A Comprehensive Review About Image Encryption Methods

In the modern society of digitalization, integration, intelligence, and networking, while people enjoy the convenience of information technology to their production and lives, information security in the network, as the cornerstone of information communication, becomes more and more important. The research is to establish a new image encryption (IE) method based on LFSR state sequence (SS)s in VHDL language, and the stream cipher of LFSR is studied in detail to induce the idea of LFSR SSs based on VHDL language. The correlation coefficient (CC) of the original image (OI) and encrypted image (EI) pixel points (PP) are analyzed from horizontal direction, vertical direction and diagonal direction, and the results show that the CC of adjacent PP of the OI is large, which approaches 1. However, using the encryption algorithm proposed in this paper, the correlation coefficient of the PP of the EI is -0.0282 in the diagonal direction, and the highest correlation coefficient in the horizontal direction is only 0.0122, which indicates that the adjacent PP of the EI are almost uncorrelated with each other. Therefore, the encryption method can well resist statistical attacks, which illustrates the effectiveness, security, and reliability of this new IE method.

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Next-generation wireless communication networks rely heavily on the OFDM system to transmit digital information in a more effective method as well as other traditional methods. Using mobile devices, digital document data such as videos, images, and texts can be easily shared and copied without the owner's permission. In this case, information security is a primary consideration. There are several advantages to using chaotic systems, such as their randomness, which makes them far more secure than traditional encryption methods, such as RSA (AES, DES). An efficient method for transmitting secure images across an AWGN channel has been developed because of this research. The dual-sided encryption and scrambling method for an OFDM system proposed in this paper is described in detail. Here, MATLAB is used to design an OFDM system that employs high-efficiency scrambling and a chaotic map for encryption to achieve high-security image transfer. Signal to noise ratio as well as bit error rate measurements are utilized to gauge the clear of image transmission. Using entropy, histogram analysis, NPCR, and UACI for testing encryption quality.

In the smart grid, Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI) are used to obtain huge amount of data sampled from the electrical users for the various advanced applications (e.g., demand side response and gird operation). However, there exist the leakage risk of users' privacy in the smart data collection process. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a smart meter data encryption method based on the random forest (RF) algorithm and aggregate signature method. Firstly, the electrical data is decomposed into the components with different time scales by using the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. Then the RF algorithm is used to extract the electrical consumption behavior as the criterion for judging the data authenticity of AMI. The components and features of electrical information are regarded as the data of AMI that need to be transmitted. Secondly, a novel framework combined with the disposable pseudonym algorithm, aggregate signature algorithm and homomorphic encryption Paillier algorithm is designed to encrypting the transmitted data. Finally, the numerical results show that compared with the traditional machine learning methods, the proposed RF algorithm improves the classification accuracy of data authenticity by more than 2.89%. Moreover, compared with the traditional encryption methods, the time cost of the proposed method can be saved by more than 4.5%. Hence, the privacy of users' information can be protected more effectively.

In order to overcome the problem that the accuracy of privacy information mining in the existing privacy data encryption methods of student archives is lower than that of encryption security, this paper proposes a privacy information encryption method in student archives based on blockchain technology. In order to improve the effectiveness and security of encryption, singular value decomposition (SVD) method is used to mine the privacy information in students' archives. Based on the results of privacy information mining, combined with chaotic encryption technology in blockchain, the encryption function of privacy information in student archives is constructed to complete the encryption of privacy information in student archives. Experimental results show that, compared with the traditional encryption method, this method can effectively improve the accuracy of privacy information mining, and has high encryption security.

Because the image has the characteristics of large amount of information and high redundancy, the traditional AES, DES and other encryption methods applied to text and numbers can not be effective. Chaotic sequence algorithm has natural similarity with cryptography, such as extreme sensitivity to initial value, ergodicity, non-periodicity, pseudo-randomness and very high iterative rate. as a result, the encryption of chaotic sequence algorithm in the field of electronic conference image will be better than the traditional encryption method, and it has become a new direction to solve the problem of electronic conference image encryption. However, the limited computer accuracy will also reduce the randomness of chaotic sequences. in order to make up for this defect, this paper uses the idea of hybrid encryption to design a more secure and efficient hybrid chaotic sequence encryption algorithm.

Traditional level-set methods use gray level images as its main study objects. The basic idea is coupling image data and speed of the curve deformation, stopping the curve evolution on the edge of target, which requires a speed function to control the evolvement. However, traditional methods only set gray-scale gradient information as the stopping power of contour lines to define the velocity function, which will be distort applied to color images. This paper re-designed a speed function based on color gradient function to color images to replace the traditional method of gray-scale gradient to stop the movement of the contour line, and combining regional color statistic characteristics, making the approach is robust against the noise caused by the color gradual change and weakening of the target edge. Experiment shows that accuracy and robust increase significantly in the improved algorithm in color image processing, superior to the original algorithm.

