A concept lattice-based event model for Cyber-Physical Systems

Security and Privacy Aspect of Cyber Physical Systems

Guest Editorial

Cyber-physical production systems are highly flexible systems that enable adaptive production processes. In these systems, all participants of the production process possess individual information about themselves and are equipped with sensors, actors, and communication interfaces. They can interact with each other and autonomously develop and execute process relevant decisions. For each component, a standard process sequence and alternative process sequences are defined. If a deviation in the standard process occurs during the production of an individual component, the process participants can interact with each other and autonomously define an appropriate response strategy and execute it by using actors of the participants and the intralogistics. Regardless of the deviation, the manufacturing and assembly process of individual components in cyber-physical production systems can still proceed. For this purpose, process deviations and the response behavior of cyber-physical production systems are analyzed, modeled, and simulated, to illustrate the benefits of cyber-physical production systems and to develop a process deviation management system for actual, physical production systems based on cyber-physical systems.

Cyber-physical systems are a kind of emerging large-scale distributed systems that are integrations of computation, networking, and physical worlds. Cyber physical systems are increasing scale and complexity with the growing pervasiveness of ICT and the development of the smart worlds such as smart factory, smart robotics, smart grids, smart cities, smart vehicles, smart healthcare systems, and smart homes. The growing interconnection of physical and virtual worlds of complex cyber physical systems, and the development of increasingly sophisticated intelligence techniques, has given rise to the next generation of CPS, that is referred to as smart cyber-physical systems (sCPS) which can efficiently operate, manage and control physical world and virtual world, and offer broad range of novel applications and services. Thus, smart cyber physical systems are complex cyber physical systems endowed with intelligent abilities. The main characteristic of such a new generation of smart cyber physical systems is the ability to interact with the physical worlds and adapt to new working environments through distributed intelligent mechanisms that executing and operating at the unit (single device), cluster (groups of devices) and network level (the network of devices). The properties like uncertainties, safety, reliability, and performance requirement, spatial-temporal requirement, and adaptation ability are very important, modeling smart cyber-physical systems must face these challenges and satisfy these specific requiremnts. In order to specify and model such kind of systems, we propose a new paradigm for specifying and modeling smart cyber physical systems based on software defined approach using Modelicaml. Software defined approach is a new way that help abstract the real world and virtual world with software components, this approach can simplify system specification, modeling and design. The main aim of ModelicaML is to enable an efficient and effective way to use Modelica, UML and SysML models reusing notations that are also used for software modeling based on software defined approach. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated with a case study of Vehicular Ad-hoc NETwork.

This study aimed to verify the mediating effects of attribution style, both external and internal, in the relationship between childhood trauma and former prisoners’ recidivism. In 2017, recidivism data on 235 former prisoners who had received Korea Rehabilitation Agency (KRA)’s housing support service in 2014, and had responded to the childhood traumatic questionnaire and surveys on external and internal attributions, were retrieved from the KRA. The analysis revealed that greater childhood trauma was correlated both with higher external and lower internal attribution. Although the relationship between high childhood trauma and recidivism was significant, no significant relationship appeared between internal/external attribution and recidivism. Further, the analysis did not confirm the mediating effect of attribution on the relationship between childhood trauma and recidivism. This indicates that traumatic experiences during childhood increase former prisoners’ external attribution, lower internal attribution, and lead to a higher probability of recidivism. These results demonstrate that interventions on childhood trauma may be effective in lowering recidivism because childhood trauma plays a key role in the former prisoners’ reoffending and attributions that may influence the interpretation of their criminal behavior.

