mothers. Another interesting racial difference concerning divorce was reported by Glenn and Kramer (1987), who note that among their sample of four groups of adult children of divorce-White males, White females, Black males, and Black females-only White females showed statistically significant divorce-proneness as a result of divorce. …

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsSylvia M. Jacobs, ed., Black Americans and the Missionary Movement in AfricaL. B. J. MachobaneL. B. J. Machobane Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 68, Number 1Winter 1983 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2717477 Journal History This article was published in The Journal of Negro History (1916-2001), which is continued by The Journal of African American History (2002-present). Copyright 1983 The Association for the Study of African American Life and HistoryPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Research studies indicate that the number of African Americans diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is disproportionately higher than other demographic groups (Feisthamel & Schwartz, 2009; Schwartz & Feisthamel, 2009). One contributing factor for this disproportionality is that White American clients presenting with the same disruptive behavioral symptoms as African American clients tend to be diagnosed with adjustment disorder. Feisthamel and Schwartz (2009) concluded, perceive attention deficit, oppositional, and conduct-related problems as significantly more common among clients of color (p. 51), and racial diagnostic bias may influence the assessment process. Racial biases in clinical decision making are explained in a conceptual pathway developed by Feisthamel and Schwartz (2007).In the pathway, counselors who hold stereotypical beliefs about clients selectively attend to client information. The counselor's judgment is influenced by personal bias, resulting in misdiagnosing the client. African American masculinity stereotypes of criminal mindedness, violent behavior, aggression and hostility (Spencer, 2013) held by counselors with low multicultural social justice counseling competence (Ratts, Singh, Nassar-McMillan, Butler, & McCullough, 2015; Sue, Arredondo, & McDavis, 1992) potentially foster misdiagnosis and overdiagnosis of African American males with ODD.Studies on how African American males are diagnosed with ODD and specific implications for African American males are relatively nonexistent. McNeil, Capage, and Bennett (2002) indicated the majority of information on children diagnosed with ODD has been obtained from primarily White children and families. They recommended that counselors working with African American families consider the African American family's unique stressors, worldviews and burdens; possible inclusion of the extended family; possible therapist biases that conflict with client's worldview; and positive factors that lead to competency, self-reliance and health in African American culture (Lindsey & Cuellar, 2000). Thus, an appropriate ODD diagnosis in African American males requires assessment and treatment plan considerations that include other related factors.Diagnosing Oppositional Defiant Disorder in African American MalesAccording to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013), ODD is characterized by a pattern of behavior that includes angry and irritable mood, argumentative and defiant behavior, and/or vindictiveness. Symptoms must cause significant problems at home, school or work; must occur with at least one individual who is not a sibling; and must persist for 6 months or more (APA, 2013). The diagnostic assessment also determines that (a) these behaviors are displayed more often than is typical for peers, and (b) symptoms are not associated with other mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, antisocial behavior and substance abuse disorders.High rates of ODD diagnosis among African American males may occur because of low cultural competency in diagnosis and counselor bias (Guindon & Sobhany, 2001; Hays, Prosek, & McLeod, 2010; Snowden, 2003). Spencer and Oatts (1999) and Clark (2007), for example, found that health professionals misinterpreted symptoms of disruptive behavior disorders like ODD at greater rates for African American children. Misdiagnosis was common among children assessed as having symptoms of (a) obsessive compulsive disorder and response to rigid classroom rules, (b) bipolar disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and engagement in destructive behavior, and (c) anxiety disorder (e.g., social anxiety) and dislike for school, and defiance toward teachers. These symptoms also may result from unfair treatment and discrimination (Smith & Harper, 2015). Misdiagnosis of ODD can reasonably be expected to have potentially adverse implications for healthy psychological, emotional and social development in family and education systems. …

Preface African American Migration and Urbanization by Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, Jr. The African American Worker in Slavery and Freedom by Joe William Trotter, Jr. African American Families: Historically Resilient by Aaron Thompson African American Women by Wilma King The African American Educational Experience by Carolyn A. Dorsey The African American Literary Tradition by Clenora Hudson-Weems The African American Musical Experience by John A. Taylor African American Intellectual/Political Thought by Robert L. Harris, Jr. The African American Political Experience by Sharon D. Wright and Minion K.C. Morrison The African American Press by Julius E. Thompson African Americans in the Military of the United States by John F. Marszalek and Horace D. Nash The African American Athletic Experience by David K. Wiggins Constructing an Historiography of African American Business by Juliet E. K. Walker Sexuality and Race by Stanley O. Gaines, Jr. African American Consumerism by Robert E. Weems, Jr. The Civil Rights Movement by John Dittmer African American Religion in the United States by Charles H. Long