After the use of the Internet and the transmission of files between users expanded, information security became one of the important priorities for securing information by different means and methods. The information encryption comes at the forefront of the techniques used in information security. Encryption has been known since ancient ages. So, traditional methods appeared that quickly and greatly developed. They are still used in many scientific studies and developmental research with the aim of developing new methods for encryption of substitutions and increasing its ability to confront various attacks. The traditional methods were subjected to several attacks that they prompted researchers to develop them and overcome their weaknesses in front of those attacks. Some combinations of these methods are used to design new encryption methods based on overlapping ideas of traditional encryption. This paper sought to use a set of traditional encryption methods in designing a new system. In which, these methods are mixed with modern ideas that help increase the strength of encryption and its ability to face potential attacks. Caesar, Vigenère, Rail Fence, and transpose ciphers, with the idea of cipher cycles and segments and division into two parts in block ciphers. The proposed system relied on the chaotic function Tent map for its random properties in generating a string of keys consisting of 112 random characters in length using Python 3.11 programming language. The text was cut into Blocks of 108 characters. Each Block was divided into two parts. A part of the key was added to each section. A rial fence method was applied. Then Vigenère method with the key is applied. The proposed system processed the original text within the framework of the encryption cycles with the use of substitution in the order of the columns, shifting to the right, and the replacement of the sequence of the elements of each side according to the order of the elements of the other side. After the end of the encrypting cycles, the cipher block is added to the final ciphertext. The operations were repeated for the next block until the last block is finished. For the purpose of decrypting, the previous operations are repeated in reverse order to obtain the original text, by decrypting blocks of the cipher text. The proposed system achieved extreme accuracy in extracting the original text. The system was evaluated by measuring the time and throughput of the encryption and decryption. The encryption and decryption times were short for short texts, which increased with the increase in the length of the text, with a relatively stable encryption and decryption throughput. The system achieved acceptable memory consumption in short texts but increased by the length of the text size. The achieved Avalanche test was less than (50%).

ABSTRACTThis article presents a novel cryptosystem for secure transmission of color images through a coordinate cryptosystem as well as a geometric cryptosystem with time domain and frequency domain. In this technique, we have designed image encryption and decryption by a proposed random matrix shift cipher (RMSC) associated with a discrete fractional Fourier transform (DFrFT). Our proposed random matrix shift cipher is a coordinate and geometric cryptosystem for security of color image data which is completely different from existing cryptosystems for security of any data. The combination of a random matrix shift cipher and discrete fractional Fourier transform provide a robust cryptosystem for color image data in the time domain as well as the frequency domain without loss of any information. Existing techniques provide single-layer protection of color image data, but the cryptosystem presented here gives multiple layers of protection. Computer simulation on a standard example (Lena and Barbara color images) and the result are support for the robustness and appropriateness of the proposed cryptosystem.

Analysis and interpretation of stained tumor sections is one of the main tools in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, which is mainly carried out manually by pathologists. The avent of digital pathology provides us with the challenging opportunity to automatically analyze large amounts of these complex image data in order to draw biological conclusions from them and to study cellular and tissular phenotypes at a large scale. One of the bottlenecks for such approaches is the automatic segmentation of cell nuclei from this type of image data. Here, we present a fully automated workflow to segment nuclei from histopathology image data by using deep neural networks trained from a set of manually annotated images and by processing the posterior probability maps in order to split jointly segmented nuclei. Further, we provide the image data set that has been generated for this study as a benchmark set to the scientific community.

With the advancement of multimedia technology and coming of big data era, the size of image data is significantly increased. However, the traditional image encryption methods cannot solve the emerging problems of efficient compression. To settle with this challenge, an effective content-adaptive image compression and encryption method based on compressive sensing and double random phase encoding (DRPE) is proposed in this paper. The original image is converted to one low-frequency part and three high-frequency parts by DWT and then permutated by sorting-based chaotic sequences. Afterward, a novel measurement matrix optimization algorithm based on adaptive step size is presented to measure the high-frequency components. To enhance the security of the scheme, the DRPE, quantization, and diffusion are successively performed on the complex matrix composed of the shuffled low-frequency component and three measurement value matrices to obtain the cipher image. Logistic-Sine chaotic system is utilized to produce the chaotic keystreams for the encryption process, and its system parameter and initial value are determined by the information entropy of the plain image and external key parameters, so that the proposed cipher can withstand known-plaintext and chosen-plaintext attacks effectively. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed image compression and encryption algorithm.