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is an emerging technology closely related to the Internet of Things (IoT) schemes, but CPS centers on the occurrence of computation processes, networking, and physical layers. The CPS involves many interconnected systems that can manipulate and monitor the operations of real objects. The evolution of CPS has significantly affected several aspects of the public’s way of life, thereby permitting the integration of different applications and services like smart homes, smart healthcare systems, electronic commerce, and smart campuses, among others. But their creation has posed security challenges for people in the world of an interconnected system and given rise to dangerous security problems. One of CPS’s most complex issues is ensuring information security against cyber-attacks. These problems have attracted significant attention from both industries and many researchers. Therefore, this chapter reviews CPS security vulnerabilities, attacks, and threats in securing information on the internet by identifying the key challenges and issues. The limitations of existing security measures are analyzed and presented, and their effects on the features of people’s lives are explored. The CPS principal types of security threats and attacks are presented and analyzed. Finally, the challenges of CPS, possible solutions, and areas for future research are discussed. In this field, cybersecurity has become a global issue, so the design of stable, healthy, and effective CPS is a popular area of study. Security challenges are not new, but technological innovations make it possible to develop new methods to secure data from detrimental effects. Novel threats will remain exploited, and cyber-attacks will continue to occur, resulting in the need for new CPS security methods.

Reliability assessment of a power system with cyber-physical interactive operation of photovoltaic systems

Myths about behavioral and emotional causes of miscarriage lead to a variety of attributions by victims. In lengthy, structured interviews, 65 women who had recently miscarried answered questions concerning attributions of responsibility and other cognitions about their pregnancy and miscarriage. Two regression models were developed to predict depression. Among external attributions, responsibility to husband and age of oldest child predicted depression, supporting other studies relating depression and blame of others. Among internal attributions, feeling that one could act to avoid a future miscarriage was positively related to depression, along with age of oldest child, contradicting other research showing that behavioral self-blame is adaptive.

There is a crucial need to enhance the reliability and resilience of our nation’s critical energy infrastructure. Electric power systems are cyber-physical critical infrastructure with distinct, interacting networks comprising electrical, communications, and interdependency layers. Resilience requires modeling and monitoring all layers for prevention, early detection, and proactive threat assessment. This paper presents the research and design of a novel energy management system (EMS) called Cyber-Physical Resilient Energy Systems (CYPRES) to accomplish this goal. The CYPRES EMS architecture and methods are all cyber-physical to cohesively model and analyze the power system as a cyber-physical system (CPS). Results are illustrated for this proof-of-concept solution utilizing a 2000-bus cyber-physical synthetic electric grid.

“The Internet has made the world “flat” by transcending space. […] The Internet has transformed how we conduct research, studies, business, services, and entertainment.” [1] Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are engineered systems that are built from, and depend upon, the seamless integration of computational algorithms and physical components. Advances in CPS will enable capability, adaptability, scalability, resiliency, safety, security, and usability that will far exceed the embedded systems of today. CPS technology will transform the way people interact with engineered systems. “CPS have a highly disruptive effect on market structures. They will fundamentally change business models and the competitive field of today […]” [2] Usability is a driving force for the rapid take-up and acceptance of these Cyber-physical systems. [2] In this paper we define CPS and highlight the importance of usability for CPS. Then we describe two different cases and provide different methods how to improve the usability of CPS.

Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are engineered solutions obtained through the seamless integration of computational algorithms and physical components. Nowadays, they are entitled to drive innovation and competition in different fields such as agriculture, building design and automation, energy, healthcare, transportation and, above all, industrial manufacturing. In fact, CPS technology is going to transform the way people interact with engineered systems — just as the Internet has transformed the way people interact with information. Among CPS technologies, measurement and networking ones play a fundamental role, being enrolled as the natural bridge between the cyber and physical components of a CPS. A number of interconnected sensors and transducers are claimed to give inner and outer, local measurement data that, once processed through suitable algorithms and analytics, have to provide reliable information about the effectiveness of the whole CPS and its interaction with the external world, as well as its health status for maintenance and troubleshooting purposes. So, great attention has to be paid to network models and architectures, to sensor forms and functions, in order to make CPSs properly integrate the continuous and the discrete, compounded by the uncertainty of open environments. The paper aims at opening a preliminary discussion on the role and features of measurement and networking technologies in CPS application fields, with special regard to industrial manufacturing, within a scientific community traditionally close to instrumentation and measurement (IM) issues, in order to stimulate and encourage useful and fruitful cross-fertilization. After some details concerning the general structure of a CPS, its typical architectural model and main features, a special focus is put on CPSs involved in industrial manufacturing along with measurement and networking facets. Some considerations about major measurement challenges that the CPS self-awareness feature poses in maintenance and troubleshooting operations are then drawn. Concluding remarks are finally reported.

A growing body of research is using attribution theory, which addresses why human resource (HR) practices are applied in a certain way, to explore the relationship between HR practices and employee attitudes and behaviour. This research has typically shown that when employees make internal attributions to management for HR policy and practice this affects employee outcomes but external attributions, for example to a union or to legislation, have no effect despite their apparent potential influence. The aims of this paper are threefold: to make the case for the role of external HR attributions; to present a theoretical framework within which to analyse external HR attributions; and to present a preliminary test of this framework using the example of HR attributions to the trade union in a large, unionised bank. Findings reveal that union membership per se has no impact on HR attributions or on attitudes but that higher commitment to the union is associated with lower work engagement and lower well-being. These findings are explained with respect to identity theory. The paper presents the case for a nuanced analysis of the circumstances under which external HR attributions are likely to affect employee outcomes.

Research Purpose: Cyber-Physical Systems solve complex problems through their tight integration between the physical and computational components. Therefore, the reliability of a complex system is the most critical requirement for the cyber-physical system because an unreliable system often leads to service disruption, property damage, financial loses and sometimes lead to fatality. In order to develop more reliable CPS, this paper proposes a generic framework for reliability modeling and analysis for our ongoing work on cyber-physical systems. Research Method: This paper, at first defines an architecture for general CPS which is comprised of three layers; environment layer, communication layer, and computational layer. Secondly, we formalize a reliability model for the architectural components, and then propose a framework for the reliability of CPS with the consideration of how to capture the reliability. Results: Based on the research method, we demonstrate the proposed framework with an illustrative example by using different reliability values from "offshore and onshore reliability data" library. We confirmed that the reliability model covers almost all possible reliabilities required to general cyber-physical systems.

Design and verification of Cyber-Physical Systems using TrueTime, evolutionary optimization and UPPAAL

Cyberphysical system is the integration of physical space (equipment, devices and people) with computing, communication and control systems (cyberspace). The National Institute of Standards and Terminology (NIST) has defined CFS as cyberphysical systems (CFS), which are designed systems built on the continuous integration of computational algorithms and physical components. Improving the CFS provides greater opportunities for performance, adaptability, scalability, stability, security and usability, far exceeding today's simple embedded systems. CFS technology will transform the interaction of people with the engineering system [1, 2]. Today, cyberphysical systems exist in various fields, such as automotive, aerospace, civil, railway, medical. Large productions seek to increase the availability of the asset, while reducing maintenance costs through cyberphysical systems. With the development of the industry and the use of systems in production, the proposed maintenance is used constantly to avoid failures. CFS maintenance is performed when certain indicators signal that the condition of the system has deteriorated. One way to solve this problem is to provide systems with resistance properties. Such systems are able to recover quickly and continue to function in changing conditions [3-9]. Therefore, the urgent task is to develop approaches that will predict the resilience of cyberphysical systems based on cloud computing. It is necessary to build methods and tools that will monitor the condition of the CFS and predict the timely replacement of their components that may fail. The application of the process of predicting the resilience of cyberphysical systems using cloud-oriented increases the effective reliability and availability of cyberphysical systems in its life cycle by identifying future failures and reducing unscheduled maintenance. The forecasting process involves the assessment of the useful life, and the implementation of a post-forecast decision on maintenance measures in accordance with the rules. The method of predicting the resilience of cloud-oriented cyberphysical systems allows to determine the state of the cyberphysical systems using cloud computing. The mechanism used to reduce the cost of maintenance and detailed planning of maintenance operations, the apparatus of genetic algorithms.