Background: Medical photography is widely used in dermatology referrals to secondary healthcare, yet concerns exist regarding image quality and data security. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of clinical photographs used in dermatology referrals, to identify discrepancies between specialties’ perceptions, and to determine the general awareness of proper storage and security of clinical photographs. Methods: A 43-question survey, based on previously validated questionnaires, was administered to general and family medicine (GFM) doctors and to dermatologists at an academic referral hospital in Porto, Portugal. The survey assessed demographics, photo-taking habits, perceived photo quality, adequacy of clinical information, and opinions on the role of photography in the referral process. Quantitative statistical methods were used to analyze questionnaire responses. Results: A total of 65 physicians participated (18 dermatologists and 47 GFM doctors). Significant differences were observed between the two groups. While 36.2% of GFMs rated their submitted photos as high- or very-high-quality, none of the dermatologists rated the received photos as high-quality, with 83.3% rating them as average (p = 0.012). Regarding clinical information, 46.8% of GFMs reported consistently sending enough information, while no dermatologists reported always receiving sufficient information (p < 0.001). Most respondents (76.9%) agreed that the quality of photographs is important in diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions: The findings reveal a discrepancy between GFM doctors’ and dermatologists’ perceptions of photograph quality and information sufficiency in dermatology referrals. Standardized guidelines and educational interventions are necessary to improve the quality and consistency of clinical photographs, thereby enhancing communication between healthcare providers and ensuring patient data privacy and security.

Ensuring the security of sensitive image data has become of utmost importance in the field of cloud computing. Conventional encryption techniques frequently fail to adequately address changing threats, requiring the use of novel technologies. This study investigates the use of blockchain technology and generative adversarial networks (GANs) for the purpose of encrypting images, with the goal of improving the security and confidentiality of data in cloud environments. The suggested approach uses blockchain technology for the purpose of ensuring safe key management and verification. GANs are employed to produce encrypted images that possess a high level of realism. This research shows that the proposed approach is highly effective in preserving and maintaining higher image quality compared to existing encryption frameworks. This inference is based on careful experimentation and analysis. The proposed method demonstrates superior performance in generating clear and accurate reconstructions of encrypted images, as seen by much higher peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) values and structural similarity index (SSIM) scores. This helps to reduce the chances of unauthorised access and tampering. Moreover, the incorporation of blockchain technology provides an extra level of security and confidence, guaranteeing the secure handling of cryptographic keys and the unalterable verification of encrypted photos. The results highlight the possibility of combining blockchain and GAN to provide a strong solution for protecting sensitive image data in cloud computing environments. This lays the foundation for future progress in image encryption and data security.

Today, social communication through the Internet has become more popular and has become a crucial part of our daily life. Naturally, sending and receiving various data through the Internet has also grown a lot. Keeping important data secure in transit has become a challenge for individuals and even organizations. Therefore, the trinity of confidentiality, integrity, and availability will be essential, and encryption will definitely be one of the best solutions to this problem. Of course, for image data, it will not be possible to use conventional encryption methods for various reasons, such as the redundancy of image data, the strong correlation of adj acent pixels, and the large volume of image data. Therefore, special methods were developed for image encryption. Among the prevalent methods for image encryption is the use of DNA sequences as well as chaos signals. In this paper, a cycling 3D chaotic map and DNA sequences are used to present a new method for color image encryption. Several experimental analyses were performed on the proposed method, and the results proved that the presented method is secure and efficient.

Recent development in the digital system shows that data security is most important and that optical encryption can be used not only to keep signals confidential but also to authenticate information. By integrating sparsity constraint with optical encryption, the reconstructed decoder image is not always visually recognizable, but can be authenticated using optical correlation means methods. Traditional optical encryption methods can add an extra layer of security to this design as it authenticates without leaking primary signal information. This paper discusses advances in optical authentication and includes theoretical principles and implementation examples to demonstrate the workings of typical authentication systems. Benchmarking and upcoming possibilities are discussed and it is hoped that this review work useful in advancing the field of optical safety.

A novel method of digital image encryption is presented. Image encryption and decryption are performed based on the continuously increasing decorrelation property and the real-valuedness of the reality-preserving fractional Fourier transform. The input and encrypted data are respectively in the spatial domain and the reality-preserving fractional Fourier transformed domain determined by encryption keys. It resists statistic analyses effectively. In addition, the encrypted image is real-valued, so it’s convenient for display and storage. The simulation result shows that the parameters of the reality-preserving fractional Fourier transform enhance the space of keys. As a method of encryption, it won’t bring data expanding, and is sensitive to parameters, with considerable robustness, security, and feasible implementation in practice, which has a good prospect and practicability in information security field.